russel (language 2009)

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THE GUIDE COACHING HOMEEnglish Language & Grammar Course 2009

Lesson 1

A) Speaking Drill:

Introduction

Student, Director of the Course

Student: Good Morning, Sir

Director: Good morning. What can I do for you?

Student: Im Amit. I want to learn how to speak English fluently.

Director: Thats a good idea. But why?

Student: For better communication.

Director: Very good. Let me see how well you speak. Ill ask you a few questions. Where do you stay?

Student: At Agrabad.

Director: How far is it from here?

Student: About four kilometres.

Director: Do you have a telephone?

Student: Yes, we have.

Director: No. you should say, We do. If I ask you Have you a telephone? then you say, We have. Well,how old are you?

Student: Im seventeen.

Director: Good. Whats your father?

Student: He is a Professor of Botany.

Director: Are you a student?

Student: Yes, I am. Im doing H.Sc.

Director: In which college?

Student: In Chittagong College.

Director: For how long have you been learning English?

Student: For more than ten years.

Director: Ten years! And yet you think you cant speak well.

Student: You see, Sir, I am fairly good at writing in English. I have studied grammar. I got fairly high gradesin the exams. I must say that it was largely by memorizing and reproducing what I memorized.

Director: Its true. One rarely opens his mouth to express his thoughts and feelings. But in your case, you aredoing fairly well.

Student: Thank you, Sir.

Director: First you need to practise the sounds of words and accent the syllables properly.

Student : Syllables? What is a syllable, sir?

Director: When we speak, we divide the words into syllables and pronounce them. A syllable is a unit of onevowel sound with a consonant before or after it. Take the word pen. There are three sounds p-e-n.The vowel sound is central to the syllable. The consonant sounds are placed before and after the

vowel sound. The word pen has one syllable. The word always has two syllables.

Student: What is accent, sir?


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Director: Some syllables are more prominent than the others. Such prominent syllables are said to receivethe accent or stress. White pronouncing them, we place more emphasis on them. In the wordalways, the first syllable al-gets the stress. And then you should follow correct intonation.

Student: Intonation? What is it, sir?

Director: Intonation is the rise and fall of the pitch of the voice in speaking. For instance, when you put aYes-No question, you are using the rising intonation.

Do you get it? Is it clear?

When you make a statement, you use then falling intonation. I get it. It is clear.Student: Yes, sir.

Director: And you should familiarize yourself with appropriate expressions and use them as the situationdemands. This course aims at engaging you in several speech activities and thus helps you to learnthe skills so that you can speak fluently, accurately and appropriately.

Student: Thank you for your guidance. Ill follow the guidelines and practise the conversations.

Director: You cant do that all alone. Choose a companion to converse with.

Student: I will do so, sir. Thank you very much.

Director: All the best, young man!

B) More PracticeStudy the following dialogue. Turn the statements in italics into yes-no questions. Then change thefull answers into their short form.

Hasan : Hello, Rosy.

Rosy : Hi, Hasan.

Hasan : ..................................................................................................................................?

Rosy : Yes, we have moved to our now house.

Hasan : ..................................................................................................................................?

Rosy : Yes, its large one. We have three bedrooms.Hasan : ..................................................................................................................................?

Rosy : Yes, we got it repainted.

Hasan : ..................................................................................................................................?

Rosy : Yes, we get enough water.

Hasan : ..................................................................................................................................?

Rosy : Yes, we can store water in the overhead tank.

Hasan : ..................................................................................................................................?

Rosy : Yes, we have a solar water beater.

Hasan : ..................................................................................................................................?

Rosy : No, we have not got the telephone yet.

Hasan : ..................................................................................................................................?

Rosy : Yes, there is space for car parking.

Hasan : So, you enjoy staying in your new home.

Rosy : Very much. Hasan, you must come there one of these days.

Hasan : Sure. Ill be looking forward to it.


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C)What does knowing a new word mean?It is not enough just to know the meaning of a word. You also need to know:

(a) what words it is usually associated with

(b) whether it has any particular grammatical characteristics

(c) how it is pronounced

D)What should you do when you come across new words?When you are reading something in English, dont look up every new word or expression or you willsoon get fed up. Only look up something that is really important for understanding the text. When youhave finished reading, look back at what you have read and then perhaps look up some extra wordsand write down new expressions that interest you.

Similarly when you listen to English, dont panic when you hear some words or expressions that youdont know. Keep listening and the overall meaning will often become clear.

When you read or listen to English, it is sometimes possible to guess the meaning of a word you dontknow before you look up or ask its meaning. Decide first what part of speech the word is and thenlook for clues in its context or form.

A good dictionary is an essential reference book for any student who needs to use English in hisstudies. However, it is only valuable when it is used correctly and efficiently so the information andexercises which follow will show you how it should be used. Using it well can save time.

E)Using a Dictionary

Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English

A S Hornby

Some of the OALDCEs most outstanding features:

* a wide range of contemporary vocabulary (including specialist English)

*practical explanations and definitions in Simple English

* many example phrases and sentences to show how a word is used

* detailed information on Verb patterns and how they are used

* unrivalled information on structural grammar

* guidance on style

F) Assignments:

1. List these words in alphabetical order as quickly as you can: dictate, basis, reject, mark, buoy,hang, punch, weight

Ans: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2. These words begin with the same letter. Arrange them in alphabetical order according to the

second letter of each word. ear, egg, eclipse, extra, ever, entry, equate, emotion, effect, esteem

Ans: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. The first two letters of the words below are the same. Put them in alphabetical order:standard,steep, street, store, stick, stun, story, style, stage, steady.

Ans: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. The first three letters of the words below are the same. Put them in alphabetical order:promise,profit, produce, problem, proceed.

Ans: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


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G) PARTS OF SPEECHEnglish words are divided into the following eight groups:Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Verb,Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction and Interjection. These are called Parts of Speech.

Look at the following chart giving definition of each Part of speech followed by examples:

Parts of Speech Description Example

Noun The name of something cow, apple, Susan, play

Pronoun A word that can take the place of a noun he, they, I, it, that

Adjective A word that describes a noun or pronoun big, calm, red, short, wideVerb A word that tells us the action someone

or something is performing.

The state s/he or it is in.

The process of change s/he or it isgoing through.

run, sing, act, listen

be, seem

become, grow

Adverb A word that modifies or describes a verb,an adjective or another adverb

quickly, strongly, very, so

Preposition A word that shows the relationshipbetween one word and another.

in, on, towards, above, from

Conjunction A word that joins other words orstatements

and, but, since, until

Interjection A word that expresses an exclamation Hurrah! Wow! Oh! Ah!

H) Assignments:

1. Look at the sentence: For many people moving is one kind of thing and travel is somethingvery different. In this sentence for example, the first word For is a Preposition.

Now identify the Parts of Speech of the remaining words of the sentence.

2. Which Part of Speech is missing from the sentence mentioned in question No.1.

I) The same word used as different Parts of SpeechRemember that certain words act as different Parts of Speech without changing their forms.Take for example, the word ROUND which can be used as an Adjective, an Adverb, a Preposition, aNoun or a Verb.Look at the following examples:

Adjective: The nail will fit into a round hole. Adverb: He showed me round the city. Preposition: The earth goes round the sun. Noun: To rich people life is a round of pleasure. Verb: The plane rounded the city several times.

J) Name the Parts of Speech of the bold words.

a) Let us water the plants. ----------------------- b) The water level goes up during floods. ------------------

c) We should drink pure water. ------------------- d) There is no smoke without fire. ---------------------

e) Morrison is a fast bowler. --------------------- f) Some bad boys smoke cigarettes. ---------------------

g) He bowls fast. --------------------- h) He failed though he worked hard. ---------------------

i) I shall talk to you next. --------------------- j) Please give me more sugar for tea. ---------------------

k) Alas! The man is dead. --------------------- l) Please write more to explain. ---------------------

m) Please iron your clothes. --------------------- n) I went to school but he did not. ---------------------

o) Still water runs deep. --------------------- p) He still lives in that house. ---------------------

q) The up train is late. --------------------- r) They while away their evenings with books. --------------

s) He was only a yard offme. --------------------- t) He is on the committee. ------------------------


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Lesson 2

B)Fill each space with the noun formed from the word given in brackets.

1) Jennie thanked her teacher for her --------------------------------------. (kind)

2) The wolves started to howl as --------------------------------------- fell (dark).

