historical statistics of the united states1789-1945

02 A385x949

.. I

~'~vf[rj

50 1,110 1,160 1,150 1,230 1,060 750 470 320 190 180 170 90 15

54 7,180 6,190 6,030 4,140 3,520 2,870 2,060 1,280 850 1,350 780 420

1940 _____________ _ 1930 1 ______ .______ _ 1930 2 ____________ _ 1920 _____________ _ 1910 _____________ _ 1900 _____________ _ 1890 _____________ _ 1880 _____________ _ 1870 3 ____________ _ 1870 2 ____________ _ 1860 _____________ _ 1850 _____________ _ 1840 _____________ _ 1830 _____________ _ 1820 _____________ _1

53,300 47,400 48,830 41,610 36,720 29,070 23,720 17,390 12,920 12,920 10,530 7,700 5,420 3,930 2,880

Z t:1

~ ~Z

1-1

~(.":)

()

.'----....r------"

"---------.,..-----/

o

2,750 1,930 1,260 790

1,700 1,310 940

Z t:1 1-1

1----------~

.---

--350---

------------------------------------3

----------------"-- - ---

o

1-1

t-3

Z r:n

Comparable with 1940.

Comparable with data for earlier years.

Comparable with data for later years.

LABOR FORCE

Data: D 62-89

Series D 62-76.-LABOR FORCE-INDUSTRIAL DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED (NICB): 1900 TO 1945[In thousands of persons. Series D 62, D '64, and D 74 include all persons in military forces]GAINFUL WORKER S EMPLOYMENTSTATUS INDUSTRIAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE EMPLOYED

NumberYEAR

1

Percent Forestry Extrac- Manufacof popu UnAgriand tion of lation Employe d employed 2 culture S turing fishing minerals 10 yrs. and over 65 -4,909 -7,141 -6,472 -925 2,699 6,995 8,7869,796

Service industries Construction 70 1,360 1,369 1,764 2,624 2,612 1,907 1,610 1,875 1,924 2,014 1,344 1,518 1,114 1,312 2,225 2,842 3,340 3,438 3,468 8,497 3,279 2,897 2,591 2,311 1,704 1,582 1,808 1',767 1,722 1,694 1,644 1,801 2,126 2,374 2,131 2,177 2,333 2,143 2,332 2,567 2,285 1,954 1,962 2,614 1,954 1,639 Transportation71

Trade, Public distribuutilities tion, and finance ,72 960 946 1,021 1,037 1,015 956 934 942 975 922 885 883 858 932 1,041 1,151 1,167 1,143 1,126 1,104 1,066 1,040 1,004 940 913 932 877 851 831 799 755 744 729 697 659 615 569 538 512 482 437 392 359 324 300 276 73 7,584 7,484 7,479 7,633 7,843 7,631 7,511 7,317 7,549 7,349 7,167 7,097 6,728 6,779 7,300 7,802 8,007 7,444 7,105 7,054 6,892 6,400 6,377 5,935 5,360 5,643 5,847 5,731 5,808 5,463 4,962 4,742 4,797 4,726 4,588 4,622 4,522 4,170 4,184 4,172 3,978 3,730 3,580 3,520 3,373 3,224

Total 74 23,270 22,849 20,523 14,947 12,190 10,432 9,978 9,316 9,518 9,165 8,770 8,416 7,877 8,014 8,543

---- --- ---62 64 63 ---1945 ________ 1944. _______ 1943 ________ 1942 ________ 1941. _______ 1940 ________ 1939 ________ 1938 ________ 1937 ________ 1936 ________ 1935 ________ 1934. _______ 1933 ________ 1932 ________ 1931. _______ 1930 ___ ---1929 ________ 1928 ________ 1927 ________ 1926 ________ 1925 ________ 1924 ________ 1923 ________ 1922 ________ 192L _______ 1920 ________ 1919 ________ 1918 ________ 1917. _____ ~_ 1916 ________ 1915 ________ 1914 ________ 1913 ________ 1912 ________ 191L _______ 1910 ________ 1909 ________ 1908 ________ 1907 ________ 1906 ________ 1905 ________ 1904 ________ 1903 ________ 1902 ________ 190L _______ 1900 ________4

Excluding military forces 75 11,953 11,474 11,594 11 ,217 10,476 9,859 9,609 8,98l. 9,196 8,864 8,501 8,158 7,625 7,760 8,283

Miscellaneous

66 9,833 10,030 10,264 10,392 10,355 10,580 10,739 10,794 10,884 11,037 11 ,130 10,855 11 ,027 11 ,068 11 ,157 11 ,172 10 ,539 10,552 10,519 10,801 10,725 10,662 10,697 10,766 10,751 10,718 10,489 10,731 11,161 11,382 11 ,371 11 ,404 11,451 11 ,473 11 ,493 11 ,610 11 ,599 11 ,413 11,064 11,246 10,795 10,587 10,117 10,145 9,481 9,552

67 162 173 188 209 215 208 198 201 227 212 192 177 157 138 160 221 267 252 253 260 266 255 262 233 202 236 229 214 228 239 225 228 233 230 216 214 211 199 209 207 197 195 188 183 175 166

68 590 642 702 780 758 756 707 750 865 825 798 794 677 668 825 973 1,067 1,053 1,122 1,198 1,120 1,135 1,251 954 959 1,232 1,131 1,341 1,357 1,270 1,144 1,132 1,253 1,181 1,144 1,168 1,103 994 1,100 971 949 840 834 734 703 6533

69 13,288 15,437 16,205 14,632 13,198 11 ,288 10,517 9,538 11 ,361 10,485 9,757 9,179 7,979 7,348 8,423 9,770 11 ,059 10,312 10,164 10,886 10,222 9,896 10,592 9,391 8,599 11,013 10,989 11,446 11 ,436 10,184 8,911 8,769 9,099 8,909 8,628 8,990 8,446 7,431 7,935 7,666 7,278 6,754 6,714 6,503 6,212 6,090

---

--3,200 2,932 2,476 2,276 2,135 1,948 1,871 1 t799 2,016 1,905 1,757 1,724 1,656 1,719 2,006 2,287 2,465 2,431 2,508 2,523 2,453 2,413 2,479 2,232 2,265 2,603 2,432 2,311 2,172 2,072 2,035 2,061 2,123 2,112 2,029 2,015 1,933 1,800 1,876 1,918 1,772 1,659 1,624 1,570 1,448 1,355

--1,408 1,447 1,406 1,231 1,114 978 928 884 958 915 854 830 753 750 851 945 1,012 961 942 939 905 861 874 792 729 828 854 906 853 777 712 707 731 722 692 702 686 618 643 636 601 556 546 547 507 481

76

56,769 56,184 55,564 54,859 54,156 53,466 53,811 53 229 52 ;692 52,237 51,769 51,267 50,691 50:132 49,597 49,006 48,354 47,914 46,939 45,962 45,009 44,549 43,760 42,966 42,445 41,897 41,159 41,088 40,752 40,314 40,083 3~, 789 39,500 39,089 38,668 38,133 37,454 36,580 35,631 34,647 33,653 32,605 31,842 30,905 29,959 29,025

53.2 53.1 53.0 52.9 52.8 52.7 49.1 49.0 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.3 49.3 49.4 49.4 49.6 49.8 49.5 49.2 49.0 49.4 49.5 49.6 49.9 50.3 50.2 50.8 51.2 51.4 51.8 52.2 52.6 52.9 53.2 f53.3 53.3 53.1 52.8 52.5 52.0 51.5 '51.4 51.1 50.6 50.2

61,653 63,308 62,026 55,762 51,434 46,683 44,993 ~8 ,416 46,279 44,830 42,653 41,474 38,827 38,727 42,530 46,081 47,925 46,057 45,319 45,498 44,192 42,515 43,011 40,049 37,691 41,339 42,029 44,187 42,685 40,127 37,728 37,575 38,482 38,169 37,097 37,580 36,735 34,284 34,875 34,790 33,032 31,175 30,319 30,405 28,238 27,378

6,403 7,386 9,092 9,761 11 ,842 11,385 7,037 2,896 429 1,857 1,620 464 817 2,034 749 2,917 4,754 558 -870 -3,099 -1,933 187 2,355 2,214 1,018 920 1,571 553 719 2,296 756 -143 621 1,430 1,523 500 1,721 1,647

8,917 8,654 9;003 --------8,471 --------8,112 --------7,786 ----,.-- ... 7,264 6,956 6,884 6,495 6,209 6,552 7,373 8 ;889 7,117 6,247 5,969 5,987 5,940 5,745 5,517 5,467 5,339 4,978 5,020 4,925 4,740 4,508 4,395 4,265 4,085 3,942

---------------------------------- .. ----

-_

---------------------------_ ... ----------------_ .. _---------------------------------

--------------------------------.. -- --- --------------------- -------- ------------------ ...

---

1 Estimates beginning in 1930 are for midyear rather than annual average. Because of this, from 1930 on, employment plus unemployment, shown in series D 64, D 65 will not exactly equal the number of gainful workers shown in series D 62. 2 Unemployment is derived as the difference between the employment estimate and the estimated labor force or total number of gainful workers shown in series D 62. Negative unemployment in the estimates shown in this table arises during periods of high industrial activity when the number of persons actually employed is in excess of the projected estimate of the labor force or total. number of gainful workers.

Data for 1900 to 1929 not directly comparable with series for later years. This figure and those of subsequent years are based on the 1940 Census laborforce concept and therefore are not comparable with those for prior years which are based on the gainful-worker concept. The 1940 figure based on the gainfulworker concept is 54,808,000. Figures for years prior to 1940 are all based on the gainful-worker concept. (See text for.series D 1-7 for discussion of these concepts.)4

Series D 77-89.-LABOR FORCE-SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUP OF THE EXPERIENCED LABOR FORCE, 1940, AND GAINFUL WORKERS, 1910 TO 1930(For persons 14 years old and over]PROPRIETORS, MANAGERS, AND OFFICIALS UNSKILLED WORKERS

TotalYEAR

Professional persons

Total

Farmers (owners and tenants) 80 5,274,706 6,012,012 6,387,358 6,132,368

Other Wholesale proprieand tors, retail managers, dealers and officials 81 2,037,900 1,786,996 1,401,751 1,245,801 82 1,921,037 1,866,481 1,391,374 1,201,289

Clerks and kindred workers

Skilled workers and foremen

Semiskilled workers

Total

Farm laborers

Laborers, except farm 88 5,566,493 6,272,700 6,018.944 5,461,957

Servant classes

77 1940 1____ 1930 _____ 1920 _____ 1910 _____1

78 3,381,993 2,945,605 2,049,919 1,632,185

79 9,233,643 9,665,489 '9,180,483 8,579,458

83 8,923,939 7,936,285 5,682,150 3,804,474

84 6,104,985 6,282,665 5,570,533 4,363,984

85 10,918,312 7,972,711 6,631,733 5,489,315

86 13,457,151 13,791,837 12,121,367 13,401,944

87 3,708,191 4,187,201 3,857,833 5,407,102

89 4,182,467 3,331,936 2,244,590 2,532,885

52,020,023 48,594,592 41,236,185 37,271 ,360

Unrevised.

