19

Russel Harold Sirot

History 130(Local and Oral History)ABSS4Farmers Situation During the Marcos Administration(1965-1986)

Introduction

Ferdinand Marcos is one of the famous presidents in the Philippines. He served from 1965-1986. In history our history books he is known as a dictator, the one he declared martial and assume the presidency for 21 years. He was ousted by means of People Power Revolution.

Before the Spaniards came to the Philippines, farming is one of the primary livelihood for the Filipinos. The Banaue Rice Terraces was a proof on how brilliant the Filipino farmers are. The crops that the Filipino farmers produced our corn, onions, garlic, coconut, and rice the stable food for Filipinos. Farmers has a significant role in the society especially they are the one who provide foods for the people. The government should ensure that they can cater the needs of the farmers.

This study examines the situation of farmers of Munoz during the Marcos administration. The study determines on how the government has help them to ensure their welfare and needs. The study also determines their production during the era of Marcos.

At the end of this paper, the researcher will lay down the results of the study and begins to formulate the conclusion. The conclusions contains comparative analysis on their situation during Marcos and post Marcos Era.First term of Marcos (1965-1969)Ferdinand Marcos was elected on December 30, 1965 by beating Diosdado Macapagal in the Presidential elections. Sicat (2011, 7) states:

When Marcos became triumphant over Macapagal in 1965, the electoral battle was mainly fought on issues to improve the governance and to build up the economy. The election was a battle between two young politicians who were former political allies within the same party but nonetheless leadership rivals from early times in the same party. In the politics of this period, the strength of the candidates rested more on their votegetting power as a result of their personal appeal and less so on how they stood on specific issues. There was a delineation of party affiliations of the major candidates but there was hardly any substantial difference in their stand on the major issues of development. Some of the details of policies could differ for instance on the issue of exchange and import controls and their subsequent impact on industrialization but essentially the candidates remained behind the dicta of the economic restrictions of the Constitution.

In the first term of Marcos he made some reforms in the government, as stated by Spence (2011) his presidency involved efforts to seize on a reform agenda that could not reach home base and score. During his first term as a president, one of his projects was on infrastructure building schools, bridges and roads, etc. Spence (2011) stated His motto During his first term was rice, roads, and school buildings. The three Rs for rice, roads and rithmetic (that is, school buildings where arithmetic is learned).

Spence stated:

Over the next three years, the administration of President Marcos inspired fundamental and revolutionary improvements in Philippine life To begin the construction of a solid foundation on which an industrial nation might be developed, Marcos created more and better roads, bridges, airport, schools, water supply and irrigation systems that all five of his Presidential predecessors put together.

Second Term (1969-1981)

In 1969, Marcos ran for a second term and won against Sergio Osmena Jr. Analyst stated that elections in 1969 was one of the dirtiest election in the Philippines. In the 1969 presidential election, Marcos used massive amounts of the government budget to secure votes through patronage, buying votes, and organized violence and fraud. The constitution limited his presidency to two terms, and in 1972, a year before the end of his second term, Marcos declared martial law (Kushida 2003, 119). In 1972, the Philippines was beset with a crisis. This crisis provided a rationale for Marcos to declare martial law. But Marcos was partly responsible for creating the image of a crisis by fomenting discord and violence. He capitalized on real and perceived threats to generate an "emergency" condition to warrant the declaration of martial law (Mateo 2001). Martial law also features what we called crony capitalism. Martial Law lasted for nine years in the Philippines from September 21 1972 from 1981. Marcos declared martial law to save the republic and reform our society (Chua 2012). Third Term (1981-1986)