3) Winter often brings much ---------------------------------------. (ill)

4) It is ----------------------------------- to speed on busy roads. (mad)

5) The wood was two centimetres in ------------------------------------------. (thick)

6) The old man is suffering from ------------------------------------. (giddy)

7) We were surprised at the ------------------------------------ of the performing lions. (tame)

8) The mans ------------------------------------- was caused by an explosion. (deaf)

9) Mrs. Platt scolded Bobby for his ---------------------------------------. (lazy)

10) Gerald was dazzled by the ---------------------------------- of the sun. (bright)

Nouns for phrases

C)Write down the noun for each of these phrases. The first letter has been given to help you.

1) A fertile place in the desert: O--------------------------------

2) A person who goes on foot: P-----------------------------

3) A picture of a person: P-------------------------------

4) Instructions for preparing a meal or dish: R---------------------------------

5) A person who looks on the bright side of things: O-------------------------------

6) A person who loves his / her country. P--------------------------------

7) A place where monks live. M---------------------------------

8) A person who designs buildings: A---------------------------------

9) A list or index of books in a library: C----------------------------------

10) A line of person awaiting their turns: Q----------------------------------

11) A person who greedily hoards money: M--------------------------------

12) Someone who tends sheep. S----------------------------

13) A place where earth and sky seem to meet. H----------------------------

14) A man whose wife had died. W----------------------------

15) The science and study of plant-life. B--------------------------

Nouns about people

D) Match up the words in the box with the people listed below it.

university kitchen laboratory cars barracks

dispensary statues bank stockings studio

cinema flowers sweets teeth embassy

church windows books law hospital

1) artist = ------------------------------ 2) projectionist = --------------------------------


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3) soldier = ------------------------------ 4) chef =-------------------------------------------

5) ambassador = --------------------------- 6) priest =-----------------------------------------

7) surgeon = ------------------------------ 8) teller =------------------------------------------

9) pharmacist = ------------------------------ 10) glazier =--------------------------------------

11) sculptor = ------------------------------ 12) editor =---------------------------------------

13) orthodontist = ---------------------------- 14) solicitor =------------------------------------15) professor = ------------------------------ 16) florist =----------------------------------------

17) hosier = ----------------------------------- 18) confectioner =--------------------------------

19) chauffeur = ---------------------------- 20) scientist =--------------------------------------

E) A short list of some COLLECTIVE NOUNSA bunch of keys, A bouquet of flowers, A bunch of grapes, A bundle of wood, A chin/range ofmountains, A crowd of people, A faggot of sticks, A flight/flock of birds, A flock of sheep, A galaxyof stars, A gang/ band of robbers, A group of islands, A group of labourers, A grove of trees, A heapof ruins, A heap of stones, A herd of cattle, A herd of swine, A hive/swarm of bees, A pack of dogs, A

pack of hounds, A pair of shoes, A pride of lions, A range of hills, A range of hills, A regiment ofsoldiers, A shoal of fish, A school of scholars, A series of events, A swarm of flies, A troupe of horses

Prefixes

A prefix is a word-part added at the beginning of a word to alter its meaning or make a new word. Indisagree and exclude, dis and ex are prefixes.

Prefixes at work

A) In the table below, complete the words that begin with prefixes. The meanings of theprefixes are given.

PREFIX MEANING WORDS CONTAINING PREFIX

tele far telesc_______, teleph______, telev________, telegr_______ sub under sub___b, subm______, subw____, subd_v_s__n, subt__tl__

mal bad maln__tr_t__n, mal_c_, mal_gn__t, mal_dj_st_d

fore before forec___t, foreh____d, foret__ll, forem______

circum around circumf__r__nce, circumn__v__g__t__, circumst___t____

trans across transf_s___n, transl_t_, trans__ct___n

contra against contrab___d, contrav__nt____, contrad__ct___n

ex out expl__s___n, exh__l__, exp_ls___n, ext__ns__v__

Using prefixes to form opposites

B) Turn each of these adjectives into its antonym (opposite) by adding the prefix un, in, im,dis, il or ir.

1) advisable: ----------------------------- 2) logical: ----------------------------------

3) curable: ----------------------------- 4) pardonable: -----------------------------

5) tolerable: ----------------------------- 6) respective: ------------------------------

7) reducible: ----------------------------- 8) valuable: --------------------------------

9) conscious: ----------------------------- 10) honourable: -----------------------------

11) mortal: ----------------------------- 12) legible: -----------------------------------

13) penetrable: ----------------------------- 14) relevant: ----------------------------------


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15) forgettable: ----------------------------- 16) reputable: ---------------------------------

17) mobile: ----------------------------- 18) visible: ------------------------------------

19) employed: ----------------------------- 20) logical: ------------------------------------

21) moderate: ----------------------------- 22) repressible: -------------------------------

23) timely: ----------------------------- 24) pious: -------------------------------------

C) Here is a list of prefixes. Select the appropriate one to add to each of the words or word-parts that follow. The first one has been done to help you.retro ortho re bene super hyper mono interauto ad tri semi trans peri dis hemi

1) --------------verse 2) --------------sphere 3) -------------angle

4) --------------missal 5) ---------------mediate 6) --------------- intendent

7) -------------formation 8) --------------formation 9) ---------------factor

10) --------------dontist 11) --------------tonous 12) -------------grade

13) -------------- graph 14) ---------------venture 15) --------------final

16) ------------scope

D) Form the opposites of these words, using prefixes.

i) sane:--------------------------------; ii) certain:-------------------------------;

iii) aware:-----------------------------; iv) perfect:------------------------------;

v) human:-----------------------------; vi) gratitude:----------------------------;

vii) usual:-----------------------------; viii) regard:------------------------------;

ix) obedient:--------------------------; x) continue:------------------------------;

xi) approve:--------------------------; xii) considerate:-------------------------;

xiii)equality:---------------------; xiv) orderly:----------------------; xv) similar:-------------------

Suffix

Suffix is a word-part added at the end of a word to alter its meaning or form. Most suffixes consist ofone syllable.

Example: impress / impressive; hope / hopeless; collect / collector; imprison / imprisonment

Adding suffixes to form nouns

E) Create nouns by adding the suffix ment, ance, ion, ation, sion, tion or al to each

italicized word in the following phrases. Sometimes the ending of the word will need to bealtered before the suffix can be added.

1) a successful advertise -------------------------------- 2) the appearof the police. --------------------------

3) an apply for a drivers licence ---------------------- 4) the conclude of the play ---------------------------

5) an approve for a loan -------------------------------- 6) a secondary educate --------------------------------

7) a victory celebrate ----------------------------------- 8) a difficult decide ------------------------------------

9) thefulfilof a dream ---------------------------------- 10) the erode of the soil -------------------------------

11) beyond human endure ----------------------------- 12) the orchestrasperform ---------------------------

13) a remarkable improve ------------------------------ 14) a negotiate for peace -----------------------------

15) heat exhaust ----------------------------------------- 16) life imprison ----------------------------------------


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17) an eruptof the volcano ---------------------------- 18) a religious revive ----------------------------------

19) the remove of the evidence ------------------------ 20) rapidpromote --------------------------------------

21) the registerof the car------------------------------ 22) the reduce of the road toll -----------------------

23) carmaintain ----------------------------------------- 24) an investigate of the complaint ------------------

Adding suffixes to form people

F)Add the suffix er, or, eer, ist, ent, ant or ive to form the word for a person associated with each

verb. Sometimes the ending of the word will have to be altered before the suffix can be added- e.g. history /historian, biology / biologist.

1) decorate: -------------------------- 2) ski: --------------------------- 3) accompany: ------------------------

4) create: --------------------------- 5) dictate: ---------------------- 6) succeed: -----------------------------

7) travel: -------------------------- 8) immigrate: --------------------------- 9) type: ---------------------------

10) parachute: ------------------------ 11) occupy: ------------------------ 12) auction: ---------------------

13) supply: ----------------------- 14) conspire: ---------------------------- 15) oppose: --------------------------

16) contest: ------------------------- 17) detect: ---------------------------- 18) kidnap: --------------------------

19) participate: ------------------------- 20) elect: ---------------------------- 21) reside: --------------------------

22) represent: ------------------------- 23) enter: ----------------------- 24) inhabit: -------------------------


Lesson 3

A)Speaking Drill:

Making Acquaintances

Juliet: Hello, I havent seen you around. You must be new.

Samantha: Yes, I am.

Juliet: Im Juliet. Whats your name?

Samantha: Samantha

(They shake hands.)

Juliet: So what course are you doing, Samantha?

Samantha: Ive joined H.S.C. What about you?

Juliet: Im doing the same course as you but Im in the 2nd year. How do you find the college?

Samantha: Id say I like it. The lecturers seem very helpful and knowledgeable.

And the students are friendly.

Juliet: Yes, thats the impression I had when I joined the college. Which school were you in?

Samantha: I attended Dr. Khastagir Girls High School.(Susan joined them.)

