history of ionizing radiation
TRANSCRIPT
Ionizing radiation : Historical
perspective and its use in
cancer patient
Dr.Ritam Joarder
Wave theory of light Particle theory of light
Q u a n t u m
t h e o r y o f
l i g h t
Aristotle
Descartes
Thomas Young
Maxwell
Fresnel
Huygens
Robert Hooke
Democrates
Newton
Plank
Einstein
Faraday
Geissler
WilliamCrookesEugene
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen: Discovery of X-ray ( November 8 ,1895 )
“First, that I was the
first person exposed
to x-rays who
received sufficient
cumulative effects to
develop x-ray
dermatitis.
Second, that I was
the first person to
apply x-rays to
pathologic lesions on
living human subjects
for therapeutic
purposes.”
1896 : Controversial claims of Emil Grubbe
Treated a woman with breast cancer in 1896
1896 : Victor Despeignes
Treated a case of
gastric carcinoma
with 80 sessions
lasting between 15
and 30 min daily
1896 : Therapeutic use of X-rays
1903 : Authored first textbook of radiotherapy
A five yr old girl with
pigmented hairy
naevus all over her
back treated and
cured , then lived
upto 75 yrs.
Leopold Freund
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903.......awarded to Antoine Henri Becquerel "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity"
D i s c o v e r y o f R a d i o a c t i v i t y : 1896
1897 : Discovery of Electrons by
J . J . Thompson
Received
Nobel Prize
in Physics
1906
1898: Discovery of Radium And Polonium
Marie and
Pierre Curie
shared 1903
Nobel prize
in physics
with
Becquerel
1899 : Cure of Skin Cancer
Thor Stenbeck
cured BCC of
Nose with 100
treatments over 9
months in
Stockholm
Tage Sjoegren treated
sq. cell epithelioma
with 50 treatments over
30 months
1899: Discovery of α & β particles ( E. Rutherford )1900: Proposal of Radioactive Decay & Half life
Received Noble prize
in Chemistry 1908 for
“Disintegration
theory “ of elements
Paul Ulrich Villard discovered gamma radiation in 1900, while studying radiation emitted from radium. Villard's radiation was named "gamma rays" by Ernest Rutherford in 1903
1900 : Discovery of γ-rays
1900: Formulation of Quantum theory
Awarded with Noble prize in Physics 1918
1903 : Law of the Photo electric effect
Albert Einstein was awarded with Noble prize in Physics 1921
1903: Noble Prize in medicine for
Neils Ryberg Finsen
Used UV rays to treat Lupus Vulgaris , which also used to treat cancer later on.
.. . I started in to make a number of these lamps, but I soon found that the x-ray had affected poisonously my assistant, Mr. Daily, so that his hair came out and his flesh commenced to ulcerate. I then concluded it would not do, and that it would not be a very popular kind of light, so I dropped it...
1904 : Fluorescent lamp of Edison ~ Death of Clarence Dally
1920s-1930s : Radioactive Quackery
Case of “Radium Girls”
1932 : Death of Eben Beyers
Roentgen therapy Vs Radium therapy
1913: Hot Cathode tube ~ W D Coolidge
• Peak voltage of 140 Kv
with 5 mAmp current
• Max. dose at skin with
rapid dose fall-off with
depth inside tissue
1922: Discovery of Compton Scattering
Received Noble Prize
in Physics 1927
1923 : Grenz Ray therapy ( Gustav Bucky )
< 20kV Voltage
Filtration of 1.0 mm Al
Used to treat skin
lesions
Contact Therapy Or Chaoul Therapy
Papillon technique for Superficial Rectal Cancer
40-50 kV potential
2mA current
SSD 2cm or less
0.5-1.0mm thickness
Al filter
Rapidly decreasing
depth dose in tissue
Superficial Therapy
50 – 150 Kv Voltage
1- 6mm Al filtration
1- 8 mm Al HVL
15- 20 cm SSD
Operated at 5- 8 mA
current
1930s:Orthovoltage therapy or Deep Therapy( Sieman’s Stabilapan )
150-500 Kv voltage 10-20 mA current 50 cm SSD HVL 1-4mm Cu
Disadvantage :High skin doseIncreased absorbed dose in boneIncreased Scattering
Telecurietherapy ( Radium bomb )
Sluys-Kessler Radium bomb
Failla's Radium bombs
Giaocchino Failla
1920s : Radiation dosimetry
R . Sievert E.Quimby
1929 : Invention of Cyclotron
Ernest Lawrence
received Noble
prize in Physics
1939
1931 : Van de Graaff Generator (MIT)
Robert van de Graaff
40 feet high
Electrostatic device
capable of operating
at 5,000,000 volts
2 MeV Clinical
Van de Graaff
X-ray machine
1932 : Discovery of Neutron
James
Chadwick
received Noble
prize in Physics
1935
Irène and
Frédéric Joliot
Curie shared
Noble prize in
Chemistry 1935
1934 : Artificial Radioactivity
1938 : Discovery of Co60
isotope
Glenn T Seaborg
Glenn T Seaborg
shared Noble prize
in Chemistry 1951
with Edwin M
McMillan for
discovery of
transuranium
elements
1940 : Betatron ( Donald W Krest )
20 MeV Betatron created by Krest in University of
Ilionis , USA (originally planned by Achen Widroe)
Originally the principle had been published by Vladimir
Veksler
1945 : Development of Synchrotron
Edwin Mattison McMillan
later shared Noble Prize in
Chemistry In 1951 with Glenn
Seaborg for discovery in
chemistry of transuranium
elements
The Most Shameful day for Mankind
On Monday, August 6,
1945, at 8:15 AM, the
Atomic Bomb “ Little
Boy" was dropped on
Hiroshima by an
American B-29
bomber, the Enola
Gay directly killing
an estimated 80,000
people
1951 : Cobalt Bomb ( H.E.Johns)
First Cobalt 60 machine
in Saskatoon ,Canada
1953: First Linear Accelerator
1956: First pt treated with LINAC
Henry Kaplan Gordon Issac,2yr old pt
of B/l Retinoblastoma
1958 : Computerized treatment planning introduced
:J. Laughlin, T. D. Sterling,
K. C. Tsien, R. Wood
1962 : Electronic portal imaging introduced: S.