65

Data: D 90-116

LABOR FORCE, WAGES, AND WORKING CONDITIONS

Series D 90-106.-LABOR FORCE-SELECTED OCCUPATIONS OF THE EXPERIENCED LABOR FORCE, 1940, AND GAINFUL WORKERS, 1870 TO 1930[Classiftcation is according to the 1940 occupation-classification system] Farm laborers (paid and unpaid)91

YEAR

Farmers (owners and tenants)

----

BarBook- Mine bers, Jani- Trained Teachers, keepers, operanurses beautiactives tors Carnot cians, and and and penters elsewhere countstudent ants, and laborclassified and mani" sextons nurses ers cashiers curists92 93 94 95 96

I

90

- - - - - - - - - -9-7-1-9-8- - 9 - 9 - / 1 0 0Exp"i~~d labo, fo,~,

Blectricians and powerstation operators

Plum- Physibers, and gas cians and and sursteam geons fitters

BrickMusi- masons, Board- Practicians stone- Design- ing and cal and masons, ers and lodgnurses draftsingmusic and and men teachhouse midtile ers keepers wives setters --------- ------ ---

un

102

103

104

105

106

14 y~" old =dJ

0,","

I

1930 ____ ~ ___ 142,927 146,018 1920 ________ 6,387,358 3,765,447 752,055 742,035 1 982,470 878,505 216,095 176,446 149,128 210,834204,651 144,977 131,467 131,264 66,689 132,058 145,795 1910 ________ 6,132,3685,296,320595,28549.1,517 882,587 808,949195,124111,739 82,327119,039146,821151,132140,503169,402 44,103 163,797 123,534

939 ,954 887 ,48'1'20, 6,012,01'1',078 ,61 ,044, 0161

t

I

I

I

I

I

Gainful workers, 14 years old and over

306 ,52t" ,1891277,5141235,4361153 ,8031 , 1St74,2151 '66 69t70, 9031" ,032Gainful workers, 10 years old and over132,826 56,011 11 ,804 50,210 96,807 132,002 93,096 85,848 26,273 4,589 14,850 60,619 104,805 .62,777 45,412 9,120 1,537 1,188 19,189 85,671 30,782 24,660 2,920 1,204 396 11 ,090 64,414 16,332

1900 ________ 1890 ________ 1880 ________ 1870 ________

5,772,610 5,382,037 4,301,412 3,127,715

5,036,600 4,465,209 4,197,730 3,G47,616

435,642 339,421 226,032 128,265

257,429 160,968 75,668 39,164

656,687 422,130 287,167 180,455

594,249 612,060 386,689 362,143

160.805 18,754 70,568 101,511 160,845 9,297 43,906 39,987 102,473 2,7.92 18,867 13,080 90,775 1,278 12,765 l(),569

1

Unrevised.

Series D I07-110.-HOURS AND WAGES-AVERAGE HOURS PER DAY, AND INDEX OF AVERAGE WAGES PER DAY, IN ALL NONAGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENTS AND IN BUILDING TRADES: 1860 TO 1891ALL NONAGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENTS! BUILDING TRADES ALL NONAGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENTS! BUILDING TRADES

YEAR

Average number of hours per day107

Index of average wages Per day (1860=100)1t8

Average number of hours per day109 9.4 9.6 9.6 9.7 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9

Index of average wages per day (1860=100)110 172.5 172.7 170.1 170.9 170.1 170.3 169.9 168.5 166.0 165.1 160.1 142.7 137.9 140.7 146;3 158.6

YEAR


. Index of average wages per day (1860=100)108


Index of average wages per day (1860=100)110

189L~

________

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.2 .10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3

160.7 158.9 156.7 155.4 153.7 150.9 150.7 152.7 152.7 149.9 146.5 141.5 139.9 142.5 144.9 152.5

1890 __________ 1889 __________ 1888 __________ 1887 __________ 1886 __________ 1885 _________ 1884 __________ 1883 __________ 1882 ________ ~_ 1881. _________ 1880 __________ 1879 __________ 1878 __________ 1877 __________ 1876 __________1

1875 ___________ 1874 ___________ 1873~ __________ 1872 ___________ 1871. __________ 1870 ___________ 1869 ___________ 1868 ___________ 1867. __________ 1866 ___ :. _______ 1865 ___________ 1864. __________ 1863 ___________ 1862 ________ __ 1861. __________~

10.3 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.6 10.6 10.8 10.8 10.7 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.9 11.0

158.4 161. 5 167.1 166.0 163.6 162.2 162.0 159.2 157.6 152.4 143.1 125.6 110.5 102.9 100.8 100.0

,

9.9 9 ..9 9.9 9.9 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1

169.2 178.1 179 .. 4 183.3 182.7 185.5 189.2 185.5 185.1 170.0 161.1 143.7 119.7 106.3 100.4 100.0

1860 ___________

Restricted coverage, especially for earlier years; see text.

Series D 111-116.-HOURS, WAGES, AND EARNINGS-INDEXES OF AVERAGE WAGES, HOURS, AND EARNINGS IN MANUFACTURING: 1890 TO 1907[1890-1899=100)ALL MANUFACTURING 1 BUILDING TRADES ALL MANUFACTURING 1 BUILDING'rRADES

YEAR

Average wages per hour111

Average full-time weekly hours112 95.0 95.4 95.9 95.9 96.6 97.3 98.1 98.7 99.2

Average full-time weekly earnings113

Average wages per hour114 144.6 140.2 132.2 129.7 126.8 121.1 114.5 109.9 105.3

Average full-time weekly hours115

Average full-time weekly earnings116 131. 0 127.4 120.6 118.4 116.4 112.1 108.1 105.0 102.7

YEAR


Average full-time weekly hours112 99.7 99.6 99.8 100.1 99.8 100.3 100.5 100.5 100.7



Average full-time weekly hours115

Average full-timewee~dy

earmngs116

1901. ____ 1906 _____ 1905 _____ 1904 _____ 1903 _____ 1902 _____ 1901. ____ 1900 _____ 1899 _____

128.8 124.2 118.9 117.0 116.3 112.2 108.0 105.5 102.0

122.4 118.5 114.0 112.2 112.3 109.2 105.9 104.1 101.2

90.6 90.9 91.2 91.3 91.8 92.6 94.4 95.5 97.5

1898 _____ 1897 _____ 1896 _____ 1895 _____ 1894 _____ 1893 _____ 1892 _____ 189L ____ 1890 _____

100.2 99.6 99.7 98.3 97.9 100.9 100.8 100.3 100.3

99.9 99.2 99.5 98.4 97.7 101.2 101.3 100.8 101. 0

102.8 101. 3 99.9 98.4 97.6 100.0 99.9 97.9 97.0

98.1 98.6 99.2 100.3 100.7 100.5 100.7 101.8 102.5

100.8 99.9 99.1 98.7 98.3 100.5 100.6 99.799.4

I1

Includes building trades and other "hand and neighborhood industries."

66

HOURS, WAGES, AND EARNINGS

Data: D 117-133

SeriesD 117-120.-HOURS, EARNINGS, AND PAY ROLLS-AVERAGE EARNINGS AND HOURS, AND INDEX OF PAY ROLLS, FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN MANUFACTURING: 1909 TO 1945 \Average hourly earnings 117 1945 ______ 1944 ____ ._ 19ML _____ 1942 ______ 194L ____ .~1940~ _____ 1939 ______ 1938 ______ 1937 ______ 1936 ______

YEAR

Average weekly hours 118 43.4 45.2 44.9 42.9 40.6 38.1 37.7 35.6 38.6 39.2

Average weekly earnings 119 $44.39 46.08 43.14 36.65 29.58 25.20 23.86 22.30 24.05 21. 78

Index of pay rolls (1939 avo =100) 120 293.4 345.7 334.4 245.2 167.5 114.5 100.0 84.2 108.2 90.5

YEAR

Average hourly earnings 117

Average weekly hours 118 36.6 34.6 38.1 38.3 40.5 42.1 44.2 44.4 45.0 45.0

Average weekly earnings 119 $20.13 18.40 16.73 17.05 2Q.87 23.25 25.03 24.97 24.74 24.65

Index of pay rolls (1939 avo =100) 120 78.0 67.8 52.8 49.2 71.2 94.1 116.4 109.1 107.9 109.9

YElAR


Average weekly hours 118

Average weekly earnings 119

Index of pay roils (1939 a'V. =100) 120 106.6 101.2 108.4 85.5 79.7 123.5 103.2

$1.023 1.019 0.961 0.853 0.729 0.661 0.633 0.627 0.624 0.556

1935 _____ 1934 _____ 1933 _____ 1932 _____ 193L ____ 1930 _____ 1929 _____ 1928 _____ 1927 _____ 1926 _____

$0.550 0.532 0.442 0.446 0.515 0.552 0.566 0.562 0.550 0.548

1925 ____ $0.547 44.5 $24.37 192L ___ 23.93 0.547 43.7 1923 ____ 0.522 45.6 23.82 1922 ____ --------- --------- --------192L ___ --------- --------- --------1920 ____ --------- --- ------ --- ... ----1919 ____ 0.477 46.3 22.08 1914 ____ 1909 ____ 0.223 0.193 49.4 51.0

11.01 --- -----9.84 ----_ .. -- ...

Series D 121-133.-HOURS, WAGES, AND EARNINGS-ALL INDUSTRY, MANUFACTURING, AND FOR SKILLED, UNSKILLED, AND FARM LABOR (DOUGLAS): 1890 TO 1926ALL INDUSTRY

ALL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

BUILDING TRADES

UNSKILLED LABOR

FARM LABOR

YEAR

Average hours per week (standard) 121

Average hourly earnings 122 $0.712 0.696 0.683 0.662 0.608 0.640 0.688 0.558 0.482 0.394 0.348 0.319 0.316 0.313 0.302 0.293 0.288 0.282 0.279 0.281 0.272 0.261 0.257 0.255 0.244 0.235 0.228 0.220 0.215 0.212 0.213 0.210 0.211 0.216 0.215 0.213 0.211

Average hours per week 123 50.3 50.3 50.4 51.0 51.2 50.7 51.0 52.3 53.6 54.6 54.9 55.0 55.2 55.5 56.0 56.4 56.6 56.8 56.8 57.3 57.3 57.7 57.7 57.9 58.3 58.7 59.0 59.1 59.3 59.1 59.2 59.5 59.1 59.7 59.8 59.7 60.0

Average hourly earnings 124 $0.647 0.645 0.636 0.620 0.574 0.607 0.663 0.529 0.448 0.364 0.320 0.287 0.287 0.285 0.274 0.263 0.260 0.252 0.250 0.257 0.248 0.239 0.236 0.236 0.227 0.219 0.216 0.209 0.204 0.203 0.205 0.200 0.200 0.205 0.203 0.202 0.199

Average hours per week (union) 125 43.8 43.9 43.8 43.9 43.8 43.8 43.8 44.0 44.1 44.4 44.5 44.8 44.7 44.9 45.0 45.0 45.2 45.6 45.6 45.7 45.9 46.1 46.1 46.3 46.7 47.5 48.3 48.9 49.5 49.8 50.1 50.3 50.5 50.4 50.6 51.0 51.3

Average hourly earnings (union) 126 $1.313 1.229 1.188 1.107 1.006 1.076 1.052 0.780 0.684 0.624 0.587 0.569 0.567 0.557 0.544 0.531 0.520 0.510 0.505 0.498 0.481 0.454 0.443 0.436 0.413 0.391 0.374 0.361 0.348 0.346 0.343 0.341 0.339 0.347 0.348 0.341 0.341

Average Probable hours per full-time weekly week (standard) 1 earnings 127 53.6 53.7 53.7 53.9 53.8 53.7 53.7 54.0 54.5 55.0 55.2 55.7 55.7 56.1 56.3 56.3 56.7 57.2 57.2 57.4 57.5 57.9 .58.0 58.1 58.3 58.8 59.3 59.5 59.3 59.3 59.6 59.7 59.6 59.7 59.7 59.7 59.7 128

Average weekly earnings as computed by- Probable hourly rates Coombs Hurlin 2 (mfg.) & 129 130 131 $0.433 0.427 0.413 0.407 0.360 0.370 0.475 0.440 0.395 0.286 0.237 0.214 0.207 0.204 0.195 0.191 0.188 0.187 0.181 0.182 0.175 0.169 0.167 0.165 0.161 0.157 0.151 0.149 0.149 0.148 0.147 0.146 0.147 0.149 0.149 0.150 0.148

Average weekly rate of wages 132 $11.42 11.30 11.06 11.00 9.79 10.05 15.59 13.59 11.63 9.26 7.47 6.83 6.76 6.92 6.70 6.51 6 . .4,7 6.31 ' 6.23 ' 6.14 6.07 , 5.82 ' 5.57 ' 5.32 5.08 ' 4.91 ' 4.75 4.60 4.39 ' 4.32 j 4.24 4.17 4.12 4.47 4.58 ' 4.53 4.49