Susan: Hello.

Juliet: Samantha, meet Susan, one of my close friends.

Susan: Hello, Samantha. Nice to meet you.

Juliet: Shes doing HSC 1st year.


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Susan: Oh, really?

Samantha: Yes. I guess youre doing HSC 2nd year, arent you?

Susan: Guessed right.

Samantha: Can we get a bite? Im starving.

I havent had breakfast.

Juliet: Nerves? Your first day of college. Sure. Lets order something.Susan: The sandwiches are good.

Samantha: OK then. Lets try them out.

[They place an order for sandwiches. Susan pays. They finish eating. They start walkingback to the classrooms .]

Susan: It was really nice meeting you, Samantha.

Samantha: Yes. Thank you both for making my first day here so pleasant.

Juliet: No problem at all, Juliet. Well see you tomorrow. Bye!

Samantha: Thanks again. See you tomorrow.

Susan: Bye!

Reading & Understanding Skill

The SmugglerB) People usually smuggle gold and precious stones, and often they are caught. But oneparticular smuggler was not caught by the customs officer. Lets find out what he smuggled?

Sam Lewis was a customs officer. He used to work in a small border town. It wasnt a busytown. There wasnt much work. The road was usually very quiet and there werent manytravellers. It wasnt a very interesting job, but Sam liked an easy life. About once a week, heused to meet an old man. His name was Draper. He always used to arrive at the border early inthe morning in a big truck. The truck was always empty. After a while Sam becamesuspicious. He often used to search the truck but never found anything. One day, unable tohide his curiosity, he asked Draper about his job. Draper laughed and said, Im a smuggler.Last year Sam retired. He spent his savings on an expensive holiday. He flew to Bermuda, andstayed in a luxury hotel. One day, while he was sitting by the pool he noticed Draper. He wassipping some champagne. Sam walked over to him.

Sam : Hello, there!Draper: Hi!Sam : Do you remember me?

Draper: Yes, of course I do. Youre customs officer.Sam : I used to be, but Im not any more. I retired last month. I often used

to search your truck.Draper: ........... but you never found anything?Sam : No, I didnt. Can I ask you something?Draper : Go right ahead.Sam : Were you a smuggler?Draper: Of course I was.Sam : But .......... the truck was always empty. What were you smuggling?Draper: Trucks.

C) Now try to find out the facts.


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1. Who was Sam Lewis?2. Why did he not have much work?3. Sams job was not interesting yet he liked it. Why?4. Who did he meet once a week?5. When did this man come to the border? What did he come in?6. Why did Sam search the truck? Did he find anything?7. What did Sam ask Draper? What did Draper reply?8. How did Sam spend his savings? Where did he go? Where did he stay? Who did he meet

there?9. What did Draper say he used to smuggle?10. What are the duties of a customs officer?11. Draper told Sam, I am a smuggler. How do you think Sam felt?12. Who do you think was cleverer- Sam or Draper? Give your reason(s).

D) THE NOUN

A Noun is a word for a person, animal, place, thing or quality. Nouns are divided into fourdifferent categories:Abstract, Collective, Common and Proper Noun.

Abstract Noun: The name given to a quality, state or action. e.g. wisdom, slavery, hatred etc.

Collective Noun: The name given to a group of persons, animals or things taken together andconsidered as one whole. e.g. a class, a committee, a crew, etc.

Common Noun: The name that is given to all members of a class of persons or things of the same

kind. e.g. girl, flood, buildingProper Noun: The name to one particular place, person, place or thing. e.g. Chittagong, Rahman,

Taj Mahal

Note: Remember that a Proper Noun should always begin with a capital letter.

E) Assignment:

1. Give five examples ofAbstract Noun. Collective Noun, Common Noun, Proper Noun and makesentences with them.

To make Nouns often Prefixes or Suffixes are added to the stem word.

Prefixes added to make Nouns:

Out - Out + break = Outbreak On - On + looker = OnlookerOut + line = Outline On + set = Onset

In - In + laws = In-laws Up - Up + rising = UprisingIn + sect = Insect Up + set = Upset

Under - Under + garments = UndergarmentsUnder + ground = Underground

The Suffixes added to make Nouns: -ship- relationship, scholarship -ology- sociology, archeology

-ment- agreement, development -ity / ty- ability purity-cation- modification, purification -ty / y- certainty, cruelty


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-ice- justice, twice -ness- hardness, politeness-hood- childhood, neighbourhood

F) Give the noun formed from the verb in bold type, which will complete each sentence.

1) The injured man found the least --------------------------------------- very painful. (move)

2) It is our ---------------------------------------- to visit Greece next year. (intend)

3) Bad weather delayed the ------------------------------------------- of the plane.(depart)

4) Alan received ----------------------------------------- to leave school early.(permit)

5) The boy wrote an excellent ------------------------------------------ about dogs.(compose)

6) I have a deep ------------------------------------------------ for the artists work.(admire)

7) A hermit leads a very lonely ---------------------------------------------. (exist)

8) Many were killed in the ------------------------------------- against the government.(rebel)

9) Treasure Island contains a splendid ---------------------------------- of long John Silver.(describe)

10) After a little ------------------------- Simon agreed to lend the boys this new football.(persuade)

Abstract nouns

Abstract nouns are nouns that name feelings or qualities- e.g. love, courage, weariness,

accuracy.

G) Form abstract nouns ending with the suffixes ness, cy, ment, ance or ation form thefollowing words. (For example, reluctant / reluctance, fulfil / fulfilment.)

i) embarrass = ------------------------------- ii) tempt = -----------------------------------

iii) supreme = ------------------------------- iv) lovely = ----------------------------------

v) possessive = ----------------------------- vi) enter = ------------------------------------

vii) inform = -------------------------------- viii) argue = ----------------------------------

ix) accurate = ------------------------------- x) arrogant = ----------------------------------

xi) happy = ---------------------------------- xii) inflate = ----------------------------------

xiii) improve = ----------------------------- xiv) excite = ----------------------------------

xv) assist = ----------------------------------- xvi) private = ---------------------------------

xvii) empty = -------------------------------- xviii) assure = --------------------------------

xix) calculate = ------------------------------ xx) agree = -----------------------------------xxi) educate = -------------------------------- xxii) dedicate = -------------------------------

xxiii) lonely = -------------------------------- xxiv) vacant = ---------------------------------

xxv) pirate = ----------------------------------

Nouns and their opposites

H) Write down a noun opposite in meaning to each of the following. The first letter has beengiven to help you.

1) wealth = P-------------------------- 2) death = B--------------------------

3) weakness = S------------------------ 4) arrival = D-------------------------

5) pain = R-------------------------- 6) darkness = L---------------------


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7) question = A----------------------- 8) liberty = B-------------------------

9) love = H----------------------- 10) absence = P------------------------

11) enemy = F------------------------- 12) exit = E--------------------------

13) war = P----------------------- 14) failure = S-----------------------

15) heaven = H-------------------- 16) safety = E------------------------

17) inferiority = S------------------------ 18) sadness = H------------------------

19) cowardice = B----------------------- 20) summer = W-----------------------

21) wisdom =F------------------------- 22) morning = E--------------------------

23) expansion = C------------------------- 24) vagueness = C----------------------

I) A list of words about HousesAbode, Ante-chamber, Anteroom, Barn, Basement, Bathroom, Beam, Beauty parlour, Bed room, Brick,Bride chamber, Building, Bungalow, Cabin, Cage, Ceiling, Cellar, Cement, Chimney, Church, Cottage,Courtyard, Cow shed, Den, Dining room, Door, Drawing room, Eaves, False ceiling, Farm house, First floor,Floor, Foyer, Gargoyle, Gate, Godown, Gravel, Green room, Ground floor, Gutter, Hall, Home, Hut,Kitchen, Latrine, Lavatory, Lime, Mansion, Mens room, Mortar, Mosque, Palace, Parlour, Partition, Patio,Pen, Pillar, Portico, Postern, Praying hall, Premise, Privy, Reading room, Residence, Roof, Room, Sand,

Second floor, Shed, Slanted roof, Sod house, Stable, Stair case, Store room, Summer house, Temple, Tiles,Top floor, Upstairs, Verandah, Wainscot / Panel, Waiting room, Wall, Window, Window pane, Womansroom, Club, Apartment, Community centre


Lesson 4

A)Speaking Drill:

Identifying People

Robin: Hello, Sam. How are you?

Sam: Hi, Robin. Im fine. Thank you. And you?

Robin: Im all right. You had gone to Dhaka for your sisters marriage. When did you come back?

Sam: Yesterday. We had a wonderful time there. Everything went on well. I mean all the

arrangements, the accommodation and above all the feast.

