historical basis of binomials assigned to helminths...

J. Helminthol. Soc. Wash.61(1), 1994, pp. 1-11

Historical Basis of Binomials Assigned to Helminths Collected onScott's Last Antarcti c Expedition

WILLIA M C. CAMPBELL' AND ROBIN M. OvERSTREET21 The Charles A. Dana Research Institute for Scientists Emeriti, Drew University,Madison, New Jersey 07940 and2 Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, Ocean Springs, Mississippi 39564

ABSTRACT: Scientific investigations were a feature of Captain R. F. Scott's ill-fated expedition to the South Polein 1910-1912. Among them was a study of parasitic worms in the coastal wildlif e of Antarctica. It was thespecial project of Surgeon Edward L. Atkinson, whose scientific contributions, like his passion for high adventure,have largely been forgotten. The new parasitic species that he discovered were given names that were intendedto honor the Expedition and many of its members. However, it was not then usual for new species descriptionsto include an explanation of the proposed new binomials, and the significance of these particular names is notobvious to modern readers. This article examines the historical connection between the names of Atkinson'sworms and the individuals and exploits commemorated by those names.

KEY WORDS: Antarctica, helminths, history, marine parasites.

One way or another, parasites and parasitol-ogists have been a feature of several Arctic andAntarctic expeditions, and the association be-tween poles and parasites is particularly strongin the case of Captain Scott's famous and fatalTerra Nova Expedition to the South Pole. Theparasitological contribution of 2 medical mem-bers of that expedition, Dr. Edward A. Wilsonand Dr. E. Leicester Atkinson, has been dis-cussed elsewhere (Nelson, 1977; Campbell, 1988,1991). Only passing mention, however, has beenmade of the new helminth species discovered byAtkinson in the course of his Expedition duties.It is the purpose of this article to examine thehistorical significance of the names conferred onthese worms, which Atkinson brought with himwhen he sailed back to England with the widowof Edward Wilson. (Mrs. Scott and Mrs. Wilsonhad traveled to New Zealand to greet their re-turning husbands, unaware that neither man hadsurvived the trek to the South Pole.)

Apart from a few worms (ascaridids and heart-worm) collected from Expedition dogs, the wormsin Atkinson's collection were recovered fromwildlif e taken from the coastal waters of Ant-arctica or the temperate and tropical islands vis-ited en route. The worms were collected in theperiod 1 July 1910 to 9 July 1912. Understand-ably, few dissections were carried out in themonths between the demise of Scott and his Po-lar Party in March 1912 and the departure of theExpedition from Antarctica in January 1913, al-though Atkinson did undertake a 3-wk parasi-tological excursion during that time. The para-sitological findings were recorded in 3 notebooks,

which are extant and have been described(Campbell, 1991). Parasites were examined mi-croscopically, but apparently cursorily, in Ant-arctica and were preserved for later study.

Description of the parasites was subsequentlycarried out at the London School of TropicalMedicine, where Atkinson (who had been re-cently promoted to Staff Surgeon in the RoyalNavy) worked under the tutelage of Robert T.Leiper. On 17 February 1914, Leiper and At-kinson gave a "lantern demonstration" of theirhelminth specimens at a meeting of the Zoolog-ical Society, and an account of the event waspublished in the same year (Leiper and Atkinson,1914). The report consists of "diagnoses," or briefdescriptions, of the new helminth species, but itdoes not include illustrations or incidental in-formation. A more complete account was pub-lished in the following year (Leiper and Atkin-son, 1915), but it, too, did not mention the originor significance of the names assigned to the par-asites.

Because most of the new taxa were named aftermembers of Scott's Terra Nova Expedition (ortheir spouses), we could easily link most newbinomials with the appropriate persons. Theseassociations are discussed here on a systematicbasis: the Digenea, Cestoda, Acanthocephala, andNematoda. Atkinson's collection of worms in-cluded some species that had been described pre-viously. Leiper and Atkinson (1915) tabulatedthese species together with species collected byearlier Antarctic expeditions, but these knownspecies wil l not be considered here. The bio-graphical information in the following notes has

Copyright © 2011, The Helminthological Society of Washington

JOURNAL OF THE HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON, 61(1), JAN 1994

been gleaned from many published accounts ofthe Expedition, but special reference should bemade to Huxley (1978), Ponting (1923), Thom-son (1977), and Quartermain (1981).

