HISTORY OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

SEGREGATION:Jim Crow Laws -1865-1954

GOAL: Whites keep power over newly freed GOAL: Whites keep power over newly freed African Americans African Americans

Examples of segregation: separate education Examples of segregation: separate education systems, transportation, entertainment, systems, transportation, entertainment, businesses, racial etiquettebusinesses, racial etiquette

Slavery by Another Name- 27-33 minutesSlavery by Another Name- 27-33 minutes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2741nwWXokw 30-35 minutes30-35 minutes

Plessy vs. Fergusson: Plessy vs. Fergusson: 18971897 Separate but Equal Facilities are LegalSeparate but Equal Facilities are Legal Homer Plessy challenged Louisiana state law that required RR co.

to segregate passengers – lost Supreme Court ruling of “separate but equal” reinforce Jim Crow

laws, voting restrictions, & racial etiquette

MODERN CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT:1940’s-

1960’s Mass action to change status in WWII MilitaryMilitary-NAACP calls for equal -NAACP calls for equal

participation in military service- led to a participation in military service- led to a compromise to form segregated black compromise to form segregated black units in each branch units in each branch

CivilianCivilian-A. Phillip Randolph organized -A. Phillip Randolph organized march of 100,000-FDR signs Executive march of 100,000-FDR signs Executive Order 8802-hire African Americans Order 8802-hire African Americans wo/discriminationwo/discrimination

Post WWII-Post WWII-Returning soldiers help Returning soldiers help lead the Civil Rights Movement - “If we lead the Civil Rights Movement - “If we fight for the freedom of others abroad, fight for the freedom of others abroad, we can no longer be denied full freedom we can no longer be denied full freedom at home!”at home!”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aN1dxdmeaTI 5:40-17:00 Many Rivers to Cross5:40-17:00 Many Rivers to Cross

Economic Inequalities Grow Post WWII GI Bill- GI Bill-

Provided low interest home loansProvided low interest home loans Free college tuitionFree college tuition Unemployment benefitsUnemployment benefits Benefits denied to most vets who are female/ of colorBenefits denied to most vets who are female/ of color IMPACT: IMPACT: Long term wealth denied for people of colorLong term wealth denied for people of color

Housing Policies-Housing Policies- Denied access to low interest suburban homesDenied access to low interest suburban homes Federal government denied low interest home loans in areas Federal government denied low interest home loans in areas

where there are more people of colorwhere there are more people of color IMPACT- IMPACT- Home equity/ wealth is NOT passed to children/ Home equity/ wealth is NOT passed to children/

grandchildren in form of added home improvement, college grandchildren in form of added home improvement, college payment, buy additional property payment, buy additional property

EDUCATIONAL IMPACT:Brown vs. Board of Education 1954 Supreme Court rules that Supreme Court rules that

“separate facilities are “separate facilities are inherently unequal ” and inherently unequal ” and create a sense of inferioritycreate a sense of inferiority

Leads to SLOW Leads to SLOW desegregation of schoolsdesegregation of schools

Thurgood Marshall was the Thurgood Marshall was the lawyer to argue the Brown lawyer to argue the Brown case-he becomes 1case-he becomes 1stst black black Supreme Court JusticeSupreme Court Justice

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TTGHLdr-iak 5 minutes PBS

Cultural Backlash to Brown vs. Board Emmit Till Murder-1955 Murder of black Chicago Murder of black Chicago

youth who went to visit his youth who went to visit his uncle in Mississippi was uncle in Mississippi was white reaction to Brown white reaction to Brown case and became a symbol case and became a symbol for all American blacks of for all American blacks of “it can happen here”“it can happen here”

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PxK8u58PqTE 10 minutes Eyes on the Prize

Educational Reaction to Brown vs. Board Little Rock Crisis 1957 11stst major Southern high school major Southern high school

attempt to desegregateattempt to desegregate Nine young black students volunteer Nine young black students volunteer

to enter Little Rock HSto enter Little Rock HS Earnest Green - 1Earnest Green - 1stst black graduate black graduate

of American public integrated schoolof American public integrated school Govenor Faubus then shuts down Govenor Faubus then shuts down

city schools the following year in an city schools the following year in an attempt to avoid integrationattempt to avoid integration

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xERXusiEszs Opt. 10 minutes Eyes on the Prize

All of the Little Rock All of the Little Rock Nine graduate high Nine graduate high school, most go on to school, most go on to get their masters and get their masters and doctorate degreesdoctorate degrees

IMPACT: Pave the IMPACT: Pave the way for further way for further desegregationdesegregation