Robin: Im sure your sister is greatly delighted.

Sam: Yes, she is. Would you like to look at the photos?

Robin: Yes, Id love to.

Sam: Do you have time?

Robin: Yes, I do. I love family photos.

Sam: Heres the album.......... The man in the middle with a garland is my sisters husband. He is a

businessman.

Robin: Looks smart. Whos to the left of your brother-in-law?

Sam: Thats his father, Mr. Thomas. A retired judge.

Robin: The one on his left?Sam: His second son, Jerry. Hes studying medicine.


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Robin: Whos to the right of your sister?

Sam: Thats her mother-in-law. Next to her is her mother. An old woman who keeps you engaged

with her lively talk.

Robin: I dont see you here.

Sam: Its their family with my sister.

Robin: Let me see some more photos...... Ah, here you are. This is your family with the bridegroom.I suppose.

Sam: Thats right.

Robin: I guess I had better go now.

Sam: Ive got to be going now too.

Robin: In that case, Ill be seeing you.

Sam: So long. See you later.

B)Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Countable Noun: A countable noun can be singular (banana) or plural (bananas).e. g. i) I eat a banana everyday. ii) I like bananas.

Banana is a countable noun.

Countable nouns are things we can count. So we can say one banana, two bananas.

Uncountable Noun: Uncountable nouns are things we cannot count.e. g. I eat rice everyday. I like rice.

Rice is an uncountable noun.An uncountable noun has only one form (rice). We cannot say one rice, two rices etc.

Many nouns can be used as countable or uncountable nouns, usually with a difference in

meaning.

Compare:

Countable Uncountable

Did you hear a noise just now? I cant work here. Theres too much noise.(= a particular noise) (not too many noises)

I bought a paper to read. I need some paper to write on.

(= a newspaper) ( = material for writing on) Theres a hair in my soup! Youve got very long hair.( = one long hair) (not hairs)

You can stay with us. There is a spare room. You cant sit here. There isnt room. ( = a( = a room in a house) space)

I had some interesting experiences while They offered me the job because I had a lotI was away. ( = things that happened to me) of experience. (not experiences)

Enjoy your holiday. Have a good time! I cant wait. I havent good time.

There are some nouns that are usually uncountable in English but often countable in otherlanguages.

For example:


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accommodation behaviour damage luck permission trafficadvice bread furniture luggage progress weatherbaggage chaos information news scenery work

These nouns are usually uncountable, so:

i) you cannot use a / an with them (you cannot say a bread, an advice etc.) and

ii) they are not normally plural (we do not say breads, advices etc.):

Im going to buy some bread. or Im going to buy a loaf of bread. (not a bread)

Enjoy your holiday! I hope you have good weather. (not a good weather)

Where are you going to put all your furniture? (not furnitures)

News is uncountable, not plural:

The news was very depressing. (not the news were)

Travel (noun) means travelling in general. You cannot say a travel to mean a journey or a trip:

We had a very good journey. (not a good travel)

C) THE PRONOUN

Pronouns substitute nouns in a sentence.

e.g. (without Pronoun) Karim likes Jamila because Karim knows that Jamila is honest.(with Pronoun) Karim likes Jalil because he knows thatshe is honest.

Example: I, we, my, mine, myself, you, your, yours, yourself etc.

The noun that a Pronoun replaces is called the Antecedent of the pronoun.

Pronouns are divided into:

1. Personal Pronoun:I, We, You, He, She, It, They2. Possessive Pronoun: my, our, your, his, her, their3. Reflexive & Emphatic Pronoun: myself, ourselves, himself, herself, themselves, oneself4. Reciprocal Pronoun: each other, one another5. Relative pronoun: who, whom, whose, which, that, whoever, whichever, whatever6. Interrogative Pronoun: Who? Which? What? Whom?7. Demonstrative pronoun: this, that, these, those8. Distributive pronoun:Each, Either, Neither

N.B.Either&Neitherare used in speaking of two persons or things.9. Indefinite pronoun:All, Some, Many, Any, Another, Everybody, Somebody, Nobody,

Anybody, Everything, Something, Anything, Other, One

N.B.These pronouns can be used without any Antecedent.The relationship of Personal Pronoun to Reflexive and Possessive Pronouns is shown in the table below.

PERSONAL REFLEXIVE POSSESSIVE

Person Number Gender Subjectiv

e case

Objective

case

Determiner

Function

Nominal

Function

1st Singular I Me Myself My Mine

Plural We Us Ourselves Our Ours

2nd SingularYou

YourselfYour Yours

Plural Yourselves

3rd

SingularMasculine He Him Himself His

Feminine She Her Herself Her Hers

Non-person

It Itself Its


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Plural They Them Themselves Their Theirs

D)Write the appropriate pronoun in the blank from the list given below in place of the words in boldtype in the following sentences.

he it we us she her his him them they

1) Anne told Jennifer that Anne would knit a cardigan forJennifer. ------------------------------

2) When Colin was given a dog Colin trained the dog to beg. -----------------------------------3) Brian and I are good friends. Brian and I go everywhere together. ------------------------------

4) As Roger and I approached the farmyard gate a big dog barked at Roger and me. ---------------

5) The teacher sent for Robin and Alan. The teacher told Robin and Alan to stay in after school.

---------------------------------------

6) The two girls knew that the two girls would be late. -------------------------------------

7) Andrew was sad because the stolen bicycle was Andrews. -----------------------------------

E) ONE-WORD SUBSTITUTION1. That which can be heard - Audible2. One who is all powerful - Almighty3. Happening every year - Annually4. An animal that is equally at home on land and in water - Amphibious5. A man who professes to read the future from a study of the stars - Astrologer6. One who checks accounts - Auditor7. A tank in which fish are kept - Aquarium8. Representative of Government with full authority - Ambassador9. Increase the gravity of burden or offence - Aggravate10. That which does not bear the name of the writer - Anonymous11. One who does not believe in God - Atheist12. An absolute government by one man - Autocracy13. Government by the nobles - Aristocracy14. The state where no government exists - Anarchy15. The life-story of a man written by himself - Autobiography16. A general pardon granted by the government to political prisoners - Amnesty17. A place where lunatics and other afflicted persons are sheltered - Asylum18. An assembly of hearers - Audience19. A statement which can have two meanings - Ambiguous20. A word opposite in meaning to another - Antonym

F) Learn the words in the list below, together with their meanings, then answer the exercises G & H.

Peoplecannibal - Eats human flesh.coward - Lacks courage/ is afraid.daredevil Person recklessly daringglutton - A person who overeats.hermit - A person living in isolation from others.martyr - A person forced to suffer or die for a belief.miser - Lives sparingly in order to hoard money.patriot - A person who loves and wished to serve his countrypilgrim - Travels to a sacred place as a religious devotion.spendthrift - Spends money unnecessarily.truant - Pupil absent from school without permission.


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G) Give one word for each of the following from the list F.

1) A pupil who stays away from school without sufficient reason. -----------------------------------

2) A man who rides his motorbike through a ring of fire. -----------------------------------

3) A person who is afraid of his own shadow. -----------------------------------

4) An Arab walking to Mecca, the birthplace of the prophet Mohammed. ----------------------------

5) A person who buys things he does not need. -----------------------------------

H) Complete each sentence with a word from the list F.

1) The ------------------------------------------ gloated over his hoard of money.

2) The -------------------------------------------- ate so much at the party that he was sick.

3) The ----------------------------------- who lived alone in a hut in the forest had not seen anyonefor weeks.

4) One of the hunters was captured and eaten by ---------------------------------------.

5) William Tell was a famous Swiss -------------------------------------- who loved his country so

much that he was prepared to die for it.


,mnhndnb fghfghgfhgfhfgh

Lesson 5

A)Speaking Drill: (First listen to the tape and then try to practise speaking as it is said)

Arranging a Party

Prem: Renu dear, get me a glass of water please. Its so hot.

Renu: Here you are. Yes, its very warm and sultry today.

Prem: True. I wish it would rain... Well, on my way back, I went to the bakers and ordered a big

chocolate cake.

Renu: Weve hardly three days left to organize Anus birthday party. Shes so excited about it.

Prem: Your dad called saying theyre coming tomorrow.

Renu: Will they bring Sumana with them? Anu is so eager to meet her.

Prem: Yes, Archana too.Renu: Lovely.... Come on. Who else shall we invite? We must have Indu.

Prem: Whos Indu?

Renu: Oh, you know her. Shes Anus friend at school.

Prem: Ok. How about Ravi and Jyothsna?

Renu: Yes, I like them a lot.

Prem: What about Rahul?

Renu: Whos that?

Prem: Oh Renu. Youre so forgetful. Hes the man who returned from Nairobi a couple of months


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ago. Big, bearded and funny.