In 1981 Marcos ran for a third term and won against Alejo Santos. In 1983, the Aquino assassination plunged the Marcos regime into a political and economic crisis. Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino, Jr. had been the leading opposition leader under Marcos. He was imprisoned by Marcos from 1972 to 1980 and was released to undergo a heart bypass operation in the United States. During his three-year exile in the U.S. with his wife, Corazon, and their children, he accepted a fellowship at Harvard University where he continued to lambaste the Marcos regime. In 1983, rumors that Marcos was dying from a kidney failure convinced Aquino of the need to go home, unite the opposition, and prepare for a post-Marcos scenario (Mateo 2011). Mateo also stated: Side-by-side with the revival of traditional opposition was the emergence of "mass-based" and "cause-oriented" groups, the latter so named because of their emphasis and concern for particular causes or issues. These mass and cause-oriented groups were made up of diverse student organizations, teachers' associations, workers and peasants' federations, women's groups, and human rights' advocates. They all called for a full investigation of the Aquino assassination; restoration of human and civil rights; the end of U.S. support to the Marcos regime; and the stepping-down of Marcos. These groups launched we/gang bayan, or nationwide strikes, which highlighted the growing politicization of almost every sector of society Mateo(2011) pointed out that the decade-long "cronyism" and corruption perpetrated by Marcos and his cronies resulted in an economic crisis in the 1980s, which further heightened Filipinos' anger and loss of faith in the Marcos regime. Agriculture and manufacturing had declined, balance of payments worsened, national finances were in shambles, and the country was indebted to local and foreign lending institutions to the tune of $26 billion. While living conditions deteriorated and poverty increased, Filipinos were confronted with the news of how the Marcoses had plundered the country and had amassed billions of dollars of ill-gotten wealth for themselves. Marcos called for a snap elections in 1986 but lost to Corazon Aquino by means of a People power revolution.Brief History of MunozIn 1886, Papaya was changed into 'Muoz' to honor Don Francisco Muoz, the provinces alcalde mayor, and the communitys first appointed gobernadorcillo. Muoz was annexed as a barrio of San Juan de Guimba municipality. Settlers trickled in from Bulacan and the Ilocos Region. In 1911, Factoria (now San Isidro town), the provincial capital, was totally flooded. Muoz was then considered a possible new capital of the province. Upon recommendation of the Provincial Board of Nueva Ecija, then headed by Governor Isauro Gabaldon, and with approval of then Acting Governor General Newton Gilbert, the organized barrios and sitios were granted independence as a regular municipality on January 10, 1913 under the name of Muoz. The seat of the fledgling municipal government was positioned in erstwhile Barrio Muoz. Thus, the municipality of Muoz was born, and steadily grew to become today an Agricultural Science City in-the-making. Munoz became a Science City thru the initiative of Efren L. Alvarez (former mayor). Munoz is a home of numerous research institutions like the Philippine Rice Research Institute, Philippine Carabao Center etc. (Citizens Charter of Munoz).Farming Industry in the Philippines

Before Marcos EraBefore the Spaniards came to the Philippines, Farming is one of the livelihood of early Filipinos. Veneration (2012) stated: Later, the Spanish engagement was mostly in the monopolies such as the sale of tobacco, betel nuts and opium. Therefore, agriculture was basically an activity of the native population. Thus, words such as tubigan for irrigated field, parang for uncultivated field, bukid for field, and pilapil for embankment remained as the words of choice in describing agricultural farms. There had been claims that arado or araro for plow was an evidence that it had originated from Spain as this word replaced pambungkal in describing the main equipment for cultivationDuring the colonization of the Spaniards in the Philippines, as Corpuz (1992, 139) stated: Because of the basic concept that land belong to the king the parcels in the pueblo land were not demarcated. Furthermore they were not titled to the occupants. To keep the natives in the pueblos it was necessary to make lands sedentary and viable. Agriculture in the pueblo lands were made viable because of the new innovation the use of carabao and plow. This was begun by the friars in 16th and 17th century (ibid. 140). There was also the haciendas own by the friars that featured foreign families cultivating plots for rent in kind.In 1909- 1913, average rice production was only16 cavans per hectare. With new and superior varieties and planting of better seeds, yield increased to 24 cavans per hectare in 1919 to

28.4 cavans per hectare in 1929 and became constant up to 1948 at the level of 28.4 cavans/ha (Bautista and Javier 2005). During the American Regime, several laws was enacted. One of these was the Philippine Bill of 1902 that sets the ceiling on the hectares of private individuals and corporations may acquire: 16 has. for private individuals and 1,024 has for corporations, Land Registration Act of 1902 (Act No. 496) Provided for a comprehensive registration of land titles under the Torrens system, Public Land Act of 1903 introduced the homestead system in the Philippines, Tenancy Act of 1933 (Act No. 4054 and 4113) regulated relationships between landowners and tenants of rice (50-50 sharing) and sugar cane lands (Agoncillo 1990).