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=75dhe5Zsy8k

10 minutes Oprah

President Eisenhower supports Civil Rights Act of 1957

He supported making voting accessible to all AmericansHe supported making voting accessible to all Americans Hopes to convince African Americans to join the Hopes to convince African Americans to join the

Republican PartyRepublican Party Reinforces the Southern Christian Leadership Conference Reinforces the Southern Christian Leadership Conference

decision to make registration of black voters a major goaldecision to make registration of black voters a major goal

College integration of “Ole Miss”- 1962College integration of “Ole Miss”- 1962 Air Force vet won federal case that allowed him to enroll Air Force vet won federal case that allowed him to enroll

in all-white U of Missin all-white U of Miss Gov. Barnett refuses- federal marshals come in- > riots Gov. Barnett refuses- federal marshals come in- > riots

break out- >takes 5,000 soldiers to quell riotsbreak out- >takes 5,000 soldiers to quell riots

CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE: RESPONSE TO SEGREGATION

Martin Luther King Martin Luther King advocates the use of civil advocates the use of civil disobedience to confront disobedience to confront the overwhelming the overwhelming numbers and power of numbers and power of whites - so they are forced whites - so they are forced to see the injustice and to see the injustice and change themselves & change themselves & societysociety

Martin Luther King Jr.-”soul force”

MODELSMODELS Jesus- love your enemyJesus- love your enemy Henry D. Thoreau- citizen’sHenry D. Thoreau- citizen’s

duty to disobey unjust lawsduty to disobey unjust laws A. Phillip Randolph-A. Phillip Randolph-

techniques for organizing mass techniques for organizing mass demonstrationdemonstration

Gandhi -resist oppression Gandhi -resist oppression without resorting to violencewithout resorting to violence

METHODS OF CIVIL DISOBEDIENCEMontgomery Bus Boycott-1955

Women in Little Rock had been working on a Women in Little Rock had been working on a boycott of segregated buses with the rev. of local boycott of segregated buses with the rev. of local churchchurch

New minister is appointed- Martin Luther King New minister is appointed- Martin Luther King Jr.Jr.

Parks – Field Secretary for NAACP - Miss.Parks – Field Secretary for NAACP - Miss.

Chose not to give up her seat to a white manChose not to give up her seat to a white man Arrested-refused fine-> boycottArrested-refused fine-> boycott 1000’s of African Americans walk for 381 days 1000’s of African Americans walk for 381 days

rather than pay for “second class “ servicerather than pay for “second class “ service Supreme Court outlaws segregation on bussingSupreme Court outlaws segregation on bussing

Southern Christian Leadership Conference-

1957 Leader: MLK Jr. leader Leader: MLK Jr. leader Members: primarily black adultsMembers: primarily black adults Method: Organization of churches to “carry onMethod: Organization of churches to “carry on

non-violent crusade against the evils of second non-violent crusade against the evils of second

class citizenshipclass citizenship GOAL: Black voter registrationGOAL: Black voter registration

SNCC:Student SNCC:Student Non-Violent Coordinating CommitteeNon-Violent Coordinating Committee Leaders: College students form own group at Ella Bakers recLeaders: College students form own group at Ella Bakers rec Goal: form their own organization to fight discriminationGoal: form their own organization to fight discrimination Method: Sit-ins staged to protest Method: Sit-ins staged to protest

lack of service at white lunch counters lack of service at white lunch counters Greensboro, North CarolinaGreensboro, North Carolina (48 cities/ 11 states) (48 cities/ 11 states)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VAmt_XKBBAM&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

Eyes on the Prize 1:30-12:00Eyes on the Prize 1:30-12:00

CORE: Congress of Racial Equality-1942-1960’s

Letter from a Birmingham JailLetter from a Birmingham Jail-1963-1963

Leader: James Farmer- Director in 1950’s Leader: James Farmer- Director in 1950’s freedom ridesfreedom rides

Freedom Riders - white and black students Freedom Riders - white and black students who rode interstate buses to test the new who rode interstate buses to test the new desegregation laws to make sure they were desegregation laws to make sure they were being followed.being followed.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VAmt_XKBBAM&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

Eyes on the Prize 26:00-32:00Eyes on the Prize 26:00-32:00

Birmingham- “the most segregated city in America”Birmingham- “the most segregated city in America” Rev. Shuttlesworth and MLK Jr. lead march - jailed by Rev. Shuttlesworth and MLK Jr. lead march - jailed by