Average monthly rate of wages 133 $49.44 48.91 47.87 47.64 42.37 43.51 67.51 58.86 50.36 40.11 32.35 29.58 29.27 29;97 29.00 28.20 28.02 27.33 '26.98 '26.62 26.27 ' 25.20 ' 24.13 ' 23.06 21.99 ' 21.29 ' 20.59 19.90 19.02 ' 18.70 ' 18.37 18.04 17.86 19.34 19.85 ' 19.64 19.43

1926~

_____

49.8 49.9 50.0 50.4 50.5 50.3 50.4 51.3 52.2 53.0 53.3 53.5 53.5 53.8 54.2 54.4 54:6 54.9 54.9 55.3 55.3 55.7 55.7 55.9 56.3 56.8 57.3 57.5 57.6 57.7 57.9 58.1 57.8 58.2 58.2 58.2 58.4

$23.21 --------- - ---------22.95 22.19 21.93 19.38 19.89 25.50 23.76 21.54 15.72 13.08 11. 94 11.52 11.46 10.98 10.74 10.68 10.68 10.38 10.44 10.08 9.78 9.66 9.60 9.36 9.24 8.94 8.88 8.82 8.76 8.76 8.70 8.76 8.88 8.88 8.94 8.82

1925 ______ 1924- _____ 1923 ______ 1922 ______ 192L _____ 1920 ______ 1919 ______ 1918 ______ 1917 ______ 1916 ______ _____ 1914 ______ 1913 ______ 1912 ______ 191L _____1915~

--------- - ---------------------------- ------------------- ------------------- ----------------~--

$25.50 23.76 21.54 15.72 13.08 11.94 11.52 11.46 10.98 10.74 10.68 10.68 10.38 10.44 10,08 9.78 9.66 9.60 9.36 9.24 8.94 8.88 8.82 8.76 8.76 8.70 8.76 8.88 8.88 8.94 8.71

$25.98 23.83 21.69 17.18 13.78 10.65 10.78 10.84 10.32 10.13 10.65 10.37 10.22 10.76 10.34 9.91 9.84 9.64 9.25 9.05 8.83 8.70 8.53 8.40 8.46 7.45 8.34 8.73 8.75 9.74 8.71

1910 ______ 1909 ______ 1908 ______ 1907 ____ .:_ 1906 ______ 1905 ______ 1904 ______ 1903 ______ 1902 ______ 190L ___ ~_" 1900 ______ 1899 ______ 1898 ______ 1897 ______ 1896 ______ 1895 ______ 189L _____ 1893 ______ 1892 ______ 189L _____ 1890 ______

Extrapolated after.1907 on basis of relative movement of union bours. Ralph G. Hurl in, Russel Sage F o u n d a t i o n . ' ! Whitney Coombs, The Wages of Unskilled Labor in the Manufacturing Indmtries in the United States, New York, 1926, p. 162.1 2

4 Interpolated on the assumption of even units of change during years between those for which direct quotations were collected.

67

Data: D 134-151


Series D 134-144.-EARNINGS-AVERAGE ANNUAL EARl\JIl\JGS IN ALL INDUSTRIES AND IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES (DOUGLAS): 1,890 TO 1926ALL INDUSTRIES

YEAR

Including farm labor 134

Excluding farm labor 135 $1,473 1,434 1,402 1,393 1,305 1,349 1,489 1,272 1,115 887 765 687 682 675 646 629 630 594 563 595 569 554 540 543 519 508 490 480 468 462 462 468 448 480 495 487 486

Wage earners, manufa~turing

Wage earners, stearn railroad 137 $1,613 1,597 1,570 1,585 1,591 1,632 1,817 1,509 1,424 989 867 815 795 760 721 705 677 644 667 661 607 589 600 593 . 562 549 548 543 542 543 544 546 546 563 563 554 560

Street railways

Telephones

Telegraphs

Gas and electricity

Clerical workers, mfg. and stearn railroad 142 $2,310 2,239 2,196 2,126 2,067 2,134 2,160 1,914 1,697 1,477 1,359 1,267 1,257 1,236 1,209 1,213 1,156 1,136 1,111 1,091 1,074 1,076 1,056 1;037 1,025 1,009 1,011 1,004 1,010 970 954 941 928 923 885 882 848

Coal miners

Farm labor

136 $1,309 1,280 1,240 1,254 1,149 1,180 1,358 1,158 980 774 651 568 580 578 550 537 558 518 475 522 506 494 477 486 473 456 435 426 412 408 406 416 386 420 446 442 439

138 $1,566 1,565 1,544 1,493 1,436 1,539 1,608 1,387 1,111 872 798 748 737 704 674 685 681 671 650 658 662 646 610 582 576 601 604 591 558 552 531 509 508 526 535 529 557

139 $1,117 1,108 1,104 1,069 1,064 1,038 980 844 690 616 567 529 476 438 438 419 417 430 420 412 412 401 392 397 408

140 $1,215 1,161 1,150 1,133 1,110 1,159 1,145 967 831 769 806 792 742 717 669 670 649 622 639 635 592 581 601 573 544

141 $1,477 1,448 1,436 1,355 1,343 1,364 1,432 1,291 1,092 853 679 644 651 661 641 648 622 618 595 623 581 543 556

143 $1,332 1,173 1,251 1,339 965 1,137 1,435 1,15() 1,227 966 725 591 549 621 600 556 555 518 490 578 527 507 499 515 425 454 419 379 316 270 282 307 292 383 393 377 406

144 $593 587 574 572 508 522 810 706 604 481 388 355 351 360 348 338 336 328 324 319 315 302 290 277 264 255 247 239 228 224 220 216 214 232 238 236 233

1926 ________________ 1925 ________________ 1924 ________________ 1923 ________________ 1922 ________________ 1921 ________________ 1920 ________________ 1919 ________________ 1918 ________________ 1917 ________________ 1916 ________________ 1915 ________________ 1914 ________________ 1913 ________________ 1912 ________________ 191L ___.____________ 1910 ________________ 1909 ________________ 1908 ________________ 1907 ________________ 1906 ________________ 1905 ________________ _______________ 1903 ________________ 1902 ________________ 190L ______________ "1904~

$1,376 1,336 1,303 1,299 1,201 1,233 1,407 1,201 1,047 830 708 633 627 621 592 575 574 543 516 542 520 503 490 489 467 454 438 428 417 411 411 415 400 430 445 438 438

1900 ________________ 1899 ________________ 1898 ________________ 1897 ________________ 1896 ________________ 1895 ________________ 1894 ________________ 1893 ___ ____________ 1892 ________________ 1891 ________________~

----------- --------------------- --------------- ------ --------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

-----------

----------- ---------------------

--------------------615 620 612 698 703 665 640 670 627 625 587 687

-----------

----------------------- --- -------------------------

1890 ________________

----------- - ----------

Series D 145-151.-HOURS AND EARNINGS-BITUMINOUS COAL AND CLASS I STEAM RAILROADS: 1909 TO 1945BITUMINOUS COAL MINES CLASS I STEAM RAILROADS BITUMINOUS COAL MINES CLASS I STEAM RAILROADS

YEAR

------ --------- -----145 146 147 148 149 150 151 --------------1945 _________ 1944- ________ 194B- ________ 1942 _________ 194L ________ . 1940 _________ 1939 _________ 1938 _________ 1937 _________ 1936 __ ______~

Straighttime Average Average Average Average Average Average weekly weekly hourly weekly weekly hourly average earnings hours earnings earnings l hours a earningsS hourly earnings

YEAR

--------- --- ------ --145

Straight.. Average Average Average A-rerage Average Average time weekly weekly hourly weekly weekly hourly average earnings hours earnings earnings' hours 2 earningsS hourly earnings

- - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - 33.5 38.4 35.6 33.5 37.7 $0.684 0.681 0.716 0.751 0.786 $27,76 28.49 27,71 27,43 27,12 26.91 26,37 26.65 26.70 25,87 43.1 44.8 44.4 44.6 44.9 44.4 44.1 45.4 45,4 43.4 $0.644 0.636 0.624 0.615 0.604 0,606 0.598 0,587 0.588 0.596 $0.635 0.625 0.613 0.598 0.587 0.584 0.577 0.565 0.560 0.580

146

147

148

149

150

151

$52.25 51.27 41.58 35.02 30,86 24.71 23.88 20.80 23.84 22.71 19.58 18.10 14.47 13,91 17.69

42.3 43.4 36.6 32.9 31.1 28.1 27.1 23.5 27.9 28.8 26,4 27.0 29.5 27.2 28.3

$1.240 1,186 1.139 1.059 0.993 0.883 0.886 0.878 0,856 0.794 0.745 0.673 0.501 0.520 0.647

$45.69 46.06 43.68 38.65 34.25 31, 55 30.99 30.26 29,20 28.01 26,76 24.32 23.09 23.34 26.76.

48.5 49.1 48.7 46.9 45.6 44.0 43.4 42.5 43.2 42.5 41, 1 40.4 38.8 38.9 41.1

$0.942 0,938 0.897 0.824 0.751 0.717 0.714 0.712 0.676 0.659 0.651 0.602 0.595 0.600 0.651

$0.899 0,898 0.862 0.804 0.736 0.706 0.714 0.703 0.666 0.648 0,643 0.594 0.587 0.593 0.643

1930 ________ 1929 ________ 1928 ________ 1927 4 _______ 1926 4_______ 1925 4_______ 1924 4 _______ 1923 4_______ 1922 4_______ 1921 , _______ 1919 ________ 1914 ________ 1909 ________

$22.21 25.72 24.66 24.33 28.63 26.47 23.59 25.60

--------------25.69 12.24 11.82

34.2 0.800 30.0 0.813 31.3 0.845 -------- --------------- -------35.5 35.2 37.8

1935 _________ 1934- ________ 933 _________ 932 _________ t93L ________

,8

0.759 -------- -------- -------- -------0,359 -------- -------- -------- -----"--0.323 - - --- - -- -------- -------- --------

, The average of those on the pay rolls during the month. Computed by multiplying average weekly hours by average hourly earnings. 2 Total man-hours paid for; reduced to a weekly basis (7/365, 7/366, 7/31, 7/30, 7/28, or 7/29), divided by the number of employees on the pay rolls during the month. For the years before 1933, the full month count was computed by ratio adjustment of the middle-of-the-month count (a virtually constant ratio after 1932).

Total pay rolls divided by total man-hours paid for. 4 Railroads include Class I switching and terminal companies. The Interstate Commerce Commission published detailed data for the various groups of employees up to 1927 only for Class I railroads including switching and terminal companies and thereafter only for these roads excluding switching and terminal companies. The exclusion of these companies makes virtually no difference in the averages for the industry as a whole.