When Manuel Quezon elected as President of the Commonwealth, one of his program was the Social Justice program which includes the welfare of the farmers. One of these was the Commonwealth Act. No. 178 that provided central controls for landlord tenant relationships. The establishment of National Rice and Corn Corporation and the rural program administration (Agoncillo 1990). The Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI) in 1928 to 1937 successfully crossed the Ramai and the native Inadhica varieties and introduced it as Raminad Strain 3 (also known as Quezon Rice), which was dispersed for commercial cultivation before and even after World War II. BPI also came up with a set of improved varieties that includes Buenkitan (from Buenavista and Ketan Koetek), Milketan and artificial hybrids like the Milfor and Milbuen series (from Milagrosa-Formusa and Milagrosa-Buenkitan crosses) (Bautista and Javier 2005).With intensive campaign for planting better varieties of rice during 1946-51, the cultivated areas increased to 3.092 M ha, 4.093M ha in 1949 and back to the original 5.07M hectares in 1950. (In 2002, the total harvested rice area is only 2.293M hectares (1.42M ha irrigated, 0.775M rainfed and 0.098M upland rice areas.) (Ibid, 4).When Manuel Roxas assumed the presidency he established RA 34 establishing 70-30 sharing arrangements and regulating share-tenancy contracts and RA 55 that provided for a safeguard against the ejectment of tenants. When Quirino was elected he established the Land Settlement Development Corporation (LASEDECO) which takes over the responsibilities of the Agricultural Machinery Equipment Corporation and the Rice and Corn Production Administration. When Magsaysay assumed office he also made programs for the farmers one of these was the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) to resettle dissidents and landless farmers. It was particularly aimed at rebel returnees providing home lots and farmlands in Palawan and Mindanao, The Agricultural Tenancy Act and the Land Reform Act. President Garcia continued the program of the latter and when Macapagal was elected there was the Republic Act No. 3844 of August 8, 1963 (Agricultural Land Reform Code) that abolished share tenancy, institutionalized leasehold, set retention limit at 75 hectares, invested rights of pre-emption and redemption for tenant farmers, provided for an administrative machinery for implementation, institutionalized a judicial system of agrarian cases ,incorporated extension, marketing and supervised credit system of services of farmer beneficiaries(Agoncillo 1990). During the 1960s growth of rice yield was the fastest in the Philippines and in the 1970s it was the Green Revolution (Habito and Briones 2003)During Marcos EraRice production in the Philippines grew rapidly at the annual rate of 4.3 percent during 1965-1980 nearly double the 2.3 percent of the preceding ten years. However not only rice but also corn ,coconut and other crops(including non-traditional export crops such as banana, pineapple, and coffee) achieved faster output growth during the green revolution period in comparison to 1955 to 1965(Bautista 1995). Ibid (1995) states that the annual land productivity in Rice improved from about one percent in 1955-1965 to 3.67 percent in 1965-1980 while the total income of rice producers was undoubtedly enhanced by the accelerated productivity growth in 1965-1980. In the mid 1960s the International Rice Research Institute start releasing modern rice varieties. Before the spread of modern rice varieties, Filipino farmers used to plant traditional varieties that are photoperiod sensitive. The leading varieties then include the Milagrosa (which is now one of the leading indica varieties being patronized in the US), Wagwag, Buenavista (Kasungsong) and those introduced from abroad, notably Ketan Koeteok from French Indo-China (now Vietnam), Fortuna from Formosa, Celery Sticks and others. These varieties, although resistant to most pest and diseases and have excellent eating quality, yields only 20-30 cavans per hectare, matures late at around 150 days, and grows by as much as 160 cm tall. 7 At that time, Milagrosa was the best quality variety but it is not a good yielder and its grains were the smallest among other varieties. Wag-wag, named by old farmers of Muoz, Nueva Ecija from the Tagalog word wagwagin meaning to shake off, is another leading variety for almost three decades because of its superior quality and relatively good yields (Bautista and Javier 2005). IR 8 was the first modern variety of rice widely grown in Asia. At the time of its release as much as 10 tons in the dry season and 6 tons in the wet season (Pingali et al. 1992). IR8 was short and sturdy, tillered well, had great seedling vigor, responded very well to fertilizer, had moderate seed dormancy and a reasonable degree of resistance to tungro virus, and was essentially insensitive to photoperiod. Unfortunately, it also had an 8 bold and chalky appearance, was subject to considerable breakage during milling, and the amylose content of its starch was so high as to cause hardening after cooking and cooling. It was also susceptible to bacterial blight and to several races of rice blast. However, it was capable of yielding as high as 273 cav/ha at shorter duration of only 125 days (Bautista and Javier 2005).Programs of the Marcos Administration for the farmersMarcos administration initiated the program called Masagana 99.A massive program for rice and corn production that raised productivity linked with the new high yielding rice varieties propagated during these years. This was a concerted program that involved the improvement of the road networks, irrigation system expansions at the community level, available agricultural credit for fertilizers and for planting that were all geared toward raising rice and corn production(Sicat 2011, 17). Ibid (2011, 18) stated that under Martial Law land reform was the first major measure that he undertook. The land reform law that he adopted was the most far reaching up to that time in the country. It was a break from the landlordoriented land reform laws. It provided a land transfer scheme that was relatively speedy compared to old reform measures. He confined the coverage of the land reform law to the rice and corn sector, historically the most serious aspect of the agrarian reform issue. In addition, under Marcos, the Land Bank, an institution created before him, was made to function effectively. It was recapitalized and it became not only the major institution of the government to facilitate the land transfer but also to provide credit and deposit functions, initially to help the agricultural sector but eventually to undertake universal banking functions(Ibid. 2011, 18).Definition of Terminologies