Digenea

Hemiurus oatesi (=Elytrophalloides oatesi(Leiper and Atkinson, 1914))

This trematode species, from the fish Tremato-mus bernacchii (emerald notothen), also had beenplaced in Parahemiurus, Plerurus, and Elytra-phallus before being established as the type spe-cies for the genus Elytrophalloides. It is namedafter Captain L. E. G. Gates of the Sixth Innis-killin g Dragoons. As an Army man, he was anexception among the naval personnel of the Ter-ra Nova Expedition. He had served heroically inthe Boer War. He was devoted to horses andhounds and was responsible for the welfare ofthe ponies on the Expedition. To join the Ex-pedition, "Titus" Gates had come from Indiaand had contributed 1,000 pounds sterling. Heis of special interest in the present context be-cause he and Leicester Atkinson became closefriends on the Expedition. On the return journeyfrom the South Pole, Gates became incapacitatedby frostbite. To enhance his companions' chanc-es of survival, he left their encampment andwalked to certain death in the surrounding snow.His heroic gesture proved futile, but CaptainGates is featured prominently in histories of theExpedition.

Aponurus bower si (=Genolinea bowersi(Leiper and Atkinson, 1914))

This trematode was collected from Tremato-mus bernacchii. Genolinea leiperi Byrd, 1963(named for Robert Leiper) as well as other namesare junior subjective synonyms of G. bowersi.The species is named after Lieutenant HenryBowers of the Royal Indian Marine, who was 1of the 2 companions (the other being Wilson)who died with Captain Scott at the final en-campment. An intensely loyal and devoutly re-ligious man, Bowers calmly awaited death, fullof respect and admiration for Scott and confidentthat the party's demise was the work of divineprovidence. Bowers later became the subject ofa biography written by Wilson's biographer, theReverend George Seaver (Seaver, 1938).

Lepodora garrardi (=Lepidapedon garrardi(Leiper and Atkinson, 1914))

This species was recovered from Trematomusbernacchii and is named after Mr. Apsley Cherry -

Garrard, Assistant Zoologist on the Terra NovaExpedition. He contributed 1,000 pounds ster-ling to join the Expedition and served as an un-paid member of the scientific staff. His much-lauded book, The Worst Journey in the World,includes an account of the "side trip" that he,Wilson, and Bowers made to Cape Crozier in themiddle of winter (Cherry-Garrard, 1951). Hecommanded a squadron of armored cars on theWestern Front in World War I until invalidedhome. He subsequently lived a quiet and privatelife, becoming increasingly exasperated by whathe perceived as a loss of moral fiber on the partof his countrymen, and being continually haunt-ed by the realization that he could conceivablyhave saved the lives of the returning Polar Party(Thomson, 1977; Huxley, 1978). In February1912, Atkinson, unable to leave base himself,had asked Cherry-Garrard to go south to OneTon Camp in the hope of meeting the returningPolar Party and escorting them back to base.Cherry-Garrard got there, with dogs and dog-driver Gerof, but even after a wait of several daysno one else appeared. The supplies would haveallowed them to push farther south for perhaps20 mi, but it would have been useless. We knowthat 4 of the 5 members of the Polar Party werestill alive at that time, but they were more than70 mi away. Cherry-Garrard could have ven-tured even farther south if he had killed some ofthe dogs to feed the other dogs, but this wouldhave been a violation of Scott's standing orders.An emergency might have justified the breakingof rules, but Cherry-Garrard perceived no emer-gency because the Polar Party would not be con-sidered overdue for another 24 days. In any case,there was a strong possibility that Cherry-Gar-rard, in proceeding farther south, would miss thenorth-bound Polar Party and perish along withGerof and the dogs. He lacked navigational skills,the weather was dangerously cold, the visibilitywas poor, and Gerof became seriously ill . Cher-ry-Garrard decided to return to base, and no onedoubted the wisdom of that decision—exceptCherry-Garrard.