Renu: Ah yes. He tells some very interesting anecdotes.

Prem: How about inviting Swaroop Rani who taught you classical music?

Renu: Oh, I forgot. Then lets invite Sundari and her husband.

They are your neighbours. So helpful.

Prem: Ok. How many are there now?Renu: Let me see. There are ten, eleven, ...... fourteen.

Prem: Including you and me?

Renu: Yes.

Prem: Thats that. Now some tea?

Renu: Thats a very good idea.

B)Speaking Drill: (First listen to the tape and then try to practise speaking as it is said.)

Making an appointment

Secretary: Hello, Dr. Sukumars Office. Can I help you?

Vishwanath: Good morning. Id like to make an appointment with Dr. Sukumar on Wednesday, please.

Secretary: Whos speaking please?

Vishwanath: Vishwanath.

Secretary: Yes, Mr. Vishwanath, Wednesday is all right.

But it will have to be in the afternoon. Will 4.30 do?

Vishwanath: Thatll be fine. Id like to know if there are facilities for scanning, X-Ray and clinical tests.

Secretary: Yes, there are. You can get all the tests done here itself.

You need not go round to different places.

Vishwanath: Thatll make things easier. Thank you very much.

Secretary: Youre welcome.

Peopleancestor = A person from whom one is descendedbachelor = An unmarried man.bankrupt = A person who is unable to pay his debtsblackleg = A person who refuses to join a strike.bully = A person who teases and ill-treats those weaker than himself.guest = A person received and entertained at anothers househost = The person who entertains the guest [Feminine- hostess]orphan = A child whose parents are dead.volunteer = A person who offers to serve of his own free will.widow = A woman whose husband is dead

widower = A man whose wife is dead

C) Give one word for each of the following using appropriate word from the list above.


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1) One who gives a service without being compelled to. ------------------------------------

2) A man whose wife has died and who has not remarried. ------------------------------------

3) A business man who has 50 and owes 5,000. ----------------------------------

4) A child whose parents are dead. ----------------------------------

5) A woman who invites friends to parties at her home. ----------------------------------

6) Some dislikes women and is determined to remain unmarried -----------------------------.

7) The Duke of Marlborough, who won the Battle of Blenheim, was an ------------------------------of Sir Winston Churchill.

8) Crowds of strikers booed the -------------------------------- as they entered the factory.

9) The ------------------------------------ hurt the little boy and made him cry.

10) The -------------------------------------- thanked their host for a wonderful party.

Collective Nounsactors - company minstrels - troupeangels - host pilgrims - bandarrows - sheaf, quiver thieves - gangbells - peal singers - choirchicks - brood spectators - crowddirectors - board stars - cluster eggs - clutch swallows - flightlions - pride teachers - staff locusts - plague, swarm trees - clump

magistrates - bench worshippers - congregation

D) Write the collective nouns needed to complete these sentences. Take help from the above list.

1) The --------------------------------------------------- of pilgrims halted before the mosque.

2) A ------------------------------------------------------ of locusts devoured every growing plant.

3) The mother hen was accompanied by her -------------------------------------------- of chicks.

4) Under a small ---------------------------------------------- of trees a tent had been pitched.

5) Several plays have been performed by this brilliant ----------------------------------------- of actors.

6) The police are searching for a ------------------------------------------- of car thieves.

7) The -------------------------------------------- of directors met to consider their companys losses.

8) The match was watched by a huge ------------------------------------------ of spectators.

9) In his dream Jacob saw a ------------------------------------------------- of angels.

10) The children saw a --------------------------------------------- of swallows making for the sea.

A special study

E) The suffix logy means the study of or the science of. Match up the words in the box withtheir correct meanings below.

criminology theology astrology meteorologybiology vulcanology gynaecology speleology


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genealogy psychology zoology archaeology

1) The study of weather and climate: ---------------------------------------------------------

2) The study of womens diseases: ---------------------------------------------------------

3) The study of crime and criminals: ----------------------------------------------------

4) The study of caves: -------------------------------------------------------

5) The study of the descent of families: ------------------------------------------------------------

6) The study of the mind: -------------------------------------------------------

7) The study of volcanoes: -----------------------------------------------------------

8) The study of the influence of the stars: -------------------------------------------------------

9) The study of living things: ---------------------------------------------------------

10) The study of relics from ancient times: ----------------------------------------------------------

11) The study of animals: ---------------------------------------------------------

12) The study (or a system) of religion: -----------------------------------------------------

F) THE ADJECTIVE

Adjectives are words that describe or qualify a noun or a pronoun.

They are divided into:a. Adjectives of Quality: e.g. useful, foolish, wise.b. Adjectives of Quantity and Number: e.g. no, whole, ninec. Demonstrative Adjective: e.g. that, this, these, thosed. Distributive Adjective: e.g. each, every, either, neithere. Interrogative Adjective: e.g. what, which, whosef. Possessive Adjectives: e.g. my, your, his, her, its, our, their.

Present Participles [V + ing] and Past Participles [V + ed] may be used as Adjectives.Example: The music is amusing. That was a tiring job. [Present Participles]

Look at the amused boy. He was a tired man. [Past Participles]

Some common Suffixes used to form adjectives :

-ive, e.g., attractive, expensive; -ible, e.g. horrible, sensible;-able, e.g., appealable, agreeable; -al, e.g. national, sensational;-ful, e.g., fruitful, wonderful; -ic, e.g., romantic, pathetic;-ous, e.g., dangerous, courageous; -ant, e.g., vacant, tolerant.-ious, e.g., prestigious, luxurious

Adjectives are used to:1. Point out, e.g., those papers, such mangoes;2. Show possession, e.g., my idea, their school;3. Ask questions, e.g., which book; what pen4. Indicate number, e.g., each student, four apples;5. Show and indefinite number / amount, e.g., some money, any girl;6. Indicate order, e.g., the first viewer, the third window;7. Indicate the kind of person or object we are referring to, e.g., the fat man, the blue sky.

Order of Adjectives:

When a series of Adjectives are used to describe / qualify a noun / pronoun the adjectives arearranged in the following order.


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a) size, b) general feature, c) age, d) shape,e) colour, f) material, g) origin, h) purpose

Example: The President led the long enthusiastic procession.He chose some dark blue chiffon saris for the dancers.

G) Insert missing adjectives using appropriate form of the word given in brackets.

1) A -------------------------- day. (sun) 2) An -------------------------- chair. (ease)

3) A -------------------------- hand. (skin) 4) A -------------------------- animal. (fur)

5) A ------------------------- chimney. (smoke) 6) A --------------------------- class. (noise)

7) ---------------------------- trousers. (bag) 8) A ---------------------------- tree. (shade)

9) A ---------------------------- path. (stone) 10) A ---------------------------- night. (fog)



Lesson 6


Renting a Flat

Owner: Hello, this is 6541278

Enquirer: Hello. Is that Mr. Mehta?

Owner: yes, speaking.

Enquirer: Im Vasudev. Ive just seen the advertisement in todays paper. Im calling to

enquire about the furnished flat you have to rent. Is it still available?

Owner: Yes, it is. Would you like to know something about it?

Enquirer: I would. Could you give me the address of the flat?

Owner: Its number 309, Shahjahan Enclave, defence Colony, New Delhi.

Enquirer: Okay. How big is the flat?

Owner: Its big enough for a family of four or five. There are two good size bedrooms.

Enquirer: Is there running water?

Owner: Twenty-four hours. Besides, drinking water is available from the corporation

everyday.

Enquirer: How much is the rent?

Owner: Its ten thousand rupees a month. The electricity is extra.


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Enquirer: Do I have to pay anything for the maintenance of the flat?

Owner: Yes, you do. Five hundred rupees extra per month.

Enquirer: If I decide to rent the flat, when will I be able to move in?

Owner: It will be available from the beginning of June.

Enquirer: Thank you very much. Ill be in touch.

Owner: You can come and have a look if you wish.

Enquirer: Yes, Id like that.

Owner: Just give me a call before you decide to, Mr. Vasudev.

Enquirer: Of course, Ill do that. Thank you very much.

B)Speaking Drill: (First listen to the tape and then try to practise speaking as it is said)

Planning an Excursion

Pallavi, Kartik, Sharma, Deepak

Pallavi: Its getting hotter day by day. Unbearable!

How much vacation time do you get, dear?

Kartik: Only two weeks this year, Pallavi?

Pallavi: Where shall we plan to go?

Kartik: How about going to Mysore and Ooty?

Pallavi: Oh, a great idea. Dont you think itll be nice if some of our friends join us?

Kartik: Shall we ask Sharma and Deepak if they are interested?