Agriculture- the science, art, or occupation concerned with cultivating land, raising crops, and feeding, breeding, and raising livestock.Agrarian Reform-agrarian reform is land reform, the transfer of control and ownership of agricultural land to the actual tillersCrops-a plant or plant product that is grown by farmersGDP- The monetary value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period, though GDP is usually calculated on an annual basis.Farming-the activity or business of growing crops and raising livestock.Ferdinand Marcos- The 10th president of the Philippine serve from 1965-1986. Longest serving Philippine President.Green Revolution-The rapid diffusion of high yielding varieties in the Philippines.IR 8- One of the modern rice varieties introduced in the 60sMasagana99-s a massive program for rice and corn production that raised productivity linked with the new high yielding rice varieties propagatedProductivity-the quality or state of being productiveProductivity growth- The growth of a particular production.Yield -to produce or provide (something, such as a plant or crop)Results and Discussion

The secondary data presented by the researcher were supported by the participants especially the agricultural statistics in the Marcos era in the review of related literature. The two participants agreed that Ferdinand Marcos was a great president, has numerous programs or projects and the farmers really benefited from the administration of Marcos. The two farmers of Munoz said that during those times, there is really an agrarian reform program, green revolution and the Masagana 99. Both of the farmers agreed that Marcos was better than his successors. They both stated that farmers during those times can make a loan in the government as stated by Nombrado, a farmer can loan through LandBank or cooperative; Geron and Casuga (2012) stated:

Under the intensive rice production program (a.k.a Masagana 99), credit was

Considered as an input to production. The program presumed that farmers need

Credit to be able to use the recommended package of technology for increased

Rice production. To ensure that farmers were able to avail of credit, loans were

Provided at highly subsidized interest rates to bring down the cost of borrowing

Of the targeted sectors. To direct credit resources into the sector, special time