Podocotyle pennelli (=Macvicaria pennelli(Leiper and Atkinson, 1914))

This fluke, also, was taken from Trematomusbernacchii. The species was later transferred tothe genus Plagioporus and then to Macvicaria. Itis named after Lieutenant Harry L. L. Pennell,navigator of the Terra Nova. He was not a mem-ber of the Shore Party but had a crucially im-portant position of leadership; it was his respon-


CAMPBELL AND OVERSTREET-SCOTT EXPEDITION HELMINTH BINOMIAL S

sibility to get the ship away from Antarctica beforethe winter freeze and to land and embark thevarious subsidiary parties. In World War I, dur-ing the Battle of Jutland, Pennell (who had beenpromoted to the rank of Commander) served onHMS Queen Mary, the newest and fastest battlecruiser in the Allied fleet. She was sunk by enemyshells during that famous battle, with the loss ofall but 18 of her complement of 1,258 men. Pen-nell was not among the survivors.

Allocreadium fowler iLeiper and Atkinson, 1914

The immature specimens of this species werecollected from Trematomus bernacchii. The nameAllocreadium fowleri is considered a junior sub-jective synonym of Macvicaria pennelli. The Ex-pedition roster did not include anyone namedFowler, and the significance of the original spe-cifi c name is not known with certainty. Accord-ing to Dr. David Gibson, of the Department ofZoology of the Natural History Museum in Lon-don, the name may refer to George Herbert Fow-ler, who was closely involved with material fromthe Challenger and Discovery expeditions.

Cestoda

Oriana wilsoni Leiper and Atkinson, 1914

This tapeworm was collected by biologist D.G. Lilli e from the rorqual whale Balaenopteraborealis (sei whale). The name is a junior syn-onym ofTetrabothrius affinis. Oriana wilsoni mayor may not be named after Edward Wilson (afterwhom Shipley had named Dibothriocephaluswilsoni in 1907). If named after Wilson's wifeand grammatically correct, the species should bewilsonae. The genus, however, is certainly namedafter Wilson's wife, Oriana Wilson nee Souper.The 2 met while engaged in mission work in theLondon slums and were married 3 wk beforeWilson sailed on Scott's first (Discovery) Antarc-tic expedition. Though severely shaken by theloss of her husband on the Terra Nova Expedi-tion and by other family tragedies, she workedwith the New Zealand Red Cross during WorldWar I. She was made Commander of the BritishEmpire in recognition of her outstanding service.She did not remarry and died in England in 1945,after a long illness.

Dibothriocephalus lashleyi(=Diphyllobothrium lashleyi(Leiper and Atkinson, 1914))

This worm was recovered from a Weddell seal,Leptonychotes weddelli. It is named after Chief

Stoker William Lashly, who served under Scottin both the Discovery and Terra Nova expedi-tions. He was awarded the Albert Medal for gal-lantry in helping to save the lif e of LieutenantEdward Evans (later Lord Mountevans) when thelatter was stricken with scurvy during the polarjourney. At the head of the Beardmore Glacier,Wilson (probably enquiring on behalf of Scott)asked Atkinson whom he would choose if anextra man were to be picked for the final polarassault. According to Huxley (1978), Atkinson'sfirst choice was Lashly, followed by ThomasCrean. Scott, however, chose Bowers as the extramember of that ill-fated party. Like Atkinson,Lashly subsequently served in the GallipoliCampaign during World War I, but he served atsea rather than on land. His ship, HMS Irresist-ible, was 1 of 3 battleships knocked out of actionwhen the Allied fleet tried to storm the Darda-nelles (a setback that had profound implicationsfor the Allied cause). Most of the crew were takenoff before the ship was sunk, and Lashly subse-quently served on HMS Amethyst, surviving thewar to become a customs officer in Wales. Hedied in 1940, and his diaries were published post-humously (Ellis, 1969).

