histology 2 2006
TRANSCRIPT
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Histo Review #2
• Blood
• Epithelia
• Connective Tissue• Musculoskeletal
• Neural Tissue
• Cardiovascular
• Bone
• Skin
• Renal
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Your Test
• 45 ?’s
– ~13 are slides, ~17 are printed micrographs
(EM, LM) – 15 are not based on images
– Coordinate with the person opposite from
you• 70 min.
• Check your bulbs and oil.
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Blood(4500-10000) c/uL
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Lymphocytes
• T-cell- Cell-mediated immunity,
– Helper-T and Cytotoxic-t
– Mature in the Thymus
• B-cell – Humoral immunity
– Mature in Bone Marrow
– Release IgG in extravascular tissue
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Granulocytes
• PMN – Neutrophil, Multi-Lobed Nucleus, 10-12um
– Granules• Specific- Lysozyme, collagenase, etc. Azurophilic- MPO, Defensins
• Monocyte – Macrophage precursor
– Kidney Bean Nucleus, 10-20 um – Lysosomal Granules
• Eosinophil – Bilobed Nucleus, Red Granules w/ crystalline core on EM, 10-12 um
– Basophil inhibitor• Histaminase, Aryl Sulfatase
• Basophil – Bilobed Nucleus, Blue Granules, 10-12 um
– Vasoactive Traits• 1.Bind IgE (don’t produce it! B-cells do)
• 2. Secrete histamine and SRS (slow releasing substance of anaphylaxis)
• 3. Heparin sulfate is an anti-coagulant
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Platelets
• 2-5 um, anucleate
• 2-400,000/ mL blood
• Granules – Alpha- fibrinogen, coag. Factors
– Delta- serotonin, ADP, histamine
• Know Clotting Cascade – Thromboplastin activates Thrombin
– Thrombin activates Fibrin
– tPA or pPA activates Plasmin
– Plasmin breaks the clot
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Erythrocytes
• Anucleate, 7.5 um
• 4-5 million/ mL blood
• Know Hb, Spectrin, Glycophorin C,
Band 3
• Basis of Blood Groups
• Life Span 120d.
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WBC Population Hierarchy
• Never (neut.) 54 – 62 %
• Let (lympho.) 25 – 33 %
• Monkeys (mono.) 3 – 7 %
• Eat (eosin.) 1 – 3 %
• Bananas (baso.) 0 – 0.75 %
More Populous
Less Populous
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EpitheliaBody Surface
Coverings
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The Junctional
Complex(Terminal Bar)• ZO- Zona Occludens- Occludin
– Tight junction. Used to exclude particles.
• ZA- Zona Adherens- Cadherins, Catenins – Used to hold cells together. Calcium-dependent
binding. Fascia Adherens in non-epithelial tissue.
– Links the PM to ACTIN
• MA- Macula Adherens- Desmosome
– Plakogobin, Plakophilin, Desmoplakin, Cadherins – “Spot Welding”- found all over the basolateral
membrane.
– Connects to INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
• Hemidesmosome- – Cell-ECM connection, integrin-associated.
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CILIABas
al
body
Axonememicrovilli
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axonemes
tubulin
dynein
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Cilia Vs. Microvilli• Cilia-
– Usually in pseudostratified epithelia in therespiratory tract. Also in oviduct.
– Axoneme made of microtubules, dynein.
– 9X2 + 2 arrangement in the axoneme. – Transports stuff along the cell surface.
– Anchored to the cell with a basal body. (9X3)
• Microvilli- – “Brush border” of intestinal epithelial cells.
– Actin filaments, grow from the terminal web.
– Non-motile, increase the surface area forabsorption of food.
– Sterocilia are actually long microvilli (testes, inner
ear)
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Mesothelium- simple squamous
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Kidney tubule- simple cuboidal
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Mallory stain of
Kidney tubule
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PAS stain of kidney tubule
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Simple columnar epithelium
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1. Nucleus of
simple columnar
epithelium
2. Brush border of
s.c.e. (microvilli)
3. Lymphocyte
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Simple columnar with goblet cell
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Mallory stain of pseudostratified columnar epi
Blood Vessel
Loose CT (cellular)
Goblet Cell
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Cilia
PseudostratifiedColumnar epi
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Pseudostratified ciliated epi- Found in nasal cavity and airway
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Transitional:
Ureters and
Bladder.
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Stratified squamo
Non-keratinized
(mucosa)
Loose CT
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Dens
e
irreg.