Deposits and a subsidized rediscounting facility were made available by the

Central Bank of the Philippines to both private and government financial

Institutions that were used as conduits of government funds for agriculture. Diga stated that the farming machines they used was provided by the government and stated irrigation system was started by Marcos. The used of commercial fertilizer was introduced during those times as stated by Nombrado and the price according to Diga was approximately 8 pesos as compared to today, when the researcher asked Nombrado if his life was better in that era he replied of course life was better cause, formerly the farmers were just a slave but when Marcos became president the farmers have their own piece of land. The two farmers stated that during the era of Marcos they produced at least 100 cavans of rice or more, one of the participants stated that 35 cavans of rice were enough, a proof that there was really a green revolution and Masagana 99. The farmers during the era as stated by one of the participant was categorically classified as amateurs when it comes to producing rice such as Ir 8 or any hybrid rice as compared today. They stated that their land during those times was approximate 1- 2 hectares and they produced two times (1st crop and 2nd crop). They both agreed that the life of farmers during that era were prosperous especially they both witnessed the production of what we called IR8 or the Miracle Rice which became part of the Green Revolution and the Masagana 99 as Bernardo (2010, 54) stated: The IR8-2883(IR8) is responsive to high rates of nitrogen fertilizer application, early maturing, and non-photoperiod sensitive and pest resistant. Indeed IR8-288-3 served as the prototype of modern varieties developed through innovative applied science to feed the hungry world. ConclusionFerdinand Marcos was really a great president who has numerous accomplishments especially when it comes to farmers welfare. He was a people or mass oriented leader just like Ramon Magsaysay. It can be conclude in this paper that the farmers situation of Munoz during those times were excellent because the government provided them with their needs, producing at least 100 cavans, farming technologies, making loans, cheap fertilizers et al. As compared to the succeeding administration, Marcos has numerous projects for the farmers than his successors. The participants cannot state the programs of the succeeding administrations regarding farmers, the other participant said that the administration that succeeded Marcos, collaborated with the landlords instead of the farmers. The participants did not felt the programs of the succeeding administration. Marcos gave much importance for the farmers than the landlords because he knows that the farmers are the one who produced and not the landlords. In regards to the current government, one of the participants stated that the policies were good but the implementation are not. The situation of the farmers in Munoz, Nueva Ecija during the post Marcos era can be categorically good cause they have an own piece of land, high yielding varieties of rice, and farm technologies are evolving, but when it comes to government support they are lacking unlike Marcos. Even though that there were many negative connotations about Marcos, Marcos was the embodiment of s a people oriented leader. If the farmers in todays time are still lacking support from the government they will end up poor or the farmers will have no trust for them, instead of going to the government for help they will go to the Non-governmental organizations. References Agoncillo, Teodoro. 1990. History of the Filipino People. Garotech Publishing, Quezon City

Bautista, Romeo M.1995. The Green Revolution in a Macro Economic Perspective: The Philippine Case. TMD Discussion Paper No. 4. Trade and Macroeconomics Division, International Food Policy Research Institute. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/tmdp04.pdf accessed December 10, 2014Bautista, Eulito U. and Evelyn F. Javier. 2005. The Evolution of Rice Production Practices. DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES NO. 2005-14. Philippine Institute of Development Studies: Makati City Bernardo, Fernando.2010. IRRI-Philippines 50 years of progress fighting poverty and hunger. Philippine Rice Research Institute: Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecija

Chua, Xiao.2012. TORTYUR: Human Rights Violations During The Marcos Regime. http://bangkanixiao.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/chua-tortyur-human-rights-violations-during-the-marcos-regime.pdf accessed December 17, 2014

Citizens Chapter of Munoz. [2010?]. History of Science City of Munoz. Citizens Chapter of Munoz: Science City of MunozCorpuz, O.D.1992. Land and Agriculture in the Philippines: An Economic History Perspective. Philippine Review of Economics and Business 29(3): 137-160Geron, Ma. Piedad S. and Magdalena S. Casuga. Credit Subsidy in Philippine Agriculture. DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES NO. 2012-28. Philippine Institute of Development Studies: Makati City

Habito, Cielito F and Roehlano M. Briones .2003. Philippine Agriculture over the Years: Performance, Policies and Pitfalls. World Bank. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPHILIPPINES/Resources/Habito-word.pdf accessed January 31 2015

Kushida, Kenji. 2003. The Political Economy of the Philippines under Marcos Property Rights in the Philippines from 1965-1986. Stanford Journal of East Asian Affairs 3(1): 119-126. Stanford University Press

Nombrado, Arthuro.2014. Interview by Russel Harold Sirot, Central Luzon State University. Jan.31Pingali, P.L, P.F Moya, and L. E Velasco.1992. Prospects for Rice Yield Improvement in the Post Green Revolution Philippines .Philippine Review of Economics and Business 27 (1)Sicat, Gerardo.2011. The Economic Legacy of Marcos. UP Discussion Paper No. 2011-11. UP School of Economics.