Dibothriocephalus archeri(Diphyllobothrium archeri

(Leiper and Atkinson, 1914))

This tapeworm was recovered from a Weddellseal, Leptonychotes weddelli. The name is a ju-nior subjective synonym of Diphyllobothriumwilsoni (Shipley, 1907), as is D. scotti (Shipley,1907). We think the parasite is named after Mr.W. W. Archer, Chief Steward on board the TerraNova, who replaced Mr. Thomas Clissold as cookfor the Shore Party when the Terra Nova returnedto McMurdo Sound early in 1912. It is at firstsurprising that a species should have been namedafter someone who is not generally mentionedin accounts of the Expedition—one who had helda very "lowly" position in an expedition in whichthe sense of caste was deeply ingrained and onewho had missed all the action. It is significant,however, that Archer had served in Antarcticaunder the command of Atkinson, who had doneso much to break down the barriers of caste andwho had gained the respect of all ranks in thedark winter days following the loss of the PolarParty. It is perhaps of special significance thatArcher had accompanied Atkinson and Cherry-Gerrard (2 distinguished "upper-class" membersof the Expedition) on a 3-wk parasitological ex-cursion in December 1912. Apparently, Archer



had impressed Atkinson in some way that weshall never know but that led to Atkinson's com-memoration of Archer in the name of a newspecies.

Diphyllobothrium rufumLeiper and Atkinson, 1914

This tapeworm was found in a specimen of theWeddell seal, Leptonychotes weddelli. Its specificname refers to the brick-red pigmentation aroundthe base of the living worm's suckers. Of the 19taxa that the authors named in their report, it isonly 1 of 2 that were not patronymics or namedafter the Expedition vessel.

Tetrabothrius wrightiLeiper and Atkinson, 1914

This tapeworm was found in Pygoscelis ade-liae, the Adelie, or black-throated penguin. It wasnamed after Charles (later Sir Charles) Wright,physicist and glaciologist on the Terra Nova Ex-pedition. As a member of one of the supportingsledging parties, Wright helped to haul a sledgealmost to the top of the Beardmore Glacier be-fore being ordered to return to base camp. Helearned navigation on the Expedition and putthis knowledge to good use when serving as amember of Atkinson's Search Party, which foundScott's last encampment in November 1912. Hesubsequently served as a radio officer in WorldWar I, winning both the Military Cross and theLegion of Honour. Until his retirement at theend of World War II, Wright served in variousdistinguished scientific positions in the Admir-alty. When he died in 1977, he left Tryggve Granas the last survivor of the Expedition.

Anthobothrium wyattiLeiper and Atkinson, 1914

This tapeworm was recovered from Trema-tomus bernacchii. It is presently considered a ju-nior synonym of Orygmatobothrium versatile. Wethink it was named after Mr. George Wyatt, whowas not a member of the Terra Nova Expeditionbut who was its business manager. Scott's prep-arations for the Expedition were handled, at leastnominally, by a small business staff with officesin London. In fact, Scott delegated littl e respon-sibility to others.

Tetrabothrius creani Leiper and Atkinson, 1914

This parasite was found in the herald petrel,Pterodroma arminjoniana (reported as Oestre-lata trinitatis and O. arminjoniana). It was named