68


Data: D 152-171

Series D 152-163.-HOURS AND WAGE RATES-INDEXES OF UNION HOURLY WAGE RATES AND WEEKLY HOURS, BUILDING AND PRINTING TRADES: 1907 TO 1945[1939=100JBUILDING TRADES PRINTING TRADES

All workersYEAR

Journeymen Wage rate 154 114.4 112.4 111.5 110.9 105.0 101.4 100.0 99.3 91.4 85.5 82.8 81.8 81.4 83.6 97.S 97.5 93.6 92.4 91. 7 88.7 83.1 80.1 74.2 67.3 71.4 70.1 52.4 45.9 41.5 39.3 38.0 37.7 36.9 36~ 0 35.2 34.6 33.2 31.6 29.7 Weekly hours 155 102.2 102.2 102.0 101.8 100.5 100.0 100.0 100.1 101.9 101.5 101.5 102.3 106.2 106.6 10S.5 110.0 113.3 114.0 114.8 115.1 115.3 115.3 115.3 115.2 115.1 115.2 115.7 116.2 116.9 117.1 117.6 117.7 118.0 118.3 118.7 119.1 120.5 122.0 123.8

Helpers and laborers Wage rate 156 125.9 120.3 118.9 117.5 106.8 102.0 100.0 99.2 90.1 82.9 78.3 77.9 75.7 79.2 92.8 93.3 88.8 87.3 86.4 84.9 77.9 75.4 69.7 65.7 72.2 71.5 49.3 42.6 36.8 33.5 32.4 32.1 31.8 30.9 30.6 30.5 29.5 28.5 27.3 Weekly hours 157 98.1 98.1 98.1 98.8 99.7 99.4 100.0 100.2 101.S 101.4 101.2 101. 9 105.2 105.7 108.1 109.0 111.5 113.8 113.9 113.9 114.2 114.4 114.4 114.2 114~ 5 114.5 115.2 116.3 116.7 117.2 117.5 117.6 118.3 118.3 118.6 118.8 121.0 123.5 126.1

All printing Wage rate 158 114.6 113.1 110.4 107.0 102.6 101.4 100.0 99.1 96.0 92.9 90.8 87.5 85.7 91.1 91.8 91.3 89.9 88.6 87.0 84.5 82.7 81. 5 77.7 75.4 74.6 68.1 53.1 43.4 39.9 3S.6 38.2 38.0 37.3 36.6 36.0(I) (I)(I) (1)

Book and job Wage rate 160 113.7 112.2 109.3 106.4 102.0 100.9 100.0 99.2 96.0 93.0 90.4 88.5 86.1 91.2 92.1 91.5 89.9 88.7 87.5 85.4 83.5 82.7 79.4 76.4 76.1 69.1 53.0 43.0 38;S 37.5 36.9 36.8 36.0 35.,3 34.7 33.8 32.1 29.9 27.0 Weekly hours 161 100.1 100.1 100.1 99.8 99.8 99.8 100.0 100.3 100.S 101.0 100.9 102.4 106.1 107.2 111.5 111.5 111.6 111.7 111.7 111.7 111.9 111.8 111.8 112.5 113.9 123.8 128.6 128.7 128.7 12S.7 128.7 128.7 128.7 128.7 128.8 128.8 129.2 130.3 136.6

Newspaper Wage rate 162 116.7 115.1 112.6 108.1 103.6 102.2 100.0 98.8 96.3 92.8 91.5 86.2 85.1 91.0 91.2 90.9 90.0 88.5 86~ 3 83.8 82.0 80.6 76.0 75.2 74.5 68.5 56.0 46.4 44.3 43.2 43.0 42.7 42.3 41. 4 40.7 40.1 38.8 37.2 35.3 Weekly hours 163 99.2 99.2 99.2 99.2 99.3 99.7 100.0 100.5 101. 0 101.9 103.2 105.0 114.0 114.6 117.6 117.6 117.8 118.0 118.3 118.6 118.4 118.7 120.4 120.6 118.3 118.6 118.7 118.5 118.5 118.5 118.6 118.7 119.0 119.1 119.3 119.3 119.6 119.9 120.5

Wage rate 152 1945 ___ 2. _____________ 1944 _________________ 1943 _________________ 1942 _________________ 1941 _________________ 1940 _________________ 1939 _________________ 1938 _________________ 1937 _________________ 1936 _________________ 1935 _________________ 1934 _________________ 1933 _________________ 1932 ______________.___ 1931 _________________ 1930 _________________ 1929 ________ ________ 1928 _________ - _______ 1927 _________________ 1926 _________________~

Weekly hours 153 101.2 101.2 101.0 101.1 100.3 99.9 100.0 100.2 101.9 101.5 101. 5 102.3 106.2 106.5 10S.5 109.8 113.0 114.0 114.7 114.9 115.1 115.1 115.1 115.0 115.0 115.1 115.7 116.3 116.9 117.2 117.6 117.7 l1S.2 118.4 118.8 119.2 120.7 122.4 124.3

Weekly hours 159 99.8 99.8 99.8 99.5 99.8 99.8 100.0 100.3 100.S 101.3 101.7 103.4 109.0 109.9 113.7 113.8 113.9 114.0 114.0 114.1 114.2 114.2 114.7 115;2 115.6 123.1 126.8 126.8 126.8 126.8 126.8 126.8 126.9 127.0 127.0(1) (I? (I (1)

116.0 113.6 112.7 111.9 105.3 101.6 100.0 99.3 91.2 85.3 82.3 81.4 80.8 83.1 97.3 97.0 93.1 91.9 91.3 88.3 82.9 79.8 73.9 66.9 71.3 70.0 51. 9 45.3 40.8 38.4 37.2 36.9 36.1 35.3 34.5 34.0 32.7 31.2 29.3

1925.: ________________ 1924 ____ '.. ____________ 1923 _________ - _- _ - - __ 1922 _______ _________ 1921 _________________~

1920 ________ " - _,. __ - __ 1919 _________________ 1918 _________________ 1917 _________________ 1916 ________________~

1915 ____________ - - ___ 1914 _________ -_ - _____ 1913 ________ - -- - - ---1912 _______ - - - _______ 1911 _________________ 1910 _________________ 1909 _________ - - ______ 1908 _________________ 1907 _________________1

Data not available.

Series D 164-171.-HOURS AND EARNINGS-ALL OCCUPATIONS AND COMMON LABOR IN BLAST FURNACES, STEEL WORKS, AND ROLLING MILLS: 1913. TO 1931ALL OCCUPATIONS COMMON LABOR (AVERAGE HOURLY EARNINGS)

YEAR


full~time

Average

weekly hours 165 52.4 54.6 54.4 55.2 63.2(I) (1)

Average full-time weekly earnings 166 $34.58 36.48 34.41 35.22 31.67 45.65(1)

All districts 167 $0.419 0.414 0.419 0.417 0.336 0.508 0.461 0.298 0.180 0.181 0.181

Eastern 168 $0.351 0.375 0.374 0.386 0.322 0.451 0.398 0.278 0.155 0.156 0.157

Pittsburgh 169 $0.459 0.453 0.452 0.451 0.360 0.530 0.480 0.301 0.190 0.190 0.190

Great Lakes and Middle West 170 $0.441 0.456 0.458 0.443 0.363 0.641 0.469 0.313 0.188 0.189 0.189

Southern 171 $0.283 0.279 0.281 0.282 0.253 0.396 0.331 0.222 0.141 0.146 0.140

1931 ________________ --- --- - - - -1929 ________________ - ---- --- --1926 ________________ --- - - - - - --1924 __________________ - - - - - - --1922 __________________ -- - - -- --1920 ____________________ -- ----1919 _____________________ - - - - -1917 ________ - _-- _______ -- - ----1915 _____________________ - - ---1914 _______________________ - - -1913 ____________________ - -- - --1

$0.663 0.674 0.637 0.644 0.513 0.745(1) (1)

63.1

(I)

0.297 0.301 0.301

65.5 64.9 66.1

18.65 18.60 18.89

Not available.

69

Data: D 172-188


Series D 172-176.-WAGES-FARM WAGES: 1866 TO 1945[Annual averages are weighted averages of wage rates as reported ,quarterly by crop reporters]

PER MONTH YEAR

PER DAY

With board 172

Without board 173 $95.40 85.70 72.51 55.91 43.64 36.68 35.82 36.18 36.32 32.28 30.24 28.19 25.67 28.88 38.38 48.10 51.22 50.72 50.85 50.83 49.90 49.32 48.25 43.33 44.67 65.40 56.63 48.80 40.52 32.84

With board 174 $3.80 3.46 2.87 2.19 1.69 1.36 1.30 1. 21 1.33 1.15 1.07 0.98 0.85 0.94 1.32 1. 76 1.96 1. 98 1.98 1.98 1.97 1.94 1.89 1.73 1.77 2.98 2.54 2.15 1.65 1.31

Without board 175 $4.34 3.93 3.27 2.49 1.93 1.59 1.56 1. 58 1. 61 1.42 1.33 1.26 1.11 1.20 1.62 2.08 2.25 2.27 2.28 2.31 2.29 2.29 2.25 2.07 2.12 3.46 3.03 2.54 1.98 1. 58

Index numbers of composite farm wage rates I 176 350 315 264 201 154 126 123 125 126 111 103 9.5 . 85 96 130 167 180 179 179 179 176 173 169 151 155 242 207 177 141 113

PER MONTH YEAR

PER DAY

With board 172

Without board 173 $30.06 29.74 3'0.21 29.34 28.54 28.08 28.10 26.19 22.12 19.97 19.16 18.74 18.51 19.97 20.02 19.45 19.67 19.22 19.11 18.52 17.53 16.79 17.10 15.50 15.50

With board 174 $1.18 1.17 1.20 1.18 1.13 1.12 1.09 1.03 0.83 0.75 0.71 0.65 0.65 0.72 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.67 0.64 0.61 0.68 0.63 0.64

Without board 175 $1.44 1.43 1.46 1.43 1.391. 39 1.30

Index numbers of composite farm wage rates 1 176 103 101 103 101 98 97 96 89 73 66 63 59 59 64 65 64 64 63 63 60 57 54 57 52 53

1945 __________ 1944 __________ 1943 __________ 1942 __________ 194L _________ 1940_. _________ 19R9 __________ 1938 __________ 1937 __________ 1936 __________ 1935 __________ 1934 __________ 1933 __________ 1932 ___ . _______ 193L _________ 1930 __________ 1929 __________ 1928 __________ 1927 __________ 1926 __________ 1925 __________ 1924 __________ 1923 __________ 1922~ _________ 192L _________ 1920 __________ 1919 __________ 1918 __________ 1917 __________ 1916 __________

$82.30 74:00 61.91 46.64 34.85 28.05 27.39 27.73 28.00 24.53 22.42 20.24 18.07 20.85 28.77 37.59 40 .. 61 40.11 40.11 39.87 38.77 37.92 37.24 32.75 33.62 51.73 43.29 37.96 31.11 25.17

1915 __________________ 1914 __________________ 19UL _________________ 1912 __________________ 1911 __________________ 1910 __________________ 1909 __________________ 1906 __________________ 1902 ______ ___________~

$22.97 22.62 22.89 22.23 21.49 21.22 22.21 18.73 15.51 13.90 13.29 12.75 12.70 13.85 13.48 13.29 13.29 13.08 12.88 12.32 11. 70 10.86 11.16 9.97 10.09

1.32 1.09 0.99 0.94 0.85 0.84 0.92 0.98 0.97 0.98 0.96 0.tj7 0.92 0.89 0.84 0.94 0.87 0.90

1899 __________________ 1898 __________________ 1895 __________________ 1894 __________________ 1893 __________________ 1891 1889 1887 1884 1881 or 1892 ___________ or 1890 ___________ or 1888 ___________ or 1885 ___________ or 1882 ___________

1880 or 188L __________ 1879 or 1880 ___________ 1877,1878,1879 28 _____ 1874 or 1875 3 __________ 1869 186.63 _________________3 _________________

2

11910-1914=100. 1877 or 1878, 1878 or 1879 (combined).

3

Years 1866 to 1878 in gold.