Spence, Hartzell.1964. Marcos of the Philippines. World Publishing CompanyVeneration, Jaime. [2012?]. The Hispanization of Filipinos. http://www.paclas.org.ph/PAPERS/Veneracion.pdf December 17, 2014Transcript from the InterviewsInterview with Jose Diga Sr.

The interview was recorded with the consent of the interviewee, the interview lasted for 15 minutes. The interview was done at the house of the interviewee at Barangay Cabisuculan, Science City of Muoz, Nueva Ecija.

RHPS: Ano po yung buo nyong pangalan?

JDS: Jose Diga Sr

RHPS: Ilang taon na po kayo?

JDS: 77

RHPS: Ilang na po kayo bilang isang magsasaka?

JDS: Aba ehh , nagumpisa ako nung bata pa ako, pero nung nagsarili ako 17..

RHPS: mga anong taon po iyon?

JDS: 1960

RHPS: Ano po yung masasabi ninyo sa pamamahala ni Ferdinand Marcos?

Interviewee: Ahh, kwan sya, maganda ang pamumuno

RHPS: Ano po yung mga nagawa ni Marcos sa inyong magsasaka?

JDS: Mga patubih,high way, sya nagbigay ng lupa para sa magsasakang mahirap

RHPS: Ano po yung mga naging programa ni Marcos para sa inyong magsasaka?

JDS: Yun nga, unang una inyong pamimigay ng lupa para sa mahihirap na magsasaka,mga dam, mga highway sya nagumpisa nyan, may subsidy samin nun.

RHPS: Mga nakakailang ani po kayo nun?

JDS: Ehhh, medyo, minsan palang pagkani nin, sa kanya nagumpisa yung mga patubig na yun, pagdating ng mga panahon ehh nakakadalawang cropping na kami, sa kabila nung una bomba ang ginagamit sa 2nd crop pero sya rin ang nagbigay ng mga bomba na yun, yung mga makina.

RHPS: Sino po ba ang mayor ng Munoz noong panahon na iyon?

Interviewee: Ehh maraming kwan noon, marami, Santos o si... hindi hindi ko matandaan yung mayor, alam mo si Marcos ehh ilang taon nyan noung magpresidente.

RHPS: 21 years

JDS: Oo 21 years ehh yung mayor three years lang, maraming mayor na... kwan nya.. administrador nya.

RHPS: May mga naitulong po sila sa mga magsasaka noon?

JDS: Si Damian siguro ,Juan Martin ganun, Si Santos sunod sunod na yan. Ahh marcos, ahh martial law 1972 nung martial sya yung..

RHPS: Nung martial law po, may mga naging programa din po sya nun, nakakatulong pa rin po sya sa magsasaka nun?

Interviewee: Ou, malaki talaga ang naitulong nya..

RHPS: Nung panahon po ni Marcos meron pong tinatawag na Green Revolution po?Interviewee: Ahh yung Martial Law?

RHPS: Green Revolution po,yung period po kung saan mataas daw po ang ani noon?

Interviewee: Alam mo, nung panahon ni Marcos nageexport tayo ng bigas, ehh nitong panahon nagiimport naman na, so di kalaki bagay nun.

JDS: Nung panahon po ni Marcos may mga ipinakilala syang bagong brid ng bigas po noon? Yung IR 8

JDS Ahh yung panahon na yun, dun nagumpisa ang IRI na yan, ala pang hybrid basta Iri pa lang, IR 8, IR 5

RHPS: Ano po yung pagkakaalam ninyo sa programa ni Marcos na Masagana 99?JDS: ahh ehh, maganda yun, alam mo maganda pinigay ang mga lupain sa mga magsasaka, kinuha nya ang mga lupa sa mga may ari pero di naman sa marahas na pamamaraan, binigay sa tao na magsasaka, halimabawa ikaw 2 ektarya yung kwan, hinuhulugan yun ng labinlimang taon, ganun ang patakaran noon at nagbigay sya ng puhunan sa masagana 99.. tinulungan yung magsasaka, dahil wala namang mayaman na magpapautang sa magsasaka noon ehh gobyerno ang tumulong, kaya lang ang nangyari ehh alam mo naman ang tao sa kahirapan, at saka sa alam mo yung mga tao nun kung saan saan lang,

RHPS: Nakakailang kaban po kayo ng palay noon?