CT
Stratified squamo
keratinized
(thin skin)
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Non-keratinized
Stratified
Squamous
Epi
Submucosal
Gland
muscularis
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The Basement Membrane
• Basement Membrane
– PAS Positive, Made of Type IV collagen,
Proteoglycans, Laminin, Entactin,
Fibronectin,Type VII collagen anchors – All secreted by the epithelial cell, not
fibroblasts
– Lamina rara- clear area seen in EM.
Contains laminin
– Lamina densa- dark area, coll IV, proteo,
etc.
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Connective Tissue
• “Welds” other tissuestogether
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Embryonic mesenchyme-no fibers
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Stellate Reticular
Cells/ Processes
H/E stain
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Loose Areolar (Irreg.) CT
tubules
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Loose Areolar (Irreg.) CT
Simple columnar epitheliumWith brush border
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Dense Irregular CT
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Adipose Tissue
Capillary w/ RBC
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Serous Gland
Muscular Artery
Striated muscle
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Tendon, Dense Regular CT
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Collagen Synthesis
• 3 glycosylated and hydroxylated
polypeptides combine to make
procollagen in rER. Procollagen is
exocytosed.
• Procollagen is cleaved outside of the
cell to make tropocollagen.
• Tropocollagen polymerizes to make
collagen fibers.
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Connective Tissue Cells
A melting pot
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Fibroblast and
Its collagen fibers
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Fibroblasts are translationally active
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Adipose tissue
Macrophage
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Mast
Cells
Granules (heparin, histamine)
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Mast Cell
Collagen
Muscle (Cardiac)
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Mast Cell
Granules
“Whorls”
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Plasma Cell
Areolar CT
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Plasma Cell
-clockface nucleus
-lots or rER
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PC’s Fibroblast
Lymphocytes
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Smooth Muscle
Spindle-shaped
nuclei
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Skeletal Muscle-multinucleated,
peripheral nuclei
-striations
-triads of t-tubules and SR
Peripheral Nuclei
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Z
H
I
Hi, We Change
A
M
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Intercalated disk
Cardiac Muscle
-dyads of T-tubule and SR
-gap jcn’s -central nuclei
-branching
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Endomysiu
Peripheral Myelinated Axons
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Tendon (Dense Reg. CT)
Dense Irreg. CT
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Cardiac Muscle
Central Nuclei
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Skeletal mm.
E d di
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Purkinje Fibers
Cardiac Muscle
Endocardium
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Anterior Horn
(somatic motor) Neurons
-pale nuclei
-nissl substance
Glial cells (oligodendroglia)
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White Matter, Oligodendroglia
with Axons
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Astrocyte
Capillary
Silver Stain:
Brain Cortex
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Dura Mater
(one tough mother)
Spinal Ganglion
(Dorsal Root)
Sensory Neurons
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Sensory Neurons-connective tissue
-satellite cells
-central nuclei
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Axon
Hillockof sensory
neuron
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Oocyte Follicle
Don’t Confuse.
It’s watching you.
Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
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Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
(motor) Neurons
-smaller than sensory
-random scattering-no good capsule of satellite c
-lipofuchsin
-2nd order neurons (1st is in CN
Parasympatheti
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Parasympatheti
c Neurons
-Found in the walls of viscera
-Between smooth muscle (Auer
Plexus, Meissner’s Plexus)
-Eccentric nuclei
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Peripheral Nerve Axons: pink
Epineurium,
Perineurium: Blue
Peripheral Nerve
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-Bundle of Myelinated Axons
-Surrounded by perineurium
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Axons cut longitudinally
-Node of Ranvier
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Schwann Cell
Nucleus
Axon
Myelin
Peripheral Nerve
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Peripheral Nerve
Perineurium
Epineurium
Axons
Motor
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Skeletal Muscle
Muscle Spindl
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Gray matter
White matter
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Cortical Pyramidal Neurons
-axons descend
-dendrites ascend
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• Endothelial Cell Structures – Have pinocytotic vesicles
– Contain Weibel-Palade bodies: rod-like inclusionscontaining coagulation factors (VIII)
– Are Nitric Oxide (NO) Factories (contain NOS-nitric oxide synthase)
Small Arteriole
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Lymphatic
Arteriole
Lymphatic
Venule
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media: SMC, elastin. No fibroblasts
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intima:
endothelial cells,connective tissue
media: SMC, elastin. No fibroblasts
adventitia:
fibroblasts, macrophag
Inner EM
Oute
EM
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media
adventitia artery
Small veins
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Adipocytes
Lymphatic
Valve
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Intima: Endothelium, loose CT
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Aorta: Elastic arter
,
Media: SMC, Elastic Fibers, loose CT
Vasa Vasorum Adventitia: Denser CT
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endocardium
myocardium
pericardiu
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Cusp of Aortic Valve
Cusp of Mitral Valve
Papillary mm.