Series D 177-188.-HOURS AND EARNINGS-SELECTED TEXTILE INDUSTRIES AND BOOT AND SHOE INDUSTRY: 1910 TO 1932COTTON GOODS INDUSTRY WOOLEN AND WORSTED GOODS MANUFACTURING HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES BOOT AND SHOE INDUSTRY

YEAR


Average full-time weekly hours 178

Average full-time weekly earnings 179

Average hourly earnings180

Average full-time weekly hours 181 50.3 49.6 49.3 49.3 49.3 49.1 48.8

Average fUll-time weekly earnings 182 $19.82 22.82 23.32 25.34 24.21 26.17 23.13

Average hourly earnings 183 $0.355 0.455 0.444 0.443 0.409 0.354

Average full-time weekly hours 184 51. 6 51. 7 51. 3 51.3 50.7 51. 0


Average hourly earnings 186 $0.412 0.510 0.530 0.528 0.516 0.501

Average full-time weekly hours 187 48.9 48.9 49.1 49.0 49.0 48.7'

Average full-time weekly earnings 188 $20.15 24.94 26.02 25.87 25.28 24.45

1932 1930

1 _______________ 1 ________________

---------- ---------- ---------$0.325 0.324 0.328 0.372 0.330 53.4 53.4 53;3 53.0 52.8 $17.36 17.30 17.48 19.72 17.42~

---------- ---------- ----------

$0.394 0.460 0.473 0.514 0.491 0.533 0.474

$18.32 23.52 22.78 22.73 20.74 18.05

---------- ---------- ---- ------ ---------- ---------- ----------

1930 _________________ 1928 _________________ 1926 _________________ 1924 _________________ 1922 _________________

1920_________________ 0.480 51.8 24.86 0.628 48.3 30.33 __________ __________ __________ 0.559 48.6 26.97 19192 ____________________________________________ __________ __________ __________ 0.315 52.1 16.44 _____________________________ _ 1918 ___ .. _____________ 0.267 56.0 14.95 0.342 54.3 18.57 __________ __________ __________ 0.336 52.3 17.54 1916_________________ 0.179 56.9 10.08 0_225 54.8 12.34 __________ __________ __________ 0.259 54.6 14.11 1914_________________ 0.153 56.8 8.63 0.182 55.0 10.03 1913 2_______________ ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------1 1912 _______________ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1911 2 _______________ ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------1910 ~ ___________________________________ ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------0.172 0.172 0.153 0.144 0.141 54.8 55.3 56.4 57.4 57.6 9.44 9.51 8.62 8.28 8.10 0.243 54.7 13.26

1 Woolen and worsted goods manufacturing includes Southern mills. Data for previous years exclude Southern mills; their relative importance in the industry was small, especially in the earlier part of the period. 2 Fer hosiery and underwear industries in the years 1910-1913 and 1919, "selected occupations" only were included; in 1914, the averages for the "selected occupations" did not differ significantly from the averages for "aU occupations."

70


Data: D 189-217

Series D 189-200.-HOURS AND EARNINGS-WOOLEN AND WORSTED GOODS MANUFACTURES, FRAME SPINNERS AND WEAVERS, BY SEX: 1910 TO 1932FRAME SPINNERS WEAVERS

MaleYEAR

Female Average full-time weekly earnings191 $17.27 17.70 19.34(2) (2)

Male Average full-time weekly earnings194 $16.80 18.77 19.00 19.04 18.03 20.39 16.7023.18 14.62 9.68

Female Average full-time weekly earnings197 $25.55 30.43 31.35 32.18 31.88 34.21 29.75 38.98 25.52 15.95 13.10 13.06 13.30 11.97 11. 79


Average full-time weekly hours190 52.8 48.5(2) (2)

Average hourly earnings192 $0.340 0.380 0.387 0.383 0.362 0.417 0.3450.481 0.278 0.180

Average full-time weekly hours193 49.4 49.4 49.1 49.7 49.8 48.9 48.4'O.~

Average hourly earnings195 $0.497 0.611 0.636 0.658 0.652 0.701 0.6160.807 0.470 0.304

Average full-time weekly hours196 51.4 49.8 49.3 48.9 48.9 48.8 48.3 48.3 54.5 54.9 55.2 56.3 56.3 57.1 57.1

Average hourly earnings198 $0.440 0.544 0.579 0.605 0.600 0.654 0.576 0.747 0.406 0.271 0.203 0.197 0.206 0.184 0.180

Average full-time weukly hours199 52.4 49.6 49.2 48.8 49.2 48.9 48.4 48.3 54.1 54.5 54.7 56.0 55.9 56.8 56.3


1932 1 ________________ 19301 ________________ 1930 _________________ 1928 _________________ 1926 _________________ 1924 _________________ 1922 _________________ 1920 ______ ~ __________ 1918 _________________ 1916 _________________ 1914 _________________ 1913 _________________ 1912 _________________ 191L ________________ 1910 _________________

$0.327 0.365 0.403(2)

$23.06 26.98 28.49 29.52 29.52 31. 98 27.85 36.08 21.96 14.76 11.08 11.03 11.48 10.47 10.14

48.0

(2) 0.421 0.357

50.0 48.0 48.0 53.0 53.953.9 54.0 54.0 56.0 56.0

21. 05 17.1426.78 16.74 10.30

0.558 0.316 0.191 0.145 0.136 0.158 0.132 0.125

AO

..,

52.4 53.9 54.2 ' 55.5 55.2 56.4 56.02

7.80 7.33 8.53 7.37 7.01

0.147 0.140 0.144 0.126 0.122

7.99 7.78 7.92 7.07 6.85

0.238 0.232 0.237 0.210 0.207

1 Includes Southern mills. Data for the previous years exclude Southern mills; their relative importance in the industry was small especially in the earlier part of the period.

Not available.

Series D 201-212.-HOURS AND EARNINGS-COTTON GOODS INDUSTRY, FRAME SPINNERS AND WEAVERS, BY SEX: 1910 TO 1930FRAME SPINNERS WEAVERS

MaleYEAR

Female Average full-time weekly earnings203 $17.87 19 ..59 15.92 19.63 15.59 24.08 13.48 9.21 8.19 8.07 8.14 7.18 6.83

Male Average full-time weekly earnings29 6 $14.23 14.60 15.09 16.94 15.83 22.12 12.89 8.24 7.45 7.33 6.98 6.51 6.33

Female Average full-time weekly earnings209 $21.08 20.93 21.07 23.71 20.44 29.68 16.78 11.54 9.93 9.73 9.67 9.08 8.83


Average full-time weekly hours202 55.5 57.8 55.1 53.2 53.4 50.7 54.3 5.6.6 54.7 56.9 56.7 57.2 57.2

Average hourly earnings204 $0.266 0.276 0.282 0.319 0.301 0.427 0.233 0.149 0.132 0.128 0.124 0.111 0.108

Average full-time weekly hours205 53.5 52.9 53.5 53.1 52.6 51.8 56.1 57.2 56.9 57.8 58.0 59.1 59.0


Average full-time weekly hours208 52.7 53.4 53.2 52.8 52.6 51.8 56.2 56.7 56.8 57.6 57.5 58.6 58.8


Average full-time weekly hours211 52.0 52.2 51.9 51.8 51.6 50.3 55.4 55.7 55.8 56. 'I: 56.9 57.9 57.8

Average full-time weekly earnings212 $19.81 19.37 19.46 22.22 19.59 26.56 15.62 11.12 9.30 9.80 9.26 8.54 8.47

1930 ___________ _____ 1928 _________________ 1926 ________ ________ 1924 ________________ 1922 _________________~

~

$0.322 0.339 . 0.289 0.369 0.292 0.475 0.248 0.164 0.150 0.143 0.144 0.126 0.120

1920 __ ______________ 1918 _________________ 1916 ___ c _____________~

1914 _________________ 1913 _________________ 1912 _________________ 1911 _______________ 1910 _________________~_

Series D

213~217.-PRODUCTIVITY-INDEXES

FOR SELECTED INDUSTRIES: 1880 TO 1945OUTPUT PER MAN-HOUR

[1939=100]

OUTPUT PER MAN-HOUR

YEAR

All manufacturing213

Railroad transportation214 139.5 148.1 150.9 139.6 115.5 105.2 100.0 94.7 95.2 93.5

Mining215 104.1 102.3 100.1 103.0 104.3 103.8 100.0 90.1 88.0 86.6

Electric light and power216 182.5 191.1 182.7 145.8 123.2 108.6 100.0 89.0 89.6 87.8

Output per worker in agriculture217 120.7 123.6 116.8 118.9 107.5 103.5 100.0 97.8 105.3 81.6

YEAR

All manufacturing213

Railroad transportation214 87.6 83.7 83.0 73.7 75.6 75.1 75.1 73.7 70.2 70.4

Mining215 84.9 81. 4 78.8 77.6 77.2 72.9 69.9 68.0 65.3 63.4

Electric light and power216 82.5 77.4 68.1 58.3 51.9 50.1 54.1-----52~7-

Output per worker inagri-

culture217

1945 _________________________ _ 1944 _________________________ _ 1943 _________________________ _ 1942 _________________________ _ 1941 _________________________ _ 1940 _________________________ _ 1939________________ 100.0 1938________________ 91.6 1937 ________________ . 90.0 1936________________ 91.0

1935 _______________ _ 1934- ______________ _ 1933 _______________ _ 1932 _______________ _ 193L ______________ _ 1930 _______________ _ 1929 _______________ _ 1928 _______________ _ 1927 _______________ _ 1926 _______________ _

90.8 85.9 81.9 77.8 83.5 80.0 78.1 75.1 71.3 69.5

87.5 76.6 89.2 93.4 99.0 89.8 91.6 91.8 88.3 91. 5

53.1

71

Data: D'21:J-;.223


Series D 213-217.-PRODUCTIVITY-INDEXES FOR SELECTED INDUSTRIES: 1880 TO 1945-Con.[1939=1001 Output per worker in agriculture 217 88.6 83.8 81.8 79.7 73.7 86.5 81.2 81.3 78.2 73.4 Output per worker in agriculture 217 77.0 79.4 72.4 77.4 73.2 70.1 66.4OUTPUT PER MAN-HOUR OUTPUT PER MAN-HOUR YEAR

YEAR

All manufacturing 213

'Railroad transportation 214 68.2 64.6 62.9 60.9 58.5 57.6 56.7 53.5 54.2 51. 6

Mining 215 62.6 60.7 59.0 57.5 54.2

Electric light and power 216 50.4 49.1 51.0 46.0 .... _--------

All manufacturing 213

Railroad transportation 214

Mining 215

Electric light and power 216

1925 ________________ 1924 ________________ 1923 ________________ 1922 ________________ 1921 ________________

67.6 63.4 59.5 60.5 55.2

1915________________ __________ __________ 48.6 _________ _ 1914________________ 45.5 _____________________________ _ 1913 _________________________ '_________________ '_____________ _ 1912 _______________________________________________________ _ 1911 _______ _______________________________________________ _~

1920 ________________ 48.0 1919 ________________ 45.3 1918 ________________ 1917 ________________ ---------1916 ________________ -------------------

51.8 ---------49.6 ---------49.4 ---------43.1 48.5 48.1 ----------

1910 _______ :________ __________ __________ __________ __________ 1909 ___ __ __ __ ____ __ _ 39.4 __ ___ __ __ _ ________ __ _ __ _ ___ __ _ 1902 ____________________________________ ' 1890 ___________________________________ _ 1880 ___________________________________ _ 33.4 25.6 19.8

Series D 218-223.-UNION MEMBERSHIP-LABOR UNION MEMBERSHIP: 1897 TO 1945All unions, total membershipAMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR CONGRESS OF INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATIONS

YEAR

Number of affiliated unions 219

Total membership 220


Independent or unaffiliated unions, total Total membership membership 222 223

YEAR

All unions, total membership

AMERICAN FEDERA.TION OF LABOR


Independent or unaffiliated unions, total Total membership membership 220 223

218

218

1,000 members1945 _______ 1944 ______ " 1943 __ ____ 1942 _______ 194L ______~

Number102 100 99 102 106 105 104 102 100 111 109 109 108 106 105 104 105 107 106 107 107 107 108 112 110

1,000 members6,931 6,807 6,564 5,483 4,569

Number40 41 40 39 41

1,000 members 1,000 members6,000 5,935 5,285 4,195 5,000 1,865 1,879 1,793 1,084 920 1,072 974 604 639 742 683 641 730 694. 636 671 691 671 787 788 689 683 703 754 815 1920 _____ 1919 _____ 1918 _____ 1917 _____ 1916 _____ 1915 _____ 1914 _____ 1913 _____ 1912 _____ 191L ____ 1910 _____ 1909 _____ 1908 _____ 190L ____ 1906 _____ 1905 _____ 1904 _____ 1903 _____ 1902 ___ ~_ 190L ____ 1900 _____ 1899 _____ 1898 _____ 1897 ____ ~