JDS: Di pareho, di pa gaanong kwan yung magsasaka noon, bago bago pa lang yung Iri na yan, walang inbrid walang hybrid basta Iri.

RHPS: Sa tansya nyo po nakakailang kaban po kayo nang bigas noon?

JDS: Ehhh, merong isang daan, merong mahigit, hindi pa naman gaanong mahusay sa magsasaka, nasanay sa seasonal na palay,

RHPS: Nakakautang po ba kayo noon? Halimbawa po, pataba

Interviewee: Pataba?

RHPS: Nakakautang po ba kayo noon?

JDS: Ou, alam mo nung panahon ni Marcos ang pataba noon 8 piso lang, ala pa ganyan na libu libo

RHPS: Yung pagkatapos ni Marcos. Yung mga sumunod na administration Si cory si Fidel

JDS: Ala na, bumagsak na ang lupa, pati yung hacienda, yung ibang kwan ng yung programa nang.. binago ni Cory ehh dahil ayaw niyanh i kwan yung hacienda nila sa magsasaka

RHPS: Nung kay Ramos naman po?

Interviewee: Ganun din, maganda rin, kaya lang si Marcos din, maraming anomalya.

RHPS: Ehh nung sumunod po ka Ramos?

JDS: Sino ba sumunod kay Ramos?

RHPS : Estrada po

Interviewee: Maganda rin yung kwan ni Estrada, pabor din sa magsasaka kaya inalis din yan, kumampi sa magsasaka yan ehh, yung away sa Mindanao napatahimik ni Estrada yan

RHPS Yung kay Arroyo naman po at Aquino

JDS: Oo si Arroyo, medyo palala na ng palala yung katiwalian sa gobyerno, marami nang anomalya

JDS: Maganda rin naman yung patakaran na, maganda naman yung patakaran, maganda ang batas yung implementasyon ang hindi.

RHPS: Masasabi ninyo po ba na maganda buhay po ng magsasaka nung panahon Marcos, Maginhawa po?

Interviewee: Talaga.

RHPS: Pano ho nyo ba ikukumparasa kasalukuyan po, yung buhay po ng magsasaka sa buhay ni Marcos?

JDS: Alam mo nung panahon ni Marcos hindi pa gaano improved ang Iri na yan, pinagaaralan pa ng magsasaka,kaya medyo kwan pa yung magsasaka noon inosente pa

Interviewer:Yung panahon ni Marcos ilang ektarya po yung sinasaka ninyo?

JDS: Alam mo nung panahon na yun nung hindi pa martial law mga 2 ganun, nung martial law na mga isang taon.

RHPS: Dun na po natatapos yung interview ko po. Maraming salamat poInterview with Arthuro Nombrado.

The interview was recorded with the consent of the interviewee, the interview lasted for 11 minutes. The interview was done at the house of the interviewee at Barangay Bagong Sikat, Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecija.RHPS: Una ko pong itataning ano po yung buong pangalan nyo?

AN: Arthuro Nombrado

RHPS : Ilang taon na po kayo?

AN: 73

RHPS: ilang taon na po kayo bilang isang magsasaka?

AN: Aba matagal na, nagsimula ako magsaka ehh kwan pa lang ehh, high pa school pa lang ehh

RHPS: Mga ilang taon po yun?

AN: Teka(thinking) mga daisy sais, sixteen years old siguro

RHPS: So ano po yung masasabi ninyo sa pamamahala ni Marcos?

AN : Magaling, Sya ang magaling na presidente,

AN: Una sa lahat, pinamigay nya yung lupa sa magsasaka, payable in 15 years, kapag nakapagbuwis ng labinglimang taon iyo na ang lupa. Itinatag nya yung bangko, itong landbank. itinatag nya ang coorperatiba, yan ang mga paraaan ni Marcos para magkaroon ng lupa yung mga mahihirap.

RHPS: Ano po yung alam ninyong naging programa ni Marcos para sa magsasaka?

AN: Yun nga, naging programa nya magkaroon ng coorperatiba yun ang naging daan nung mga magsasaka para maging kanila ang lupa, kung hindi tanggapin ng may ari yung buwis, sa landbank ka magbabayad ng buwis, pagdating ng 15 taon iyo na ang lupa kahit walang tinanggap na buwis ang may ari.