Pallavi: The other day Mrs. Sharma asked me whether we were taking a vacation.

Kartik: Let me try. [He telephones Mr. Sharma]

Hello, Sharma.

Sharma: Hi, Kartik. Whats new?

Kartik: Were planning to go to Mysore and Ooty on vacation.

How about joining us?

Sharma: Really? Wed be delighted to join you.

When do you propose to start?

Kartik: I think in a weeks time. Please come in the evening.

Well work out the details. Meanwhile, Ill find out if Deepak and his wife are willing to

come with us.

Sharma: Please do. All right, then. See you in the evening.


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Kartik: Ok, Bye. [Telephones Deepak]

Hello, Deepak. Have you made plans to go anywhere for your vacation.

Deepak: Are you planning to go somewhere?

Kartik: Yes, we have plans of going to Mysore and Ooty. Sharma and his wife will

join us. How about you?

Deepak: Thank you for asking me, but I cant make it. My brother is coming from the States.Kartik: What a pity that you cant come. Have a nice time with your brother.

Deepak: Thank you for the invitation, Kartik. Bye.

Kartik: Pallavi, Deepak cant make it. But Sharma says Ok.......

Now something to drink? Tea?

Pallavi: No, no. Not tea in this hot weather. Ill bring a soft drink.

Kartik: That would be great! Thanks, Pallavi.

C) Go through the meaning of the words given below.

exile: A person banished from his native countrygenius: An exceptionally brainy or gifted personhypocrite: A person pretends to be better than he really islunatic: A person who is madmimic: A person who imitates the voice and actions of otherspedestrian: A person who travels about on footprophet: A person who foretells coming eventstraitor: A person who betrays his country, friends or any trusttyrant: A person who uses his power to oppress others.vandal: A person who wilfully damages or destroys property

D) Give one word for each of the following from the list above.

1) A person who attends church regularly yet leads an evil life in secret. --------------------------------

2) A man who sells his countrys secrets to a foreign power. -------------------------------------------

3) A king who treats his subjects harshly. -------------------------------------------------

4) A person who is not in his right mind. -----------------------------------------------------

5) A person who has not seen his native land for many years. ---------------------------------------------

E) Complete each sentence by using a word from the list above.

1) The event was foretold by a --------------------------------------- who live in Israel.

2) A ---------------------------------- who crossed the road without looking both ways was knocked

down by a car.

3) Shakespeare, who wrote some of the words best plays, was a ----------------------------------------.

4) A ------------------------------ had uprooted shrubs in the park and smashed several windows in the

pavilion.

5) The --------------------------------- in the variety show gave wonderful imitations of television


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stars.

Adjective

F) Change the words in heavy type into adjectives.

1) a credit performance = -------------------------------- 2) a plenty supply = -----------------------------

3) a labour task = ---------------------------------- 4) an occasion error = --------------------------

5) a deceit person = -------------------------------- 6) an apology student = ------------------------

7) a skill craftsman = ------------------------------- 8) a friend neighbour = -------------------------

9) an admire achievement = ----------------------- 10) a doubt goal = ------------------------------

11) a value necklace = ----------------------------- 12) an accept explanation = ---------------------

13) an exception athlete = ------------------------- 14) a triumph general = -------------------------

15) a profit business = ----------------------------- 16) an attention class = --------------------------

17) a monotony lesson = -------------------------- 18) an offend remark = ---------------------------

19) a collapse chair = ------------------------------ 20) a competence teacher = ---------------------

G) Uses of some Adjectives:

Much, many, little, few, a lot, plenty

We use much and little with uncountable nouns:e.g. much time, much luck, little energy, little money

We use many and few with plural nouns:e.g. many friends, many people, few cars, few countries

We use a lot of / lots of / plenty of with uncountable and plural nouns:e.g. a lot ofluck, lots oftime, plenty ofmoney

a lot offriends, lots ofpeople, plenty ofideas

Plenty = more than enough:e.g. Theres no need to hurry. Weve gotplenty of time.

Ive hadplenty to eat. I dont want any more.

We use much / many especially in negative sentences and questions. A lot (of) is also possible.e.g. We didnt spend much money. (or We didnt spend a lot ofmoney.)

Do you know many people? (or Do you know a lot ofpeople?)I dont go out much. (or I dont go out a lot.)

Little and few (without a) are negative ideas (= not much / not many):e.g. We must be quick. There is little time. (= not much, not enough time)

He isnt popular. He hasfew friends. (= not many, not enough friends)

You can say very littleand very few:e.g. There is verylittle time. He has veryfew friends.

A little and a few are more positive.A little = some, a small amount:e.g. Lets go and have a drink. Weve got a little time before the train leaves.

(a little time = some time, enough time to have a drink)Do you speak English? A little.(so we can talk a bit)

A few = some, a small number:


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e.g. I enjoy my life here. I have a few friends and we meet quite often.(a few friends = not many but enough to have a good time)When did you last see Susan? A few days ago. (= some days ago)

Note that only a little and only a few have a negative meaning:e.g. We must be quick. Weve got only a little time.

The village was very small. There were only a few houses.

All and WholeWhole = complete, entire. Most often we use whole with singular nouns:e.g. Did you read the whole book?

She has lived herwhole life in Scotland.

We normally use the / my / her etc. before whole. Compare whole and all:e.g. thewhole book / allthe book herwhole life / allherlife

You can use: a whole.....e.g. Jack was so hungry, he ate a whole packet of biscuits. (= a complete packet)

We do not normally use whole with uncountable nouns.e.g. Ive spent allthe money you gave me.



Lesson 7


Complaining

Receptionist: Good day, Star lamps. May I help you?

Customer: Good morning. My name is Ramesh Sharma.

I bought a lamp from your store recently but I found that its not working.

Receptionist: I see. Would you please hold the line while I connect you to the Complaints and Suggestions Section?

Customer: Thank you.

Sanjoy: Hello, Mr. Sharma. This is Sanjay. Im in charge of Complaints and Suggestions.

Customer: Yes, this is Ramesh Sharma. I bought a lamp from your store two days ago and it does not seem to work.

Sanjoy: Do you have the receipt?

Customer: Yes, I do.

Sanjoy: Can you please give me the code of the lamp?

Customer: It is FX 43029.

Sanjoy: Ok. Thank you. Now please tell me what exactly the problem seems to be.

Customer: Well, when I turn the lamp switch on, it takes several, may be ten seconds, to light up.

Sanjoy: So, is the problem the length of time it takes to light up?

Customer: Thats part of the problem. When it eventually does light up, the light is very dim.

Sanjoy: Aah! I see. There seems to be a loose connection. Why dont you bring the lamp and the receipt in?

We will replace it.


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Customer: Okay. Ill bring it in tomorrow around noon. Thank you very much for the help.

Sanjoy: Sorry for the faulty lamp. Dont worry. Youll have the lamp in excellent working condition

tomorrow. Bye.

Customer: Thats all right. Bye.

An adjective for a phrase

B) Write down an adjective for each of these phrases.1) able to be seen: v---------------------------- 2) very plentiful: a-------------------------------

3) exactly alike: i------------------------------- 4) out of the ordinary: e-------------------------

5) able to be carried: p------------------------- 6) able to be believed: c--------------------------

7) careful in spending: t----------------------- 8) pertaining to the moon: l----------------------

9) quite likely to happen: p------------------- 10) strange or bizarre: w-------------------------

11) able to be heard: a------------------------- 12) able to be dissolved: s------------------------

13) without any faults: f----------------------- 14) having plenty of room: s--------------------

15) not allowed: p------------------------------ 16) generally liked by people: p------------------

Describing People Character

C) Intellectual ability

Ability: intelligent, bright, clever, smart, shrewd, able, gifted, talented, brainy (colloquial)

Lacking ability:stupid, foolish, half-witted, simple, silly, brainless, daft, dumb, dim (the lastfour are predominantly colloquial words)

N.B.Clever, in a negative way, using brains to trick or deceive: cunning, crafty, sly

D) Attitudes towards life

Looking on either the bright or the black side of things: optimistic,pessimistic

Outward-looking or inward-looking (i.e. to the world around one or to ones own inner world):extroverted, introverted)

Calm or not calm with regard to attitude to life: relaxed, tense

Practical, not dreamy in approach to life:sensible, down-to-earth

Feeling things very intensely:sensitive

E) Attitudes towards other people

Enjoying others company:sociable, gregarious

Disagreeing with others: quarrelsome, argumentative

Taking pleasure in others pain: cruel, sadistic

Relaxed in attitude to self and others: easy-going, even-tempered

Not polite to others: impolite, rude, ill-mannered, discourteous

Telling the truth to others: honest, trustworthy, reliable, sincere

Unhappy if others have what one does not have oneself:jealous, envious


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F) One persons meat is another persons poison

Some characteristics can be eitherpositive ornegative depending on your point of view. The words inthe right-hand column mean roughly the same as the words in the left-hand column except that theyhave negative rather thanpositive connotations.

determined obstinate, stubborn, pig-headed

thrifty / economical miserly, mean, right-fisted

self-assured self-important, arrogant, full of oneself (colloquial)

assertive aggressive, bossy (colloquial)

original peculiar, weird, eccentric, odd

frank / direct / open blunt, abrupt, brusque, curt.

broad-minded unprincipled, permissive

inquiring inquisitive, nosy (colloquial)

generous extravagant

innocent naiveambitious pushy (colloquial)

Exercises

G) Match these words with their opposites.