Chordae Tendinae
Atrium
Ventricle
Bone and Cartilage
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Bone and Cartilage
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Hyaline Cartilage
Perichondrium
(dense reg. CT)
Collagen II, elastin,
hyaluronan, chondroitin sulfates and keratan sulfate
chondrocytes
H li C til
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Hyaline Cartilage
-joints
-respiratory tract-avascular in adult
-not innervated
Perichondrium
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Fibroblasts
Chondroblasts
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Elastic Cartilage:
-epiglottic cartilage
-ear, auditory tube
-fine elastic fibers
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Fibrocartilage- found in IV discs-Collagen I!
-mix btw. Hyaline Cartilage
and Dense CT.
Hyaline Cartilage
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Fibrocartilage
y g
Bone: -vascularized
i t d
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Haversian Canal
-innervated
-collagen I
-ground substanc
Volkmann’s Canal
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Osteocyte
Mineralized Bone
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Marrow De-calcified Bone Skeletal mm.
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De-calcified Bone
PeriosteumOsteoblasts
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Endochondral Ossification
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Early Endochondral Ossification
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OsteoblastUnmineralized
Bone
Bone
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Resorption
Unit
Osteoclast
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corneum
lucidum
granulosum
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Eccrine Sweat Gland
Adipose
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Myoepithelial Cells
Pacinian Corpuscle:
Senses Vibration and Pressure
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Senses Vibration and Pressure
Found in Hypodermis
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Meissner’s Corpuscle
Rete Ridge
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• Kidneys
• Ureters
• Urinary Bladder• Urethra
Kidney
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Cells of the Glomerulus
• Fenestrated Endothelium – 70-90 nm
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Fenestrated Endothelium 70 90 nm
complete fenestrations allow small moleculesthrough
• Podocytes – the visceral layer of Bowman’scapsule, have foot processes that interdigitateand form filtration slits (25 nm) with a thindiaphragm.
– Both these cells contribute to the secretion of the
Glomerular Basement Membrane (350nm) – The GBM is a charge filter (Glycosaminoglycans)
and a size filter (Coll IV). Particles larger than 70kD or greatly positively charged are usually
excluded from the urine
GBM DiagramLamina Rara ext. -
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e .
Att.to podocytes.Contains polyanions
Lamina Densa –
Contains mostlyCollagen IV
Lamina Rara int. –
Att.to endothelium
Contains polyanions(GAG’s,
Proteoglycans)
Cells of Glomerulus (cont’d)
• Mesangial Cells:
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• Mesangial Cells:
– Form the structural framework of the glomerular
tuft.
– Secrete mesangial matrix, phagocytose large
particles, are also contractile (regulate RPF) – Are known as lacis cells when near the vascular
pole
• Parietal epithelium – Is impervious to water and solutes
– Forms the outer portion of Bowman’s urinary
space
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
• Occurs at the Vascular Pole of the Glomerulus
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Occurs at the Vascular Pole of the Glomerulus
• Regulates Blood Pressure.• Macula Densa: Modified Distal Tubular Cells –
taller and narrower than other tubular cells.
– Detect changes in blood NaCl, send paracrine signal to
the Juxtaglomerular Cells to release renin.
• Juxtaglomerular Cells: modified Smooth Muscle
cells of the afferent (sometimes efferent) arterioles.
– Secrete Renin (aspartyl peptidase), which cleavesangiotensinogen to Angiotensin I.
– The net result is decreased Na+ excretion and increased
blood pressure.
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Simple
Squamous
Epith
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Arteriole-
Efferent
orAfferent
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Polkissen
(Lacis)
Cells
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• Transitional Epi
• No MuscularisMucosae
• Inner longitudinal,outer circularmuscularis
externa(backwards)
• Lower 1/3 ofureter has an
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• Empty
Bladder –Distended
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• The bladder has three muscularis layers:Inner and outer longitudinal, and middlecircular. (just like the lower ureter.)
Strat. Squamous Epi