after Thomas Crean, an Irishman of the "wild"variety who had served with Scott on both theDiscovery and Terra Nova expeditions and in-deed during the interim. A noncommissionedofficer, he had to drop out of the depot-layingjourney (February 1911) to take care of Surgeon-Lieutenant Atkinson, who was unable to contin-ue because of a chafed and infected heel. Hesurvived moments of great danger on the break-ing sea-ice of McMurdo Sound and was one ofthose who traveled farthest with the mainSouthern Party. He and fellow Petty OfficerLashly reportedly shed tears of disappointmentwhen, having struggled to within 169 statute miof the South Pole, they were sent back to basecamp. Thus, with Lashly and Lieutenant EdwardEvans, he was a member of the last SupportingParty, the 3 men who were sent back on 4 Jan-uary 1912 and who almost met a fate similar tothat of the 5 men who continued to the Pole itself.When Lieutenant Evans collapsed with scurvyon the homeward journey, Lashly stayed withhim. Crean, having already trudged 1,500 mi onfoot, hauling a sledge most of the way, now walked35 mi in 18 hr, with no camp equipment to savehim in the event of a blizzard, and reached basecamp half an hour before a blizzard came down.Atkinson was thereby alerted in time to go to therescue of Evans. For this exploit, Crean wasawarded the Albert Medal for gallantry. On re-turn from the Expedition, Crean gave up his Navypension to join Shackleton's Endurance Expe-dition, and he was a member of the small partythat accomplished the incredible rescue missionthat became that Expedition's chief claim to fame.He got back in time to serve in the War for 1 yrbefore retiring to the South Pole Inn in the villageof Anascaul in Ireland.

Tetrabothrius aichesoniLeiper and Atkinson, 1914

This tapeworm was collected from the petrelPterodroma arminjoniana (reported as Oestre-lata trinitatis). Its name is a junior synonym ofT. creani. According to Ms. Adrienne Reynolds,a British authority on Atkinson, "Aicheson" isan old variant of Atkinson's family name. It isextremely unlikely that Atkinson would havenamed the species after himself, but he may havebeen trying to honor his family. It is also con-ceivable that Leiper would have wished to namea species after his colleague and that Atkinsonwould accept only an indirect and obscure formof recognition. Atkinson was described by one



who knew him well as "almost pathologicallymodest" (Cherry-Garrard, 1951).

Tetrabothrius catherinaeLeiper and Atkinson, 1914

This tapeworm, also, was recovered from thepetrel Pterodroma arminjoniana (reported asOestrelata trinitatis). The name is a junior syn-onym of T. creani. The species was probablynamed after Atkinson's aunt, Catherine Leyces-ter (=Leicester) Atkinson, later Lady Nicholsonof Banff, Scotland. As a schoolboy, Atkinson spentsome of his vacations in her home because hisparents were living in the West Indies (A. Reyn-olds, 1988, unpubl. letter to W. C. Campbell).

Tetrabothrius priestleyiLeiper and Atkinson, 1914

This tapeworm was reported from the frigatebird Fregaia aquila or F. ariel and is presentlyconsidered a junior synonym of Tetrabothriuspelecani. It was named after Raymond (later SirRaymond) E. Priestley, geologist on Shackleton'sNimrod Expedition and Scott's Terra Nova Ex-pedition. He was a member of the Eastern (orig-inally Northern) Party, which almost perishedwhen they had to spend the winter months in anice cave far from base camp. He served in theSignal Corps during World War I and subse-quently held distinguished academic positions.Each of his 2 sisters married other members ofthe Terra Nova Expedition (Griffit h Taylor andCharles Wright).

Tetrabothriu s nelsoniLeiper and Atkinson, 1914

This parasite was collected from the light-mantled sooty albatross, Phoebetria palpebrata,and was named after Edward W. Nelson, biol-ogist on the Expedition. Nelson was rich andurbane, and Scott thought him lazy and super-ficial. He had littl e impact on the Expedition, butwas 1 of the dozen men who passed the secondwinter under Atkinson's command.

Acanthocephala

Echinorhynchus campbelli(=Metacanthocephalus campbelli


This acanthocephalan species has been trans-ferred to Leptorhynchoides, then to Metechino-rhynchus, and finally to Metacanthocephalus. Itwas found in Trematomus bernacchi and was

named after Lieutenant Victor L. A. Campbell,one of the Navy officers on the Terra Nova Ex-pedition and Commander of the Eastern Party(originally Northern Party). The survival of thisparty, sheltering for 7 winter months in an icecave and returning unaided to base camp, waslargely attributed to his leadership and courage.In World War I, Campbell served in the GallipoliCampaign and won the Distinguished ServiceOrder.