Benner
1965: Conformal radiation therapy with multileaf
collimation introduced : S. Takahashi
1968: Gamma Knife introduced :Leksell
1969: First commercial treatment planning
systems :R. Bentley, J. Cox, W. Powers
1968 : Computer-assisted Tomography
Godfrey N. Hounsfield Allan M Cormack
Shared
Noble Prize
in Medicine
1979
Paul C. Lauterbur Sir Peter Mansfield
Shared Noble
prize in
Medicine 2003
for their
discovery
1973 : Zeugmatography
1979 : Concepts of BEV, DVH,
Digital reconstructed radiographs
DVHs were introduced
by Michael Goitein and
Verhey in 1979 in a
publication by Shipley
et al
Brief History of Brachytherapy
1920s : Radium Surface therapy
Radium surface
brachytherapy
treatment of skin
cancer at the
Institut Curie, Paris,
1922
Interstitial implantation
of radon seeds for a
carcinoma
of the rectum, 1929, at
the London Hospital
1920s : Use of needle implants
Dr.Gosta Forssell : Started
radium treatment in Ca Cervix
in 1912
James Heyman :
Published “Stockholm
method in
radiotherapy of
uterine cencer “ in
1924
1910-24 : Stockholm technique
„Intensive, intermittent and intracavitary radium treatment method‟.
1934 : Manchester Dosage System
Ralston Paterson And
Herbert M Parker
developed Manchester
Dosage system for
surface applicators of
radium in 1934
Later revised by Margaret C Tod and W J Meredith
as Dosage System for Cancer of the Cervix in 1938
1978 : Paris System
B Pierquin ; A Deutreix
et al published Paris
system for Interstitial
brachytherapy in 1978
1904 : Earliest intracavitary applicator
Used by Wickham
and Degrais in
Paris from 1904.
Early Concepts of Radiobiology
1906 : Law of Bergonie And Tribondeau
Jean A Bergonie L M Tribondeau
cells tend to be
radiosensitive
if they have
•High division rate
• Long dividing
future
•Unspecialized
phenotype
1911 : Concept of fractionation
Sterilization of ram's testis without excessive skin reactions using fractionated radiation ( Claude Regaud )
1934 : Time –dose factor concept
Henri Coutard showed
that both skin and
mucosal reactions
depended on the dose,
the treatment time
and the no. of
treatment sessions.
Francois Baclesse
1967 : Concept of Dose –volume Relationship
Hypothesized that in
addition to time-dose
factor , irradiation
damage to normal
tissue also depends
upon the volume
irradiated.
Realizing the importance of oxygen
Louis Harold Gray and RH Thomlinson
established the relation of chronic
hypoxia and Radiosensitivity (1955)
1956, the cell-survival assay was
developed by Theodore T Puck and
Philip I Marcus
The ability to quantitate cell killing.
1963 : Variation of Radiosensitivity through the
cell cycle
: Toyozo Terasima and LJ Tolmach
1966 : Potentially lethal damage repair
: LJ Tolmach
1969 : Concept of Accelerated repopulation
: Hermens & Barendsen
John F Kerr
Kerr et al recognized
apoptotic cell death in
the response of
radiosensitive tissues to
ionizing radiation.
1972 : Concept of Apoptosis
Julie Denekamp
1973 : Time course of
proliferation in normal
tissue following
irradiation
G W Barendsen
1982 : Concept of
Biologically effective
dose
1975 : Concept of 4 Rs of Radiobiology
H Rodney Withers
Withers also quantified stem-cell
numbers and survival of normal
cells .
Advances in Radiotherapy
1900 to 1950
Advances in Radiotherapy
1950 to Present
" Martyr‟s Memorial "
On the memorial for “x-ray martyrs” in the garden of
St. George‟s Hospital, Hamburg, Germany, were 169
names inscribed in 1936; in 1959 their number had
increased to 359
TO THE RONTGENOLOGISTS AND RADIOLOGISTS OF
ALL NATIONS,
DOCTORS, PHYSICISTS, CHEMISTS, TECHNICAL WORKERS,
LABORATORY WORKERS AND HOSPITAL SISTERS
WHO GAVE THEIR LIVES IN THE STRUGGLE AGAINST THE
DISEASES OF MANKIND.
THEY WERE HEROIC LEADERS IN THE DEVELOPMENT
OF THE SUCCESSFUL AND SAFE USE OF X RAYS AND
RADIUM IN MEDICINE.
IMMORTAL IS THE GLORY OF THE WORK OF THE DEAD.
This Effort Is Dedicated