1,000 members5,034 4,046 3,368 2,976 2,722 2,560 2,647 2,661 2,405 2,318 2,116 1,965 2,092 2,077 1,892 1,918 2,067 1,824 1,335 1,058 791 550 467 440

Number110 111 111 111 111 110 110 111 112 115 120 119 116 117 119 118 120 113 97 87 82 73 67 58

1,000 member8 1,000 member84,079 3,260 2,726 2,371 2,073 1,946 2,021 ' 1,996 1,770 1,762 1,562 1,483 1,587 1,539 1,454 1,494 1,676 1,466 1,024 788 548 349 278 265 955 786 642 605 649 614 626 665 635 556 554 482 505 538 438 424 391 358 311 270 243 201 189 175

14,796 14,621 13,642 10,762 10,489 8,944 8,980 8,265 7,218 4,164 3,728 3,249 2,857 3,226 3,526 3,632 3,625 3,567 3,600 3,592 3,566 3,549 3,629 3,950 4,722

1940 _______ 1939 _______ 1938 _______ 1937 _______ 1936 _______ 1935 __ :.. ____ 1934 _______ 1933 _______ 1932 _______ 193L ______ 1930 _______ 1929 _______ 1928 _______ 1927 ____ __ 1926 _______ 1925 _______ 1924 _______ 1923 ____ __ 1922 __ ,- ____ 192L ______

4,247 42 3,625 4,000 4,006 45 42 3,623 4,038 32 2,861 14:',718 3,422 ------------ -----------3,045 ------------ -----------2,608 ------------ -----------2,127 ------------ -----------2,532 -----------2,890 ------------

=======C===

2,961 2,934 2,896 2,813 2,804 2,877 2,866 2,926 3,196 3,907

-----------------------------_ .... _-----------------------------------------------------------------.---

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------ ------------

72

UNION MEMBERSHIP AND WORK STOPPAGES

Data: D 224-238

Series D 224-238.-WORK STOPPAGES-WORKERS INVOLVED, MAN-DAYS IDLE, MAJOR ISSUES, AVERAGE DURATION: 1881 TO 1945[Figures in series D 236-238 do not always add to series D 235 because of rounding]WORK STOPPAGES AND MAN-DAYS IDLE MAJOR ISSUES AND AVERAGE DURATION

Stoppages beginning in year Workers involvedYEAR

Man-days idle

Number Qfstoppages

3

Thousands of workers involved Major issues Total Wages and hours 236 1,340 810 1,220 429 1,110 235 352 252 436 251 663 346 544 23;J, 155 73 104 140 232---------

Major issues

--------------- --- --- --------224

Percent Percent umber of estiPer (thouNumber Number of emmated worker (thouployed sands) working involved sands) time 2 wage earners I"

ii

Total

Wages and hours 231

Average duration of Union stopOther organi- and not pages zation reported (days) 232 233 234 9.9 5.6 5.0 11.7 18 .. 3 20.9 23.4 23.6 20.3 23.3 23.8 19.5 16.9 19.6 18.8

Union organization 4237

Other and not reported238

--------3,470 2,120 1,980 840 2,360 577 1,170 688 1,860 789 1,120 1,470 1,170 324 342 183 289 314 330 5330 5428 5655 5757 51,610 51,100 51,460 54,160 51,240 51,230 51,600 12.2 7.0 6.9 2.8 8.4 2.3 4.7 2.8 7.2 3.1 5.2 7.2 6.3 1.8 1.6 38,000 8,720 13,EOO 4,180 23,000 6,700 17,800 9,150 28,400 13,900 15,500 19,600 16,900 10,500 6,890

225

226

227

228

-----------11. 0 4.1 6.8 5.0 9.8 11.6 15.2 13.3 15.3 17.6 13.8 13.4 14.4 32.4 20.2 4,616 4,958 3,734 3,026 4,314 2,493 2,639 2,772 4,720 2,156 2,003 1,817 1,672 852 796 651 924 620 666 1,035 1,301 1,249 1,553 1,112 2,385 3,411 3,630 3,353 4,450 3,789 1,956 2,146 1,906 1,423 1,535 753 699 776 1,410 756 760 717 926 560 447 284 373 222 273 478 537 537 721 583 1,501 2,038 2,036 1,869 2,268 2,036 946 808 585 943 2,138 1,243 1,411 1,385 2,728 1,083 945 835 533 162 221 207 382 226 240 206 219 244 308 208 373 622 869 584 799 721

229

230

235 3,070 2,130 1,970 852 2,360 573 1,180 688 1,950 710 1,102 1,480 1,144 325 346 182 286 323 319

1945 ___________ 194L __________ 1943 ___________ 1942 ___________ 1941. __________ 1940 ___________ 1939 ___________ 1938 ___________ 1937 ___ '? _______ 1936 ___________ 1935 ___________ 1934 ___________ 1933 ___________ 1932 ___________ 1931. __________ 1930 _________ .__ 1929 ___________ 1928 ___________ 1927 ___________ 1926 ___________ 1925 ___________ 1924 ___________ 1923 ____ ______ 1922 ___________ 192L ___ ____~ ~_~

4,750 4,956 3,752 2,968 4,288 2,508 2,613 2,712 4,740 2,172 2,014 1,856 1,695 841 810 637 921 604 707 1,035 1,301 1,249 1,553 1,112 2,385 3,411 3,630 3,353 4,450 3,789

0.47 0.09 0.15 0.05 0.32 0.10 0.28 0.15 0.43 0.21 0.29 0.38 0.36 0.23 0.11

1,714 2,004 1,243 670 641 497 529 611 582 317 298 265 213 130 .128

671 395 226 191 744190 641 224 1,160 365 288 762 465 73 116 76 102 95 45 ---------

1,060 922 523 232 512 148 185 211 347 94 151 372 135 18 74 33 80 88 43

3,320 0.05 0.8 18.1 1.2 0.07 18.5 5,350 0.17 1.3 12,600 40.2 1.4 26,200 0.37 79.5 1.5 -------- -------- -------2.0 -------- ----'---- -------3.1 -------- -------- -------3.5 -------- -------- -------8.7 -------- -- ... ----- -------6.4 -------- -------- -------7.2 -------- -------- -------20.8 -------- -------- -------6.2 -------- -------- -------6.3 -------- -------- -------8.4 -------- -------- --------

22.3 160 169 22.6 27.6 172 153 26 ..5 351 -------545 468 524 321 511

---------

------,--

-------- --------- --------- ------{--- --------- --------- --------- --------- - -------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------------- --------- --------- --------- - -

1920 ___________ 1919 ___________ 1918 ___________ 1917 ________ - __ 1916 ________---1915 ___________ 191L _________~~

770 1,593 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- 1,593 403 1,204 1,204 - - -'- - - -- -------- -------- -------1906-13 ___ ______________ _____ _______________________________________________~ ~

--------- ---------312 511 -------- --------- --------- ---"------ _ . _-----253 548 -------- --------- --------- - - - - -'- --- ----------0--- ________________________ "____________________________ _-------'-800 964 1,200 1,051 1,016 414 471 236 193 297 217 206 257 261 334 318 173 163 299 210 67 50 55 38 32 444 511 670 585 583 494 353 217 237 222 228 333 335 405 585 540 276 243 368 289 142 94 79 85 63 R02 b74 788 692 564 568 432 263 416 249 407 690 288 239 330 373 260 163 439 610 258 165 170 159 130 191 272 396 279 288 210 288 184 335 160 305 469 162 122 221 276 207 100 249 445 214 145 131 133 118 57 210 235 279 161 282 66 30 36 53 51 25 59 59 55 32 29 23 .91 79 14 4 28 12 5 54 92 156 134 115 76 79 49 45 36 51 196 66 57 54 66 24 41 99 87 30 16 12 14 7

751 -------- --------- --------725 -------- --------- --------900 -------- --------- --------1,383 -------- --------- --------1,032 -------- --------- ---------

--------- ---------- ----------------- ---------

1905 ___________ 190L __________ 1903 ___________ 1902 ___________ 1901. __________1900~ __________ 1899 ___________ lS98 ___________ 1897 ___________ 1896 ___________

2,186 2,419 3,648 3,240 3,012 1,839 1,838 1,098 1,110 1,066 1,255 1,404 1,375 1,359 1,786 1,897 1,111 946 1,503 1,572 695 485 506 476 477

302 574 788 692 564 568 432 263 416 249 407 690 288 239 330

2.1 4.3 5.9 5.4 4.6 4.9 3.9 2.6 4.3 2.8

1895 ___________ 1894 ___________ 1893 ___________ 1892 ___________ 1891. __________ 1890 ___________ 1889 ___________ 1888 ___________ 1887 ___________ 1886 ___________ 1885 ___________ 188L __________ 1883 _________ 1882 ___________ 1881. __________~_

4.4 8.3 3.2 -------- - ------2.5 -------- - ------- -------3.6 -------- - ------- - -------

---------------------- -------- --------------- -------- --------------- -------- --------------- -------- --------------- -------- --------------- -------- --------------- -------- --------------- -------- --------------- -------- - -------------- --------------- --------

-- -- - -.-- -------- --------

2,186 2,419 3,648 3,240 3,012 1,839 1,838 1,098 1,110 1,066 1,255 1,404 1,375 1,359 1,786 1,897 1,111 946 1,503 1,572 695 485 506 476 477

942 944 1,778 1,604 1,413 991 1,014 645 680 547 810 865 783 693 867 1,039 662 540 836 1,073 486 341 372 353 382

373 4.2 -------260 -------- - ------163 -------- - ------439 -------- - ------610 -------- - ------258 -------- - ------165 -------- - ------170 -------- - ------159 -------- - ------130 -------- --------

- ------- - ------- -------

- ------- - ------- ------- - ------- -------

- ------- --------

- ------- - ------- ------- - ------- ------- - ------- ------- - -------

- ------- - -------

1 "Employed wage earners" includes all workers except those in occupations and professions in which strikes rarely if ever occur. 'Estimated working time computed by multiplying the average number of "employed wage earners" each year by the days worked by most employees during the year. I Figures are based on stoppages beginning each year prior to 1927; for 1927 and subsequent years, stoppages ending in each calendar year.

4 Wages and hours were important issues in many of these stoppages also. S The number of workers involved in some strikes which occurred from 1916 to 1926 is not known. However, the missing information is for the smaller disputes, and it is believed that the totals given above are fairly accurate. Numbers ot-atoppages to which workers' data relate are as follows: 1916,2,667; 1917,2,325; 1918, 2,151; 1919, 2,665; 1920, 2,226; 1921, 1,785; 1922, 899; 1923, 1,199; 1924, 898; 1925, 1,012; 1926, 783.