Echinorhynchus rennicki(Leptorhynchoides rennicki


This spiny-headed worm also infected Trema-tomus bernacchii. Its name, however, is now con-sidered a junior synonym of Metacanthocephaluscampbelli. The name rennicki was in honor ofLieutenant Henry Rennick, who was the hydro-graphic expert on board the Terra Nova. Notmembers of the Shore Party, he and Pennell werein charge of the ship while Captain Scott was onshore. Rennick died when his ship, HMS Hogue,was sunk during World War I.

Echinorhynchus debenhamiLeiper and Atkinson, 1914

This worm, too, was found in the fish Trema-tomus bernacchi. The original name is consid-ered more appropriate than Leptorynchoides de-benhami, a synonym that also occurs in theliterature. The species was named in honor ofFrank Debenham, an Australian-born geologiston the Terra Nova Expedition and a member ofthe Eastern Party. He served in the Infantry inWorld War I and later became the first professorof geography at Cambridge University. He wasa co-founder and first director of the Scott PolarResearch Institute.

Nematoda

Kathleena scotti (=Contracaecum scotti(Leiper and Atkinson, 1914))

This roundworm was found in Diomedea mel-anophrys, the mollymauk, or black-browed al-batross. The generic name Kathleena is now ajunior synonym of Contracaecum. Because of themasculine, rather than feminine or plural, Latinending in scotti, we must assume that the trivialname honors R. F. Scott and not also Kathleen.

The genus is named in honor of Kathleen BruceScott. A talented sculptor, the young KathleenBruce lived for a time in Paris, where she studied,



informally at least, under Rodin. She subse-quently returned to England, where she marriedScott in 1908 and gave birth to their son justover a year later. (That son, the late Sir PeterScott, was the celebrated wildlif e artist, navalofficer, wildfowl conservationist, Olympicyachtsman, and champion glider-pilot.) Kath-leen's artistic background and high-spirited per-sonality were in marked contrast to her hus-band's conventional discipline and introspection.She did not learn of his death until 11 mo afterthe event. As the widow of a national hero whowould have been knighted, she was dubbed LadyScott. She had a special friendship with the ex-plorer Nansen, who tried unsuccessfully to per-suade her to marry him. Through her sculptureand her social connections, she attained a fulgentbut ephemeral fame. Lady Scott worked in a mu-nitions factory in World War I and subsequentlymarried a politician, E. H. Young (the couplelater becoming Lord and Lady Kennet).

Robert Falcon Scott, leader of 2 prominentAntarctic expeditions, has been the subject ofnumerous books and articles and is sufficientlywell known to require littl e comment here. Hisfinal (Terra Nova) expedition ended in disasterbut became the most famous of all Polar expe-ditions. Among the 5 members who died on thereturn journey from the South Pole were 4 (Wil-son, Gates, Bowers, Scott) after whom helminthspecies were named. Scott and Wilson had alsobeen twice honored in this way, their names hav-ing previously been given to tapeworms collectedon Scott's Discovery Expedition (Dibothriocepha-lus scotti Shipley, 1907, and D. wilsoni Shipley,1907).

Crassicauda Leiper and Atkinson, 1914

Leiper and Atkinson (1914) erected the genericname Crassicauda for Filaria crassicauda Crep-lin, 1829, for specimens that occurred in renaltubules of the hump-backed whale. The name,in apposition to the species group name and alsolike the cestode Diphyllobothrium rufum, is de-scriptive in nature rather than a patronymic ornamed after the Expedition vessel.

Terranova antarcticaLeiper and Atkinson, 1914

This ascaridoid nematode was collected froma shark, and its specific name refers to the Ex-pedition's destination. The generic name refersto the commercial whaling ship Terra Nova,which Scott bought for his second Antarctic ex-

pedition. It was barque-rigged, renovated, andfitted out under the command of Lieutenant Ed-ward R. G. R. Evans, whose name, together withthat of Petty Officer Edgar Evans, is conspicu-ously absent from these helminth names (Camp-bell, 1991). In theory, the Terra Nova was a sail-ing ship with auxiliary steam power; in practice,she was a steamship with auxiliary sail.

