CHAPTER 9

The Early Republic

Election Results of 1800

US National Archives:Tally of ElectoralVotes February 11, 1801

Deficiencies in Election Procedures

Distinction between votes for President & Vice President

Constitution calls for a vote in the House of Representatives in case of a tie

House voted 36 times over 5 days: all votes tied

Hamilton encouraged legislators to vote for Jefferson as “lesser of two evils”

On February 17,1801 on the 37th vote Jefferson was elected President

New President walked from his lodgings to the Senate on Capitol Hill

Administered oath by Chief Justice John Marshall

Read his inaugural addressReturned to boardinghouse for dinner

Jeffersonian Simplicity

We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to change its republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it. I know, indeed, that some honest men fear that a republican government can not be strong, that this Government is not strong enough; but would the honest patriot, in the full tide of successful experiment, abandon a government which has so far kept us free and firm on the theoretic and visionary fear that this Government, the world's best hope, may by possibility want energy to preserve itself? I trust not. I believe this, on the contrary, the strongest Government on earth. I believe it the only one where every man, at the call of the law, would fly to the standard of the law, and would meet invasions of the public order as his own personal concern. Sometimes it is said that man can not be trusted with the government of himself. Can he, then, be trusted with the government of others? Or have we found angels in the forms of kings to govern him? Let history answer this question. --Thomas Jefferson, First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1801

Peaceful Transition of Power

Jefferson in Office

Adams’s Midnight Appointments Federalists wanted Federalist Judges Appointed Federalist Judges to positions before midnight

on Adams’s last day in office

Marbury v. Madison Jefferson’s administration refused to deliver the

appointments Marbury requested Mandamus Court ruled:

Jefferson could not withhold appointment Court had no jurisdiction to hear the case under the

Constitution Supreme Court assumed the right of “Judicial Review”

America, 8th EditionCopyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company

One of Lewis and Clark’s journals

America, 8th EditionCopyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company

One of Lewis and Clark’s maps

Divisions in the Democratic-Republican Party

John Randolph and the Old Republicans States rights Strict construction No tariffs No compromise—ever

The Burr conspiracy Burr and General James Wilkinson Louisiana territory secede and rule Jefferson had him arrested for treason

Executive Privilege Strict Construction of Treason as a crime Burr was aquitted

War in Europe

Harassment by Britain and France Trade with one led to harassment by the other Impressment

The embargo 1807 Commerce clause Hurt only U.S. Shipping (repealed in 1809)

The drift to war The Chesapeake “…a dish of skim milk curdling at the head of our

nation.”

Election of 1808

Electoral Vote 122 67

States Carried 12 5

Popular Vote 124,732 62,431

Percentage 64.7% 32.4%

James MadisonDemocratic-Republican

Charles PinckneyFederalist

War of 1812

The War of 1812

Causes Violation of American shipping rights

Seizure of cargo Impressment of seamen Incitement of Indians along the border with Canada

Supported by the Northern States Opposed by the South who relied on British purchases

Preparations Congress adjourned without providing for payment Madison unprepared for fight over whether to go to

war

The War of 1812

The war in the south General Andrew Jackson fought the Cherokees and

broke their power at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend.

The War of 1812

British strategy Invasion from Canada stopped by Naval battle on

Lake ChamplainFighting in the Chesapeake

British invaded and burned Washington D.C. Battle of Baltimore: Fort McHenry 1814

“The Star Spangled Banner”

The War of 1812

The Battle of New Orleans Jackson outnumbered 2:1 “The Rifles of Kentucky”

The Treaty of Ghent 1814

The War of 1812

The Hartford Convention Federalists and “Democrats” proposed demands that if not

met would result in New England’s secession from the Union. Demands arrived at the same time as news of the victory at

the Battle of New Orleans Federalist Party did not survive the embarrassment

The aftermath 2nd War for Independence

Demonstrated that small nation could defeat a great power Spurred industrialization US could depend on internal rather than international markets

Era of Good Feeling