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HISTORY OF THEAIRPLANE

Dr. Maria F. Soetanto, Dipl.Ing., MT.Program Studi Teknik Aeronautika Jurusan Teknik Mesin

POLITEKNIK NEGERI BANDUNG

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Introduction

The dream of flying is asold as mankind itself

The concept of theairplanehas only been

around for two centuries ,before that time, men andwomen tried to navigatethe air by imitating thebirds. They built

machines with flappingwings calledornithopters.

An ornithopter -- it's every bit as

impractical as it looks.

http://www.first-to-fly.com/History%20Images/Frost_Ornithopter.JPG

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Problem ??it works better at bird-scale than it does at themuch larger scale neededto lift both a man and amachine off the ground.

SO..

people began to look forother ways to fly

Beginning in 1783, afew aeronauts madedaring, uncontrolledflights in lighter-than-air :

balloons

but this was hardly apractical way to fly.

no way to get from hereto there unless the windwas blowing in the

desired direction

http://www.first-to-fly.com/History%20Images/Montgolfier.JPG

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Concept of Airplane

Begin at the nineteenth century an English baronet, Sir George Cayley,

conceived a flying machinewith fixed

wings, a propulsion system, and movablecontrol surfaces.

This was the fundamental concept of theairplane.

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The first true aircraft

Sir George Cayley's1799 design for anairplane :

fixed wings for lift,a movable tail for

control,

and rows of

"flappers"beneath thewings for thrust.

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From Goerge Cayley to WrightBrothers ( 1799- 1903 )

The first gliding experiments with fixed-wing craft. (1799-1853)

The first airplane -- a kite on a stick -- built by Sir GeorgeCayley in 1804.

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The first gliding experiments with fixed-wing craft. (1799-1853)

John Stringfellow'sunsuccessful 1868steam-poweredtriplane.

Felix Du Temple ( 1874)builds a man-carryingsteam-poweredmonoplane, was the first

powered aircraft inhistory to make even abrief hop with a manaboard.

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The first attempts to build powered airplanes.(1854-1879)

John Stringfellow'sunsuccessful 1868steam-poweredtriplane.

Otto Lilienthal piloting

a glider in 1896. Otto Lilienthal

established the conceptof the airman a skilledpilot who controlled hisaircraft and carefullybalanced it while in the

air.

Lilienthal died in a flyingaccident, and his deathset the Wright brothers in

motion

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The controversy between those that believe airplanes should be inherently stable

(like boats) and those who believed that a pilot or an airmanshould keep them

balanced.(1880-1898) 1880-1890

OttoLilienthal, Germany,begins to test camberedwing surfaces andmeasures their lifting

capability.

Hiram Maxim(1892),england, build anenormous biplane waspowered by two 180-hp

steam engines

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The events leading up to the first sustained, controlled powered flight(1899-1903)

1899 Wright brothers experiment withtwisting wings, trying to deform the frontedges.

After some experimentation the Wrightsconverted the fixed tail to a movable rudder.This, together with wing warping and the elevator,gave the glider roll, pitch, and yaw control.

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The events leading up to the first sustained, controlled powered flight(1899-1903)

The 1910 Dunne Flying Wing, theworld's first airplane that was

developed in strict secrecy.

The Wright brother's best flight onDecember 17, 1903 covered only 852feet at a speed of about 34 mph.

Today, aircraft routinely fly across

oceans at speeds in excess of 1000mph. The space shuttles circles theglobe at over 15,000 mph.

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The Golden Age (1918-1939)

Flagg biplane (1933)

In 1929 Jimmy Doolittle developed instrument flight.

In the 1930s development of the jet engine began in Germany and inEngland.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Doolittlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_instrumentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Flagg_biplane.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_instrumentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Doolittle

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Periode of War II Periode Cold war

B-29 Superfortress, a Heavy Bomber

World War II saw a drastic increase inthe pace of aircraft development andproduction.

The first functional jetplane

D.H. Comet, the world's first jet airliner

Boeing 707

Bell X-1 the rocked powered past thespeed of sound

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-29_Superfortresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Comethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Comethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:DeHavilland_Comet.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:B29.maxwell.750pix.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-29_Superfortresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-29_Superfortresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-29_Superfortress

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Stealth Aircraft

F-117 Nighthawk stealth ground attackaircraft of the U.S Air Force

Stealth technology also known as LOT

(Low Observability Technology) is asub-discipline of military electroniccountermeasures which covers a rangeof techniques used with aircraft, shipsand missiles, in order to make them lessvisible (ideally invisible) to radar,infrared and other detection methods.

B-2 Spirit stealth bomber of the U.S AirForce

The B-2 Stealth Bomber has a skin

made with highly specializedthermoplastics and composites which

are radar-absorbent.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-117_Nighthawkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_countermeasureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_countermeasureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invisiblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-2_Spirithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:USAF_B-2_Spirit.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:F-117_Nighthawk_Front.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-2_Spirithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-2_Spirithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-2_Spirithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-2_Spirithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-2_Spirithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invisiblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_countermeasureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_countermeasureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-117_Nighthawkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-117_Nighthawkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-117_Nighthawk

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Challenge of peak oil

Shinkansen : V = 300 km/hr

AERODYNAMIC !!!!!

http://images.google.co.id/imgres?imgurl=http://wings.avkids.com/Book/Vehicles/Images/train_old.jpg&imgrefurl=http://wings.avkids.com/Book/Vehicles/advanced/trains-01.html&h=480&w=640&sz=54&tbnid=JWB6tgjf3DuKMM:&tbnh=103&tbnw=137&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtrain%26um%3D1&start=1&sa=X&oi=images&ct=image&cd=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Shinkansen_500_Kyoto_2005-03-19.jpg

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Challenge of peak oil

AERODYNAMIC !!!!!

http://www.acclaimimages.com/_gallery/_pages/0094-0508-2904-4140.htmlhttp://media.filmforce.ign.com/media/570/570328/imgs_1.html

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Challenge of peak oil

AERODYNAMIC !!!!!

http://www.acclaimimages.com/_gallery/_pages/0094-0508-2904-4140.htmlhttp://media.filmforce.ign.com/media/570/570328/imgs_1.html

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Challenge of peak oil

Aerodynamic cars use

less gasoline