Bull Connor - writes -impassioned plea for justiceBull Connor - writes -impassioned plea for justice Method: Media -protests, economic boycottMethod: Media -protests, economic boycott Goal: desegregation & new Civil Rights BillGoal: desegregation & new Civil Rights Bill

Voter Registration Drives:Medgar Evars-June 1963

Leader: Medgar Evars-Field Sec. for NAACP & WWII vet was assassinated Leader: Medgar Evars-Field Sec. for NAACP & WWII vet was assassinated after Birmingham ralliesafter Birmingham rallies

Method: Voter registration drives-perceived as a threat to Method: Voter registration drives-perceived as a threat to

white Southernerswhite Southerners Murderer acquitted->Murderer acquitted->

led to new militancy “Freedom Now”led to new militancy “Freedom Now” Led to March on WashingtonLed to March on Washington

March on Washington DC March on Washington DC AugustAugust19631963

Response to Evers deathResponse to Evers death 250,000 -including 75,000 whites @ Washington250,000 -including 75,000 whites @ Washington

Memorial for “I Have a Dream Speech”Memorial for “I Have a Dream Speech” Method: March/ Speech - Bayard Rustin and Method: March/ Speech - Bayard Rustin and

A. Philip Randolph of SCLC organize the marchA. Philip Randolph of SCLC organize the march Goal: Passage of Civil Rights BillGoal: Passage of Civil Rights Bill

Civil Rights Act of 1964 Pushed by President Johnson after Pushed by President Johnson after

President Kennedy’s deathPresident Kennedy’s death Prohibited discrimination b/c of race, Prohibited discrimination b/c of race,

religion, national origin or gender. All religion, national origin or gender. All citizens right to enter all public facilitiescitizens right to enter all public facilities

Freedom Summer-Voting Rights Drives Freedom Summer-Voting Rights Drives 19641964

Leader: SNCC- Robert Moses set up voter registration drivesMethod: Voter registration drives because 90 % of blacks didn’t voteGoal: Black voters to gain political voice-make legal changes

4 dead, 4 beaten, 80 wounded, and 24 black churches burned in 5 months

Led to Voting RightsAct

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party -1964 Leader: Fannie Lou Hamer beaten for trying to register to Leader: Fannie Lou Hamer beaten for trying to register to

vote vote Goal: Register black voters & gain black Goal: Register black voters & gain black

representation at the all white Democratic Conventionrepresentation at the all white Democratic Conventionby forming the Mississippi Freedom Dem. Partyby forming the Mississippi Freedom Dem. Party

Pres. Johnson afraid to lose white supporter in South- didn’t Pres. Johnson afraid to lose white supporter in South- didn’t support SNCC ; that betrayal led to conflict within the support SNCC ; that betrayal led to conflict within the Democratic PartyDemocratic Party

Selma March Selma March -1965-1965

Leaders: SCLC ( and for two years earlier SNCC) Leaders: SCLC ( and for two years earlier SNCC) led registration drives ->led to murder of protester- led registration drives ->led to murder of protester- and plan of march to Montgomeryand plan of march to Montgomery

“ “ Bloody Sunday” - Met by police with tear gas/ Bloody Sunday” - Met by police with tear gas/ horses & whipshorses & whips

Method: March / Media - sent shock waves through Method: March / Media - sent shock waves through America -> national supportAmerica -> national support

Voting Rights Act of 1965 Leaders: President Kennedy & Johnson pass the Voting Rights Act within 10 Leaders: President Kennedy & Johnson pass the Voting Rights Act within 10

weeks of the Selma -Montgomery Marchweeks of the Selma -Montgomery March Eliminated literacy test & required a federal examinerEliminated literacy test & required a federal examiner Method: LegislationMethod: Legislation Goal: Black voters/ voice in politicsGoal: Black voters/ voice in politics Black voters in South- 3xBlack voters in South- 3x Dramatic rise in African Americans in political office 100- 1965 5000 in 1990Dramatic rise in African Americans in political office 100- 1965 5000 in 1990

Civil Rights Act of 1968Civil Rights Act of 1968Passed days after rioting /protests over Passed days after rioting /protests over

MLK Jr.’s assassinationMLK Jr.’s assassination

*Banned discrimination in housing*Banned discrimination in housing

*End of de jure still de facto segregation *End of de jure still de facto segregation httphttp://www.fairhousingjustice.org/resources/film/://www.fairhousingjustice.org/resources/film/