1. clever introverted ......................................................................

2. extroverted tight-fisted ......................................................................

3. rude courteous ......................................................................

4. cruel gregarious ......................................................................

5. generous kind-hearted ......................................................................

6. unsociable half-witted ......................................................................

H) Do you think that the speaker likes or dislikes the people s/he is talking about?

1. Dis very thrifty. ...................................... 5. Dicks quite bossy. ......................................

2. Mollys usually frank. ................................ 6. I find Dave self-important. ..................................

3. Lizs quite broad-minded. .............................. 7. Dont you think Jims noisy? .............................

4. Sam can be aggressive. .............................. 8. Jill is very original. ...................................

I) Reword the sentences above (of Exercise K) to give the opposite impression.Example:Dis very stingy.

1. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


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6. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

J) Magazines often publish questionnaires which are supposed to analyse your character foryou. Look at the words below and then match them to the question which aims to decide

whether a person is like that.

Example: If you arrange to meet at 7 p.m., do you arrive at 7 p.m.?Reliable

argumentative sensitive sociableextravagant assertive inquisitive

1. Do you prefer to be in the company of other people? .....................................................

2. Do you find it easy to tell your boss if you feel he or she has treated you badly? ...........................

3. Do you always look out of the window if you hear a car draw up? .........................................

4. Do you often buy your friends presents for no particular reason? ...........................................

5. Do you frequently disagree with what other people say? ............................................

6. Do you lie awake at night if someone has said something unkind to you? .....................................

K) A short list of some DIMINUTIVES / YOUNG ONES

Adult animals Young babies of animals

Ass Foal

Bear Cub

Cat Kitten

Cod Codling

Cow Calf / Heifer

Deer Fawn

Dog Puppy

Duck Duckling

Eagle Eaglet

Eel Elver

Elephant Calf

Fox Cub

Frog Tadpole

Goat KidGoose Gosling

Hare Leveret

Hen Chicken

Horse Colt / Filly / Foal

Mare Filly

Lion Cub / Whelp

Owl Owlet

Pig Piglet

River Rivulet

Sheep Lamb

Stream StreamletSwan Cygnet


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Tiger Cub / Whelp

Wolf Cub

Whale Calf

L) Write the word which is required to complete each of these sentences. You can take helpfrom the list above.

1) The lioness at the zoo gave birth to two ----------------------------------------.

2) Our spaniel is kept busy looking after her mischievous ----------------------------------------.

3) Betty, the Persian cat, carried one of her -------------------------------------- in her mouth.

4) The little --------------------------------------- were sheltering beneath the mother hens wrings.

5) The little ------------------------------------------ followed the mother sheep wherever she went.

6) The she-goat and her two ------------------------------------------------ were lying down in the field.

7) Followed by her six fluffy yellow ----------------------------------------- the mother duck waddedhappily about the farmyard.

8) The eagle dropped the food she had brought right into the open mouths of her ---------------------------------.

9) The cow mooed loudly for her --------------------------------------------- which had gone astray.

10) In the park we saw a graceful deer and her lovely little ----------------------------------------------.



Lesson 8


Making Purchases

Shopkeeper: Good morning. Would you like some help?

Customer: Yes, please. Id like to have a look at pens.

Shopkeeper: Right. What kind?

Customer: Umm.... Fountain pens.

Shopkeeper: Well, we have a wide variety of fountain pens to choose from. Here you go.

Customer: I really like that maroon one.

Shopkeeper: Yes, its a top of the range one. It comes quite cheap too at 44 rupees.

Customer: Really? Thats quite a bargain. Ill take it.

Shopkeeper: Anything else I can help you with?

Customer: A bottle of black ink please.

Shopkeeper: Any particular company?

Customer: Do you have Chelpark?

Shopkeeper: Yes, we do. Thats 11 rupees.Customer: Do you have document paper? I mean paper for computer printouts.


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Shopkeeper: Yes. Any particular brand?

Customer: I prefer the Millennium Copier.

Shopkeeper: Which size?

Customer: A4. How much does a bundle cost?

Shopkeeper: A bundle of 500 sheets costs 132 rupees.

Customer: I want two bundles..... Im afraid I dont have that much cash. Do you accept cheques?Shopkeeper: Yes, we accept both cheque and credit card.

Customer: Who should I make the cheque payable to?

Shopkeeper: Please write it out to P.S. Das and Sons.

Customer: And the total please?

Shopkeeper: The total is 319 rupees.

Customer: Right. There you go.

Shopkeeper: Thank you very much.

Customer: Thank you.

Shopkeeper: Have a nice day.

Customer: You too.

People who workstewardess fishmonger fireman hairdresserfarmer potter teacher policemanporter window cleaner guard tennis playersailor gardener soldier gardener

B) Write the missing words in the blanks below. The list above will help you.1) I asked the --------------------------------------------------- when the plane was going to land.

2) The ------------------------------------------------- had some fine fillets of hake.

3) The -------------------------------------------------- is giving an arithmetic lesson.

4) The ---------------------------------------------------- wheeled Martins trunk to the luggage van.

5) Jane has gone to the ------------------------------------------------------ to have her hair cut.

6) The ---------------------------------------------------- blew his whistle and the train moved off.

7) The ----------------------------------------------------- went aboard the battleship.

8) We watched the ---------------------------------------------------- cutting the hay.9) The ------------------------------------------------------ on sentry duty carried a rifle.

10) A big crowd saw the ----------------------------------------------- rescue the boy from the burning house.

Adjectives

C) Complete each sentence by using the adjective formed from the word in bold type.

1) The Adventures to Tom Sawyer is a --------------------------------------------------- story. (humour)

2) The travellers gazed at the ------------------------------------------------------- scenery. (marvel)

3) The millionaire lives in a ----------------------------------------------------- house in France. (luxury)

4) The history of Britain is studded with ---------------------------------------------------- deeds.(glory)

5) When he heard of the retreat the general was ------------------------------------------------------.(fury)


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6) Paul has always been a --------------------------------------------------------- boy. (mischief)

7) Hosepipes were turned on the -------------------------------------------------- crowd. (riot)

8) The show is ------------------------------------------------------- from 5.30 to 11 p.m. (continue)

9) Dense fog and smoke are --------------------------------------------------------------- to health. (injure)

10) The crew of the trawler had a ------------------------------------------------ escape from death.(miracle)

D) Match the adjective from Column A with a noun from Column B and write them down in

the blank space.Column A Column Bmountainous flower Ans: ------------------------------------------------------------------

scorching pupil Ans: -------------------------------------------------------------------

deafening tiger Ans: ------------------------------------------------------------------

shabby mother Ans: ------------------------------------------------------------------

fragrant voice Ans: ------------------------------------------------------------------

gigantic heat Ans: -------------------------------------------------------------------

intelligent clothes Ans: -------------------------------------------------------------------

hoarse country Ans: -------------------------------------------------------------------

ferocious shout Ans: --------------------------------------------------------------------

devoted strength Ans: --------------------------------------------------------------------

E) THE ADVERB

Adverbs are words that modify verbs oradjectives or otheradverbs. For example:

She wrote hastily. (Hastily is an adverb, it modifies wrote.)You are very quick. (Very is an adverb; it modifies adjectives quick.)

Most adverbs are formed by adding -ly to adjectives; e.g. heavy- heavily.

Adverbs are divided into -

Adverbs of Manner: (show how something is done)e.g. She speaks slowly.

Adverbs of Time and Place: (show when and where something is done):e.g. The train will arrive tomorrow.

Adverbs of Degree: (show how much or what degree):e.g. She sings quite well.

Interrogative Adverbs: (when, where, how and why are used to ask questions)e.g. How did you finish your work?

Relative Adverbs are; when, where, why

e.g. I know when he is coming.Adverbs of Reason are: therefore and hence.

e.g. The teacher is on leave and is therefore unable to give his class.