74.8706-49-6

73

Chapter E. Agriculture (Series E 1-269)value of farms listed for assessment purposes. Information on farm land values in scattered local areas is referred to by Bidweil, E 1-269. General note. In this chapter, series E 1-60 relate to P.W., and Falconer,J. 1., History of Agriculture in the Northern farm real estate, farms and tenure; series E 61-71 provide data on United States, 1620 to 186d', pp. 70-71, 242 and 328. Similar infarm employment, wages, and productivity; series E 72-75 present formation for Southern States is found in Gray, L. C., History of a few production measures; series E 76--104 are concerned with Agriculture in the Southern United States to 1860, vol. I, pp. 403farm taxes, insurance and income; series E 105-116 constitute data 406, and vol. II, pp. 640-645. on farm machinery and equipment, and fertilizer consumption; Definitions.-Instructions accompanying the 1945 Census series E 117-180 show statistics on livestock, meat, dairying, and schedule gave the following definition for farms to b~ enumerated: poultry; series E 181-243 relate to crop statistics; and series E 244A farm, for census purposes, is all the land on which some 269 pr@vide summary series on farm credit. agricultural operations are performed by one person, either Basic statistics on agriculture are, for the most part, prepared by by his own labor alone or with the assistance of me~bers of the Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce, which conhis household, or hired employees. The land operated by a ducts the Census of Agriculture, and by the Department of Agripartnership is likewise considered a farm. A "farm" may consist of a single tract of land, or a number of separate tracts, and culture which prepares current estimates. the several tracts of land may beheld under different tenures Annual agricultural statistics of a wide variety have been issued as when one tract is owned by the farmer and another tract currently by the United States Department of Agriculture for over is rented by him. When a landowner has one or more tenants, 80 years-the first being as of May 1, 1863. Statistics compiled by renters, croppers, or managers, the land operated by each is considered a farm. Thus, on a plantation the land operated the Bureau of Agricultural Economics on crops, livestock and liveby each cropper, renter, or tenant should be reported as a stock products, agricultural prices, farm employment, and other separate farm, and the land operated by the owner or manrekated subjects are based mainly on data obtained through mail ager by means of wage hands should likewise be reported as questionnaires. The basic information is obtained from nearly a separate farm. * * * Do not report as a farm any tract of land of . less than 3 acres, unless its agricultural products in three-quarters of a million reporters, located in every agricultural 1944 were valued at $250 or more. * * * (See 1945 Census of county in the United States, who report on one or more items Agriculture Reports, vol. II, p. 871ff.) during a year. These reporters, mostly farmers, report for their The 1945 Census of Agriculture Report (vol. II, pp. 4-5) carried own and nearby farms on some 80 crops and scores of other items the following statement of explanation regarding the census data pertaining to agricultural production and farm-family living. Beginning with 1840 a Census of Agriculture has been taken on number of farms: The definition of a farm used in the 1945 Census of Agrievery 10 years in conjunction with the Decennial Census of Popuculture was essentially the same as that used in the 1940, 1935, lation. In 1925, 1935, and 1945 a mid-deceimial Census of Agri1930, and 1925 censuses. That used for the 1920 and 1910 culture has also been taken. Information at each census has been censuses was similarly worded but was somewhat more inobtained by a personal canvass of individual farms by census clusive. In those years farms of less than 3 acres with less than $250 worth of products were to be included, provided they enumerators. The first Census of Agriculture, that of 1840, was required the continuous services of at least one person. limited in scope. It included such items as an inventory of the In the definition for 1900, there was no acreag~ limit. principal classes of domestic animals, the production of wool, the Market, truck, and fruit gardens, orchards, nurseries, cranvalue of poultry, the value of products of the dairy, and the proberry marshes, green houses, and city dairies were to be included, provided the entire time of at least one individual was duction of the principal crops. The number of farms and the devoted to their care. For 1890, 1880, and 1870, no tract of acreage and value of farm land were first included in the Census less than 3 acres was to be reported as a farm unless $500 of 1850. In 1880 information was first secured as to the tenure worth of produce was actually sold from it during the year. under which the farms were operated. A detailed classification of For 1860, no definition was given the enumerators. In the Census of 1850, there was no acreage qualification given in the farm land according to use was first obtained in 1925; in earlier definition, but there was a lower limit of $100 for value of censuses, farm land was classified only as improved land, woodland, produce. and other unimproved land. For brief discussions of the comparaThe value of farm real estate and other specified items of farm bility of various agricultural data, census to census, see United property obtained by the census was the current market value. States Bureau of the Census, 1945, Census of Agriculture Reports, Data for the census years are published in Bureau of Census revol. II. For each decade from 1840 through 1900, the Census of Agricul- ports, and are obtained from complete census enumerations. The ture was taken as of June 1. The four decennial censuses since then number of farms between census years is estimated by the. Bureau have been taken as of April 15, 1910; January 1, 1920; April 1, of Agricultural Economics on the basis of estimates of changes in 1930; and April 1, 1940. The 1925, 1935, and 1945 quinquennial farm population. The value of farm land and buildings between census years is estimated on basis of changes in the Bureau of Censuses of Agriculture were taken as of January 1. Agricultural Economics index of land values per acre and adjusted FARM REAL ESTATE, FARMS, AND TENURE (E 1~60) for changes of acreage of land in farms. E 5. Index of estimated value of farms per acre, 1912-1945. E 1-4. Number and value of farms, decennial 1850-1900; annual 1910--1945. SOURCE: For1850-1900, data from Bureau of the Census Base: 1912-14= 100. SOURCE: Department of Agriculture, The Farm Real Estate Situation, circular No.7 54, and earlier circulars bearing reports; for 1910-1945, see Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Net Farm Income and Parity Report: 1943, July 1944 (processed); and the same title. These index numbers cover farm land, together with buildings The Farm Income Situation, June-July 1947 (processed). The first Census of Agriculture was taken in 1840, but the Cen- and other permanent improvements. Estimates of average value per sus of 1850 was the first in which data on the number, acreage, acre of farm real estate, within relatively small communities, are and value of farms was secured. Prior to 1850, early tax records made by crop reporters of the United States Department of Agriculture on March 1 of each year. They are not averages of market are available in some counties giving the number, acreage, and 74

General Statistics: Series E 1-116

L-__________________________~----------------------------------------------------------------------~~~~~

GENERAL STATISTICS

Text: E 5-60

transactions or sales prices, although it is thought that such trans- mined on the basis of answers to the question: "At the time he actions as do occur tend to influence the reporters in formulating bought was the buyer (1) an active farmer, or (2) a retired farmer, their estimate for the community. or (3) mainly in some other occupation?" About 20,000 estimates of average value per acre are obtained The percentage distributions are based on simple totals of all from the crop reporters. In addition, approximately 9,000 reports reports received. The distributions indicated for the United States from a special list of reporters (farm real estate dealers, country as a whole have checked closely with those obtained in selected bankers, and appraisers) are used as a check. Data from both county surveys during recent years. The data published. in The sources are summarized for crop reporting district averages and Farm Real Estate Situation also give comparable classifications by are combined into State, regional, and national weighted averages. geographic divisions. The weights used are fixed on the basis of area of land in farms E 17-18. Transfers per 1,000 farms, 1912-1924. SOURCE: See according to the 1925 Census of Agriculture. Index numbers of the text of series E 6-11. State, geographic division, and United States estimates are then E 19-60. General note. Farm tenure, census years, 1880-1945. computed, using as a base 1912-1914=100. SOURCE: For 1880-1940, see Bureau of the Census, Sixteenth Census E 6-11. Estimated number of farms changing ownership per 1,001) farms, 1926-1945. SOURCE: Department of Agriculture, of the United States, Agriculture, vol. III. Data for 1945 are from Bureau of the Census records. annual circular, The Farm Real Estate Situation. Before the Census ef 1880 no general study of operator status Basic data for these estimates are supplied by crop reporters. had been conducted in this country, although it had been the Farms are defined broadly as properties used primarily for farming and exclude ranches, plantations, and orchards. The reporters national policy from the first to be liberal with the public lands in are instructed that if ownership of a filrm has changed more than the encouragement of owner operatorship of farms. Studies in the once in the last 12 months, then each transfer should be counted history of agriculture prior to 1860 contain chapters on land tenseparately. Voluntary sales and trades (series E 7) indicates bona ure but these, necessarily, are based upon fragments of informfide sales, straight sales, etc. j contracts to purchase are included, ation on the tenure situation. See Bidwell, P. W., and Falconer, but not options. Forced sales' (series E 8-10) are divided between J. I., History of Agriculture in the Northern United States, 1620those resulting from difficulties in meeting payments on indebted- 1860, and Gray, L. C., History of Agriculture in the Southern United States to 1860. ness and those resulting from delinquency in payment of taxes. The 1900 Census of Agriculture reported the results of a stlldy Foreclosures of mortgages, bankruptcies, etc., (series E 9) includes loss of title by default of contract, sales to avoid foreclosure, and of the ownership of rented farms in the United States. This report surrender of title or other transfers to avoid foreclosure. Other had particular reference to the questions of absentee ownership' transfers (series E 11) includes transfers of title as a result of in- and the concentration of ownership of rented farms. On a sample heritance and gift, administrator and executor sales in settlement basis, the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the Department of @f estates, and a small group of miscellaneous and unclassified sales. Agriculture has made subsequent studies of the ownership of The data refer to the number of transfers that occurred during rented farms as of 1920 and 1945. The results of the 1920 study the 12 months ended March 15. The reports are summarized by were published in 1926 as Department of Agriculture Bulletins crop reporting districts and are combined to yield State ratios, 1432 and 1433, and the results of the 1945 study are now being using the number of farms reported in the 1925 Census as a basis tabulated. The findings of a census of plantations for 1910 were published for the weights, except in the Southern States where the weights are based on the number of farms minus the number of croppers. in 1916 by the Bureau of the Census under the title Plantations in A processed release by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, the South. This report covered 325 selected counties in 11 Southern "Transfers of Farm Real Estate," August 1939, gave data on States. In the selected plantation area, 39,073 plantations were transfers for 485 selected counties, for 1935 or earlier years. In a reported as using 5 or more tenants. In connection with the 1940 number of counties, data on recorded transfers are shown in that census, the Bureau made another study of plantations but has not published" the results. The findings, in connection with the 1945 report for'a period of years extending back to 1900. The county record data on transfers have been used asa basis for Census of Agriculture inquiries into the so-called multiple farm extending back to 1912 the regular series of estimates of frequency units, were published in 1947 by the Bureau of the Census under of voluntary sales, and foreclosures and assignments, for the United the title Multiple Unit Operations. The Bureau of Agricultural States as a whole (see seriesE 17-18). The county record data for Economics of the Department of Agriculture issued in 1924 as earlier years were in terms of tracts and acreages, rather than Department Bulletin 1269 the results of a study made by C. O. farms, and by cale~dar years; hence they wei'e not exactly com- Brannen into the Relation of Land Tenure to Plantation Orga,ni! parable with the regularly computed series. The total acreage was w~ .For the Census of 1880 and that of 1890 only the number of used in preference to the number of parcels in extending back the transfer volume series. For the period since 1926, transfer data for farms was classified by tenure. Classifications by color of the the 12 months ended March 15 were used to represent the previous farm operator and inter classifications by color and tenure were calendar year's transfers. The estimates for the earlier years are first made in the Census of 1900. Definitions of terms (series E 19-60).-A farm operator, accordshown in series E 17 and 18. E 12-16. Percentage of voluntary sales and trade by specified to the census definition, is. a person who operates a farm, either classes of residents, 1928-1945. SOURCE: Department of Agri- performing the labor himself or directly supervising it. The cenculture, annual circular, The Farm Real Estate Situation. sus definition of a farm is on the basis of operating units, rather Data on the character of farm buying are computed annually than ownership tracts. A farm may consist of a number of separate from reports of individually listed actual sales furnished by co- tracts and these may be held under different tenures, as when one operating farm real estate dealers and similar correspondents. For tract is owned and another tract is rented by the farm operator. the purpose of this classification a local resident (series E 12) was Similarly, when a landowner has several tenants, renters, or cropdefined as one "from the same county, or a county adjoining that pers, the land operated by each is considered a separate farm. in which the farm bought is located." Purpose of purchase (series Therefore, the number of farm operators, for all practical purE 13) was determined from "Yas" or "No" answers to the ques- poses is identical with the number of farms (series E 19) and these tion: "As far as you know, did the buyer buy to actually work the items are used interchangeably. plaae himself or to turn it over to some of his children to own or The color classification of farm operators includes the Mexicans operate?" Occupation status of buyer (series E 14-16) was deter- with the whites. The nonwhite group (series E 45. E 54-60) in-