Fair Housing Justice Center – use 0-12mnFair Housing Justice Center – use 0-12mn

Civil Rights Movement’s New Focus is Economic Equality

SuccessSuccess in ending segregation and restoring equality in ending segregation and restoring equality White Flight -> devaluation of White Flight -> devaluation of

black homesblack homes Blacks channeled into low paying jobsBlacks channeled into low paying jobs African American median income African American median income

was 55% of White familieswas 55% of White families

Raised expectations - Lower Economic Success -Raised expectations - Lower Economic Success ->Leads to Violence>Leads to Violence

Though there were many successes in court and legal cases, most African Americans daily lives were NOT significantly changedEconomic inequality leads to move away from non-violenceRiots in many major cities; Watts / Detroit

Black Nationalism Leader:Leader: Malcolm Little >Malcolm X Malcolm Little >Malcolm X Follower of Nation of Islam - segregationistsFollower of Nation of Islam - segregationists Method: Method: Mecca Pilgrimages –lesson: work with Mecca Pilgrimages –lesson: work with

other racesother races He is assassinated by former followersHe is assassinated by former followers Black Power emphasis is on ECONOMIC Black Power emphasis is on ECONOMIC

independence rather than social integration.independence rather than social integration. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RYXmC7-sZV0 Fear is Gone 3 minutes Black PowerBlack Power

Leaders: SNCC & CORE - young blacks who were disillusioned w/ white violence and lack of progress- became more militantGoals

Pride in black appearanceEconomic power & self sufficiency Emphasize racial distinctiveness not

cultural assimilation

Black Panthers-1966

Leaders: Huey Newton & Bobby Seale: college ed. activists saw mainstream civil rights movement as a failure to relieve poverty PURPOSEPURPOSE self - defense from white police_self - defense from white police_ adult literacy classesadult literacy classes hot breakfast program - kidshot breakfast program - kids promote black pride & promote black pride & self-esteemself-esteem Afro-centric educationAfro-centric education end capitalismend capitalism

Loss of Major Civil Rights Leaders- 1968-Critical Year Loss of Major Civil Rights Leaders- 1968-Critical Year

Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.Assassination of Robert Kennedy Loss of major civil rights leaders

Legacy of Civil Rights Movement Kerner Commission-March 1968- Pres. Kerner Commission-March 1968- Pres.

Johnson appointed study to find cause of Johnson appointed study to find cause of urban violence- one main cause : white urban violence- one main cause : white racism. racism.

““Our nation is moving toward two Our nation is moving toward two separate societies, one black, one white- separate societies, one black, one white- separate and unequal.”separate and unequal.”

Kerner recommendationsKerner recommendations wipe out ghetto environment wipe out ghetto environment create new jobscreate new jobs construct new housingconstruct new housing end defacto segregationend defacto segregation

Achievements of the Civil Rights Movement

Ended dejure segregationEnded dejure segregation Integration of schools and public Integration of schools and public

facilitiesfacilities Greater pride in racial identityGreater pride in racial identity Political gainsPolitical gains

*2/3 of eligible African American *2/3 of eligible African American voters were registeredvoters were registered

* increase in African-American * increase in African-American elected officialselected officials

(300 in 1965 to 7,000 in (300 in 1965 to 7,000 in 1992)1992)

Unfinished Work of CR Movement Laws passed- Need to change peoples attitudes and behaviorsLaws passed- Need to change peoples attitudes and behaviors Housing & job discriminationHousing & job discrimination Educational inequityEducational inequity PovertyPoverty RacismRacism Discrimination still in housing and educationDiscrimination still in housing and education   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ge7i60GuNRg ABC race experiment

Affirmative Action: Leveling the Playing FieldAffirmative Action: Leveling the Playing Field Whites acknowledge privilege but seem unwilling to make changes Whites acknowledge privilege but seem unwilling to make changes

to create equal playing field: fear it may put them at a disadvantageto create equal playing field: fear it may put them at a disadvantage Proposed solution: Affirmative action: program involved special Proposed solution: Affirmative action: program involved special

efforts to hire or enroll groups that had suffered from discrimination-efforts to hire or enroll groups that had suffered from discrimination-applies only to agencies who get $ from federal government applies only to agencies who get $ from federal government

Significant gains made in reducing poverty levels and increasing Significant gains made in reducing poverty levels and increasing number of college graduatesnumber of college graduates

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vX_Vzl-r8NY

Original African American Civil Rights Movement becomes Model for other Groups Seeking Equal Rights

Women’s Movement NOW: National Organization for NOW: National Organization for

Women :1966 -Founder & Pres. Betty Women :1966 -Founder & Pres. Betty FriedanFriedan

ERA Amendment-ban discrimination ERA Amendment-ban discrimination based on sex- failedbased on sex- failed