RHPS: Direktang nakatulong po ba si Marcos sa inyo?

AN: Oo ahh,

RHPS: Mga nakakailang ani po kayo noon?

AN: Nung mga panahon na yun, nito nalang naman nung 1970s nagsimula ang 2nd crop

RHPS: Sa tansya nakakailang kaban po kayo ng palay noon?

AN: ehh dati dati kapag naka 35 ka isang ektarya noon mayos, ehh ngayon nung dumating yung sa Iri yung mga kwan na yun mga bagong binhi nakakaisang daan na ang isang ektarya, yung ruminant Be 3 nakaka35 magangandang ani

RHPS: Nung panahon ni Marcos may mga ipinakilala po syang binhi?

AN: Meron na, naitayo na ang Iri noon, nagsimula naman gumamit yung mga magsasaka ng pataba, commercial fertilizer dahil mahina na ang lupa

RHPS: Nakakapagutang po ba kayo noon? Nakakapagloan po ba yung magsasaka noon?

Interviewee: Ou naman, Nakakapagloan yung magsasaka noon kaya nga may coorperatiba ehh, yun ang naging daan ng pagpapautang ng gobyerno noon, magtatag ng kooreparatiba susuprotahan ang magsasaka

RHPS: Ilang ektarya po ba yung lupa ninyo noon 1970s, 1980s

AN: Ehh hindi pa, ehh nito na nahati hati na nung 1970s hati hati na sa lupa..

RHPS: Nung panahon po ni Marcos, meron pong tinatawag na Green Revolution, mataas daw po yung ani noon?

AN: Ou... meron nun

RHPS: Ano po ba yung Masagana 99

AN: Nagpapautang nga sa koorperatiba yun, sa koorperatiba yun, ang karamihan nag ani noon dahil sa ari, pinangalanan nilang masagna 99 dahil nakakaisang daan na ng an isang ektaryai.

RHPS: So maganda po yung buhay ninyo, maganda po ba ang buhay ng magsasaka kabilang na po kayo?

Interviewee: Oo ahh, dahil yung magsasaka noon utusan lang, nung panahon ng martial law hindi na utusan ang Magsasaka, kanya na ang lupa, yun ang kinaiman ng pagbibigay ng Martial Law, pinamigay nya yung maluluwang na lupain ng mayayaman, sama sama nayung presidente hindi pa sila pwepwede sa galing ni Marcos yun ang sabihin mo.

RHPS: Opo

RHPS: Ehh si cory po?

AN: Wala yan,

RHPS: Pati rin po kay Fidel po?

AN: Wala yung mga yan, pagsama samahin mo sila, wala sila kay Marcos, panay pangugurakot lang ang ginawa nila, tingnan mo yung highway pinagawa ni Marcos yun.

RHPS: Pwede nyo ho ba ikumpara yung buhay ninyo noong panahon ni Marcos sa kasalukuyan po?

AN: Ehh mahirap ako ngayon ehh, dati may trabaho ako noon, retired na, nagtrabaho ako sa honda motors, nagtrabaho sa mindanao. hindi na nga ako makalusong sa pilapil

RHPS: Maganda talaga ang situation ng magsasaka noon?

AN: Ou, maganda hanggang ngayon dahil nagkaroon sila ng lupa, Magaling si Marcos

RHPS: May pakialam po sya sa tao?

AN: Ou, pag sinabi nya ito ang proyekto, dumarating..Di katulad ngayon, project sa Munoz wala namang dumadating, Si arroyo dumating dyan, tapos na daw ang irrigation hindi pa rin pala

RHPS: Sino po yung mayor ng munoz nung panahon ni Marcos?

AN: Ahh si Santos

RHPS: May nagawa din po sya katulad ni Marcos?

AN: Ou ahhh, tulong tulong sila noon.

RHPS: So yun lang po ang mga tanong ko,, Maraming Salamat po. Sicat, Gerardo.2011. The Economic Legacy of Marcos. UP Discussion Paper No. 2011-11. UP School of Economics.

Spence, Hartzell.1964. Marcos of the Philippines. World Publishing Company

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