75

Text: E 19-68

AGRICULTURE

cludes Negroes, Indians, Chinese, Japanese, and other nonwhite wa,s designated as 7 days prior to thefirst of the month. Since races. 1941, the respondent has been asked for the number of persons emEach farm was classified according to the tenure under which ployed during the past week, which varies according to the day the the operator controlled the land, on the basis of replies to the crop reporter receives the questionnaire. Before 1935, the time following three inquiries on the schedule: Item 9. Do you operate period was not designated. Family workers include operators and this farm for others as hired manager? (Yes or no);Item 10. How members of their families who worked on the farm without pay. many acres in this farm do you own?; Item 11. How many acres in Hired farm workers include all persons paid wages for farm work on the reporter's farm, whether paid monthly, daily, piece, or this farm do you rent from others? The enumerator was instructed to consider as owned, land other type of wage rate. The average number of hired and family workers per farm for which the operator or his wife held under title, homestead law, purchase contract, or as one of the heirs or as trustee of an un- States are computed for the reporting farms. The averages are divided estate. If both an owned and a rented tract were farmed then adjusted by factors which are based on extrapolations from by the same operator, these were to be considered as one farm the last census level, labor requirements data, and. the estimated even though the tracts were not contiguous and each was locally seasonal pattern of employment based on the 1940 Census and called a farm. Farm operators were classified into four major ten- studies in selected Sta,tes. The adjusted averages are then multiure groups: (1) Full owners (series E 20, E 32, E 38, E 49, E 56) who plied by the estimated number of full-time farms in each State to own all the land they operate; (2) Part owners (series E 21, E 33, obtain the estimates of the number of family and hired workers E 39, E 50, E 57) who own a part and rent from others the rest of employed. Full-time farms are defined as those on which the operthe land they operate; (3) Managers (series E 22, E 34, E 40, E 51, ator worked less than 250 days at off-farm work during the year. E 58) who operate farms for others and receive wages or salaries for Data from the Census, State assessors' reports, and Agricultural their services. Persons acting merely as caretakers or hired laborers Adjustment Administration records are used in estimating the numwere not classed as managers. Farms operated -for institutions or ber of farms. Annual averages of employment are simple averages corporations were considered to be managed even where no person of first-of-month employment estimates. Collection of monthly farm-employment data through crop rewas specifically indicated as being employed -as the farm manager; (4) Tenants (series E 23, E 35, E 41, E 52, E 59) operate hired or porters was started in October 1923. In 1938, the National Rerented'land only. Croppers (series E 36, E 42, E 53, E 60) have been search Project of the Works Progress Administration developed defined by the 1945 Census as share tenants to whom their land- and published monthly farm-employment estimates for 1925-1936, lords furnish all of the work animals, or tractor power in lieu of from the crop reporter data. See Shaw, E. E., and Hopkins, J. A., work animals. Croppers were classified separately for the first time Trends in Employment in Agriculture, 1909-36, Works Progress in the 1920 Census and data for this class have been secured at Administration, National Research Project, Report No. A-8, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, November 1938. Current monthly estieach succeeding census. In the censuses of 1920, 1925, and 1930 croppers were defined l;11ates have been made by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics as share tenants whose landlords furnished the work animals. For from crop reporter data from 1939 to the present time, using the the census of 1935, the schedule carried no inquiry in regard to methods developed in the Works Progress Administration project. the method of paying rent and, therefore, croppers for that year The series was adjusted to the 1940 census bench mark data and included all tenants whose landlords furnished the work animals. monthly estimates were made for January 1937 to 1939. Thus, The furnishing of tractor power was not taken into account in monthly data are available for the United States and nine geographic _divisions from 1925 to the present time. Estimates of classifying croppers until the census of 1940. annual average employment and monthly employment by 10 typeThe greatest difficulties in making a classification -by tenure result from the sharecropper system. Briefly, the question involved of-farming areas are also available from 1925 to the present. Unis whether the sharecropper should be considered merely a type of published State estimates are used as weights in computing wage rate estimates from crop-reporter data. laborer or a farm operator. In reality, croppers have some of the In the National Research Project study annual estimates of characteristics of both laborers and tenants. Crop-sharing contracts, by Jhn H. Graves, Bureau of the Census, 1943, is a mem- farm employment from 1909 to 1924 were also published. These orandum regarding l~gal relations and rights of parties when land estimates were based on census data and on data such as acreage owned by one is cultivated by the other under agreement to share and farm production and farm population changes. the crops. The memorandum covers 14 Southern States. Speaking In addition to the farm-employment estimates, monthly indexes of the situation as of 1940 the author of the memorandum finds of farm employment are available, both unadjusted and adjusted "if croppers were included with landowners as a single farm, it for seasonal variation. The adjustment factors for seasonality are would make a difference [reduction] for the United States of about revised each year. The employment index is based on the 1910-14 567,675 in the number of farms ... and for the South a difference period; the base is a simple average of the five annual figures. [reduction] of 541,291 in the number of farms ... " E 64-68. Farm wage rates, 1866-1945. SOURCE: Bureau of Agricultural Economics. For 1866-1941, see Farm Wage Rates, Farm FARM EMPLOYMENT, WAGES, PRODUCTIVITY (E 61-71) Employment, and Related Data, January 1943, pp. 3-4 (processed); E 61-63. Farm employment, 1909-1945. SOURCE: Bureau of for 1942-1945, see Agricultural Statistics, 1946, p. 538. Agricultural Economics. For 1909-1942, see Farm Wage Rates, Information on farm wages prior to 1866 is scattered, and is on Farm Employment, and Related Data, January 1943, p. 155 (pro- a State basis or consists of individual records rather than data for cessed); for 1942-1945, see Agricultural Statistics, 1946, p. 533. the country as a whole. For farm wage data before 1866, see Wages Current farm employment data are collected by the crop-re- of Farm Labor in the United States, Department of Agriculture, porting service operated by the United States Department of Bureau of Statistics, Miscellaneous Series, Report No.4, WashAgriculture. About 70,000 crop reporters are on a list of general ington, D. C., 1892; Holmes, George K., Wages of Farm Labor, crop and livestock farmers who are sent questionnaires on farm Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Statistics, Bulletin 99, employment and wages paid hired farm workers. From these re- Washington, D. C., 1912; and Adams, T. M., Prices Paid by Verporters, about 20,000 returns are received each month. mont Farmers for Goods and Services and Received by The?n for Farm Crop reporters are asked to report the number of persons em- Products, 1790-1940; see also Vermont Agricultural Experiment ployed 2 or more days on their farms in the last week, excluding Station Bulletin 507, Wages of Vermont Farm Labor, 1780-1940, persons doing housework. The reporting period from 1935 to 1941 Burlington, Vermont,_ February 1944. 76

GENERAL STATISTICS The first investigations made by the Department of Agriculture of the wage rates farmers paid hired workers in the United States was in 1866. It was followed by 18 similar studies made at irregular intervals in the following 44 years. Then from 1909 to 1923, inquiries were made annually. Since 1923, they h'ave been on a quarterly basis. In all these surveys, questionnaires were sent to the voluntary crop correspondents. Information was requested on the average monthly and daily wage rates, with and without board, paid by farmers in the locality.

Text: E 64-68

are the daily rates for harvest work or a c.ombination of the two types of daily rates obtained before 1923. From 1923 to the present time, the questions asked crop reporters on wage rates have continued in almost exactly the same form. A more detailed dismission of the method of collecting wage rate data through crop reporter questionnaires is given in Hale, R. F., and Gastineau, R. L., Reliability and Adequacy of Fann Wage Rate Data, Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service, Washington, D. C., February 1940 (processed). Because the return of these questionnaires is on a voluntary From 1866 to 1909' an estimate of the average wages in the locality for the year was requested of the crop reporters. During basis and because the crop reporter list is made up of those willing this period, the time of year when the inquiry was made varied to cooperate, the group of farmers reporting on wage rates in their considerably; sometimes it was in the spring, sometimes in the locality is not representative of all farmers or all farming comfall or winter. For those years in which the investigation was made munities. Most of the returns are from operators of general crop in the spring, there is some uncertainty as to which year the annual and livestock farms. It is doubtful whether rates on specialized average refers. For this reason, a dual-date is designated in the farms are adequately covered. The rates reported probably proseries as, for example, "1874 or 1875." In each of these 19 investi- vide a fairly accurate picture of average rates paid regular hired gations, wage rates per day were obtained separately for harvest men in the general crop-producing regions. Average rates based on data reported by crop reporters have work and for work other than harvest work. The data published here for these years are the day rates for "other than harvest work." been published quarterly in the Bureau of Agricultural Economics' The monthly wage rates reported are not strictly comparable Farm Labor and annually in the Depalltment of Agriculture's throughout this period. From 1866 to 1890, monthly wage rates Agricultural Statistics. Both quarterly rates and annual average were reported for workers hired by the year. These are the rates rates are published for States, nine major geographic divisions, shown here. In addition, in the first three of these inquiries, crop and the United States. The annual average rates are weighted reporters were asked for monthly rates paid to workers hired for averages 'of the quarterly averages, using data on the number of the season, which are published in Holmes (see above). From 1891 hired farm workers employed each quarter as the weight. The to 1909, the monthly rate requested was on a combined annual and number of hired farm workers employed is also used to weight seasonal basis. In 1909, the distinction was again made, but the two State averages to geographic divisions and United States averages. types of :r;nonthly rates were averaged. The weighted average (re- Up to 1938, census data on the number of male hired workers were vised) is published here. For the original averages of the monthly used as weights. In 1938 the weighting system was revised and rates for workers hired by the year and those hired by the season, average rates for the United States and the geographic divisions for see Holmes, Wages of Farm Labor, referred to above. Throughout 1909-1938 were also revised. State rates were unchanged. These this period from 1866 to 1909, wage rates requested were those new rates were based on data compiled by the Works Progress paid to men doing outdoor work. In'1902, 1906, and 1909, rates Administration and published in Shaw, E. E., and Hopkins, J.A., paid women for domestic work on farms were also requested. Trends in Employment in Agriculture, 1909-36, Works Progress Administration, Natl. Res. Proj. Rpt. No. A-8; Philadelphia, NoData from the 19 wage inquiries were published in four bulletins vember 1938. Since 1938, the current employment estimates have by the Bureau of Statistics of the Department of Agriculture-No. . been used. A more detailed statement on the current weighting 4, 22, and 26 of the miscellaneous series, which were published in system is given in Hale, R. F., and Gastineau, R. L., (see above), 1892, 1901, and 1903; and Bulletin' 99 of the Bureau of Statistics and in Farm Wage Rates, Employment, and Related Data (also cited series published in 1912. In the first three of the bulletins the rates above). were published without reducing currency to gold values, since the Index numbers of the composite farm wage rates (series E 64) monetary system of this country was not on a gold basis, but in are published for geographic regions and for the United States. Holmes' bulletin (No. 99) and in subsequent reports the wage In obtaining this index, the day rates are multiplied by 20 to obrates for the period of inflated currency values during and follow- tain their monthly equivalents. A constant set of percentages of ing the Civil War were reduced to gold values. In Holmes' bulletin the workers receiVing each type of rate, based on a 1927 survey, the weighting system, which was not uniform for all previous sur- have been used in weighting rates in each geographic region beveys, was revised and wage-rate data for all 19 surveys were re- ginning 1925. The resulting composite wage rate is converted to computed. The number of male agricultural laborers, as reported an index based on the period 1910-1914. The bas~ is a simple by census of occupations, in each State was used as the weight in average of the five annual figures. The quarterly wage-:rate index, obtaining United States and major region averages from State which is also available, is published both unadjusted and adjusted average wage rates. to remove seasonal variation. Seasonal adjustment factors are From 1909 to 1923, annual inquiries as to farm wage rates in based on the relationship of monthly levels to, annual averages their localities were made of crop reporters. As previously, they for 1923 to 1939. were asked about monthly rates with and without board; and about In the absence of direct information in the past, the difference daily rates, with and without board, "at harvest" and for "other between the average monthly rate with board and the average than harvest labor." In 1923, to give an overlap for linking pur- monthly rate without board, as reported by crop reporters, has poses, a quarterly inquiry was initiated as well as the annual sur- often been estimated as the monthly value of board which has vey. The new quarterly series changed the time reference of day never been explicitly defined. The value thus obtained by subrates to "average wage rates being paid to hired labor at the traction of the two series for July 1945, however, is considerably present time in your locality," with an additional instruction to lower than the averag

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