Other Antarcti c Names

The purpose of this article is to treat thosehelminths described by Leiper and Atkinson thatpay recognition to people involved in many ca-pacities in the Terra Nova Expedition. As alreadyindicated, other helminths such as Dibothrio-cephalus wilsoni Shipley, 1907, and its juniorsynonym D. scotti Shipley, 1907, are also namedafter some of the same people. The same can besaid of some fishes in the Antarctic region suchas the nototheniids Trematomus scotti (Boulen-ger, 1907) (blackfin notothen) and T. penellii Re-gan, 1914 (sharp-spined notothen), the chan-nichthyids Chionodraco kathleenae Regan, 1914(a synonym of C. hamatus}, and Chaenodracowilsoni Regan, 1914 (spiny icefish), and the ar-tedidraconid Artedidraco orianae Regan, 1914(plunderfish). Scientists apparently shared withothers a deep interest in Scott's ill-fated expe-dition and used the naming of new species as ameans of honoring many of the individuals as-sociated with it.

Acknowledgments

Figures 1 and 4 courtesy of the Scott PolarResearch Institute. Figure 2 courtesy of Dr. D.A. Denham and the trustees of the London Schoolof Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Other figuresfrom Ponting (1923) or from photographs of un-certain origin. The authors are grateful to Mr.Reid Zeigler and Mr. Ron Maturo, Merck Lab-oratories, for preparation of the plates.

Literatur e CitedCampbell, W. C. 1988. Heather and ice: an excursion

in historical parasitology. Journal of Parasitology74:1-12.

. 1991. Edward Leicester Atkinson, physician,parasitologist and adventurer. Journal of the His-tory of Medicine and Allied Sciences 47:219-240.

Cherry-Garrard , A. 1951. The Worst Journey in theWorld. Chatto and Windus, London. 612 pp.(Originally published in 1922.)

Ellis, A. R. 1969. Under Scott's Command. Taplin-ger Co., New York. 160 pp.



Huxley, E. 1978. Scott of the Antarctic. Atheneum,New York. 303 pp.

Leiper, R. T., and E. L. Atkinson. 1914. Helminthesof the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910-1913.Pages 222-226 in Proceedings of the ZoologicalSociety (London).

, and . 1915. Parasitic worms with anote on a free-living nematode. Natural HistoryReport, British Antarctica Terra Nova Expedition2:19-60.

Nelson, G. S. 1977. A milestone on the road to thediscovery of the lif e cycles of the human schisto-

somes. American Journal of Tropical Medicineand Hygiene 26:1093-1100.

Ponting,H.G. 1923. The Great White South. McBride& Co., New York. 305 pp.

Quartermain, L. B. 1981. Antarctica's Forgotten Men.Millwood Press, Wellington, New Zealand. 192PP-

Seaver, G. 1938. 'Birdie' Bowers of the Antarctic.John Murray, London. 270 pp.

Thomson, D. 1977. Scott's Men. Allen Lane, London.331 pp.


8 JOURNAL OF THE HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON, 61(1), JAN 1994

-2 v̂

Figures 1-4. Historical link s between helminthology and Scott's Antarcti c expedition. 1. E. L. Atkinson. 2.R. T. Leiper. 3. L. E. G. Gates. 4. H. R. Bowers.


CAMPBELL AND OVERSTREET-SCOTT EXPEDITION HELMINTH BINOMIAL S 9

Figures 5-8. Historical links, continued. 5. A. Cherry-Garrard . 6. H. L. L. Pennell. 7. H. E. de P. Rennick.8. W. Lashly.


10 JOURNAL OF THE HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON, 61(1), JAN 1994

Figures 9-12. Historical links, continued. 9. F. Debenham. 10. T. G. Taylor. 11. C. S. Wright . 12. T. Green.


CAMPBELL AND OVERSTREET-SCOTT EXPEDITION HELMINTH BINOMIAL S 11

15.

Figures 13-16. Historical links, continued. 13. K. Scott and son. 14. The Terra Nova. 15. O. Wilson. 16. R.F. Scott.


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