GOALSGOALS Access to educationAccess to education Access to employmentAccess to employment Improved health careImproved health care Childcare facilitiesChildcare facilities Safe & legal abortionsSafe & legal abortions Shared parentingShared parenting http://video.pbs.org/video/2210799795/ Boston Marathon

Feminist Achievements Raise awareness of women’s Raise awareness of women’s

statusstatus Legislation outlawing Legislation outlawing

discrimination in workplace, discrimination in workplace, require equal pay for equal workrequire equal pay for equal work

Increase in political positions Increase in political positions held held

Title IX passed: equal access to Title IX passed: equal access to sports in education:1972sports in education:1972

1973 :Legal abortions- Roe 1973 :Legal abortions- Roe v.Wadev.Wade

(Willmar 8 DVD)

AIM:American Indian Movement:1968 Leaders: Leaders: Dennis Banks/ Means/ BellecourtDennis Banks/ Means/ Bellecourt Founded in Minneapolis MnFounded in Minneapolis Mn ISSUES ISSUES 1) lost land 1) lost land 2) sovereignty – right to rule self 2) sovereignty – right to rule self

3) Poor standard of living: lowest income, 3) Poor standard of living: lowest income, worst health, highest suicide rate, worst health, highest suicide rate, shortest life expectancy, highest unemploymentshortest life expectancy, highest unemployment

METHOD: METHOD: Sue federal government to honor treaties & Sue federal government to honor treaties & return native landsreturn native lands 1968-symbolic seizure of Alcatraz1968-symbolic seizure of Alcatraz 1972- Trail of Broken Treaties -D.C.1972- Trail of Broken Treaties -D.C. 1973- Demonstration - siege at Wounded Knee to protest 1973- Demonstration - siege at Wounded Knee to protest

living conditions on rezliving conditions on rez http://www.imdb.com/video/withoutabox/vi1939249945 Taking AIM- 10 mn http://thebiglead.com/2014/06/10/an-anti-redskins-ad-will-air-during-game-3-of-

the-nba-finals-tonight/#sthash.a59N807r.gbpl

Indian Gains Won back 7 million acresWon back 7 million acres

in Black Hillsin Black Hills AIM- vocal advocateAIM- vocal advocate Indian Self-Determination and Education Act of Indian Self-Determination and Education Act of

1975- gave Indians more say in reservations and their 1975- gave Indians more say in reservations and their educationeducation

Federal support to obtain curriculum that stress tribal Federal support to obtain curriculum that stress tribal history and heritagehistory and heritage

Indian appt. to BIAhttp://treatiesmatter.org/aboutIndian appt. to BIAhttp://treatiesmatter.org/about Why Treaties MatterWhy Treaties Matter http://treatiesmatter.org/abouthttp://treatiesmatter.org/about 14 minutes or Sovergneignty 14 minutes or Sovergneignty

Farm Worker Movement: Leaders:Leaders: Cesar Chavez/ Dolores Huerta Cesar Chavez/ Dolores Huerta United Farm Workers represented mostly United Farm Workers represented mostly

Mexican & Filipino workersMexican & Filipino workers ISSUESISSUES: :

Low wagesLow wages unsafe working conditions, unsafe working conditions, long hourslong hours

METHODMETHOD: boycotts, marches, fast: boycotts, marches, fast GAINSGAINS: right to collective bargain, better pay : right to collective bargain, better pay

and work conditionsand work conditions Problems: pesticidesProblems: pesticides

QGLBTLeaders: Leaders: Harvey MilkHarvey Milk

Goals: Goals: legal equalitylegal equality

•social acceptancesocial acceptance

Methods:Methods:Stonewall- resisting policeStonewall- resisting police•Coming out so people could see Coming out so people could see they were neighbors, family, they were neighbors, family, friendsfriends•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mTujTI8rGBg&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1 Stonewall After 40 Years

•Running for political officeRunning for political office•http://www.ted.com/talks/yoruba_richen_what_the_gay_rights_movement_learned_from_the_civil_rights_movement?utm_source=newsletter_daily&utm_campaign=daily&utm_medium=email&utm_content=button__2014-06-06

•TED talks 17 mnTED talks 17 mn

Green Revolution Rachel Carson- Mother of the Rachel Carson- Mother of the

Environmental MovementEnvironmental Movement Earth Day 1970Earth Day 1970 ZPG-Zero Population GrowthZPG-Zero Population Growth Environmental Control Environmental Control

AgencyAgency Concern over individual & Concern over individual &

corporate pollutioncorporate pollution https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=c6Ids_RK6XM 10 mn