F) Uses of some Adverbs (well / fast/ late, hard/ hardly)

Good / WellGood is an adjective. The adverb is well:

e.g. Your English isgood. but You speak English well.Susan is agoodpianist. but Susan plays the piano well.

We use well (not good) with past participles (dressed / known etc.):well-dressed well-known well- educated well-paid


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But well is also an adjective with the meaning in good health.How are you today? Im very well, thanks, (not Im very good)

Fast / Hard / Late

These words are both adjectives and adverbs. Adjective Adverb

Jack is a veryfastrunner Jack can run veryfast.Ann is a hardworker. Ann works hard. (not works hardly)

The train was late. I got up late this morning.

Lately = recentlye.g. Have you seen Tom lately?

Hardly = very little, almost not. Study these examples:Sarah was rather unfriendly to me at the party. She hardly spoke to me.( = she spoke to me very little, almost not at all)

George and Hilda want to get married but theyve only known each other for a few days.I dont think they should get married yet. They hardly know each other.( = they know each other very little)

Hard and hardly are completely different . Compare:

He tried hardto find a job but he had no luck. ( = he tried a lot, with a lot of effort)

Im not surprised he didnt find a job. He hardly tried to find one. ( = he tried very little)

We often use hardly + any / anybody/ anyone / anything / anywhere :

e.g.A: How much money have you got?B:Hardly any. ( = very little, almost none)Ill have to go shopping. Weve got hardly any food.The exam results were very bad.Hardly anybody in our class passed. ( = very few

students passed, almost nobody passed)She ate hardly anything. She wasnt feeling hungry. (=she ate very little, almost nothing)

Note the position of hardly. You can say:

She ate hardly anything: or She hardly ate anythingWeve got hardly any food. or, Weve hardly got any food.

We often use can / could + hardly:

e.g. I can hardly do something = its almost impossible for me to do it:

Your writing is terrible. I can hardly read it. (= it is almost impossible for me to read it)

My leg was hurting me. I could hardly walk.

Hardly ever = almost never

e.g. Im nearly always at home in the evenings. I hardly evergo out.

Assignment:

G) Complete each sentence by using a suitable adverb from the list below.

awkwardly bitterly contentedly courageously distinctly violentlyfrugally gracefully hungrily intimately merrilymournfully patiently politely soundly uproariously

1. The thief struggled -------------------------------.


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2. We waited --------------------------------.

3. The robin chirped ----------------------------------.

4. The child wept --------------------------------------.

5. The old man fell ----------------------------------.

6. The champion fought ----------------------------------.

7. The miser lives --------------------------------------.8. He ate his food ------------------------------------.

9. The cows grazed ------------------------------------.

10. He raised his hat ------------------------------------.

11. The wind howled -----------------------------------.

12. We all laughed ---------------------------------------.

13. The girls danced -------------------------------------.

14. The baby slept ---------------------------------------.

15. He speaks ---------------------------------------.

16. I know him --------------------------------------.


Lesson 9

A)Listening Skill: (First listen to the tape and then try to answer the following questions.)

Receptionist: Good evening. City Police Station. Can I help you?

Woman: Oh hello. Id like to report a stolen briefcase, please.

Receptionist: Just a minute and Ill put you through.

Repeat

Police Officer: Lost property. Can I help you?

Woman: Oh, yes. Ive had my briefcase stolen.

Police Officer: OK.... Ill take some details. ..... Tell me what it looks like, first of all.

Woman: Well..... its a soft leather one, you know, not a heavy box-type like a mans.

Police Officer: Mmm... and how does it close?

Woman: Its got buckles at the front .... two of them. Theyre gold-plated ones.

Police Officer: Fine .... Was it locked?

Woman: No, Im afraid not.

Police Officer: Never mind. Any distinguishing features?

Woman: Pardon?

Police Officer: Any marks or badges on it that make it stand out?

Woman: Only the brand name.

Police Officer: And wheres that?


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Woman: Its on the back ..... at the bottom in the left-hand corner. Its Sagi. Oh and theres a scratch ..... its

quite bad but small ..... directly above the brand name. I did it recently putting it on my bike.

Police Officer: Right, got that. So, what did you have inside the briefcase?

Woman: Well all my papers from college. Its so frustrating but, thank goodness for computers. I havent

lost them completely.

Police Officer: Yes, youre lucky.

Woman: I had my wallet in my pocket so I didnt lose that but there were also my pens which I got for my

birthday and a novel I was planning to read on the train.

Police Officer: Right. Where exactly did you lose the briefcase?

Woman: Well ..... I couldnt believe it. I was standing on the platform ..... it was right next to me.

Police Officer: You were holding it?

Woman: Id just put it down on the floor but I could almost feel it beside me. I was watching for my train

because sometimes it comes early and then next time I looked, my briefcase wasnt there.

Police Officer: And what time was this?

Woman: Ah ...... it was .... it must have been about 5.20 .... no a bit later. Id say 5.30 because it was just

getting crowded and the train normally comes at about twenty-five to six.

B)Listening Skill: (First listen to the tape and then try to answer the following questions.)

Police Officer: Right, if youll just give me some personal details.

Woman: Yes.

Police Officer: What name is it?

Woman: Im Mary Prescott.

Police Officer: Can you spell that?

Woman: Yes, its P-R-E-S-C-O-T-T.

Police Officer: And your address?

Woman: Flat 2, 41, Fountain Road. Canterbury.

Police Officer: Fountain Road.

Woman: Yes, number 41.

Police Officer: And have you got a contact telephone number?

Woman: Yes, its 7-5- double 2-3-9.

Police Officer: 7-5-double 2-3-9. Fine. One last question what would you say the value of your briefcase is?

Woman: Including the contents?

Police Officer: Yes. Just a rough estimate is fine.

Woman: Im not sure. Well, the briefcase itself is quite new. I bought it last month for 40. I suppose about

65. The contents are worth about 20 or 25 pounds at least.

Police Officer: Thats fine. Well, if you could come down to the station tomorrow, you can sign this form

and have a look at what weve got here.

Woman: OK, thanks. Bye.

Police Officer: Goodbye.


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C) ONE-WORD SUBSTITUTION

1. Existing since old times - Antique2. Public sale by bidding - Auction3. Refraining from pleasure - Abstain4. To turn friends into enemies - Alienate5. A thing impenetrably hard - Adamant6. To increase the speed - Accelerate

7. A person who practises some fine art, like Poetry, Painting or architecture - Artist8. A climb to a hill - Ascent9. An expert or a skilful person - Adept10. Rural economy - Agronomy11. Liable to be easily broken - Brittle12. One who cannot pay off his debts - Bankrupt13. The life-story of a person - Biography14. Government by officials - Bureaucracy15. Happening once in two years - Biennial16. A person with golden skin or hair - Blonde17. A man who acts as a servant to any army officer - Batman

18. A man who is not married - Bachelor19. Science of vegetable life - Botany20. Writings of purely literary kind - Belles letters

D) A short list of cries of some creatures

Animals Cries of animalsAss bray

Bear growl

Bee hum

Bird twitter / chirp

Camel gruntCat mew

Cattle low

Cock crow

Crow caw

Dog bark

Dove coo

Duck quack

Elephant trumpet

Fly buzz

Frog croak

Goose cackle

Hawk screamHen cackle

Horse neigh / whinny

Lamb bleat

Lion roar

Mice squeak

Monkey chatter

Owl hoot

Pig grunt

Pigeon coo

Puppy yelp

Root cawSheep bleat


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Snake hiss

Sparrow chirp

Swallow twitter

Swan cry

Tiger roar

Vulture scream

Wolf howl / yell

E) Complete the passage with who, whom, whose or which.

Keswick, (a) ----------------------------- lies at the heart of the Lake District, is the perfect for a holiday,

and the Derwent Hotel, (b) ---------------------------- overlooks the town, is the perfect place to stay.

Peter and Debbie Jackson, (c) ----------------------------- bought this small hotel three years ago, have

already won a reputation for excellence. Peter, (d) ------------------------------ cooking attracts people

from far and wide, was once Young Chef of the Year. The comfort of the guests, (e)

----------------------------- the owners treat almost as members of the family, always comes first. Omar

Sharif, (f) ------------------------------ once stayed at the hotel, described it as marvellous. And the

Lake District, (g) -------------------------------- has so much wonderful scenery, will not disappoint you.

Words which save workannually bareheaded briefly capsized correctly decide

died disappeared homeless improving mad; insane miserreturned soon suddenly useless widow rescued

F) Use one word in place of those in bold type in each sentence. All the labour-saving words are in thelist above.

1) The reporter told his story in very few words. ----------------------------------------------------

2) Keith could not m

russel (language 2009)

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