history of wind power
DESCRIPTION
History of Wind Power. Large Wind Systems. Range in size from 100 kW to 2 MW Provide wholesale bulk power Require 13 mph average wind sites. Technology Overview - Large Wind Projects. Projects operating at greater than 35% capacity factors at good wind sites Over 98-99% availability - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: History of Wind Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062802/568144a5550346895db16d36/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
History of Wind Power
![Page 2: History of Wind Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062802/568144a5550346895db16d36/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Large Wind Systems
Range in size from 100 kW to 2 MW
Provide wholesale bulk power
Require 13 mph average wind sites
![Page 3: History of Wind Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062802/568144a5550346895db16d36/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Technology Overview- Large Wind Projects
Projects operating at greater than 35% capacity factors at good wind sites
Over 98-99% availabilitySelect projects are
delivering power ~ 3 cents/kWh (with Production Tax Credit)
![Page 4: History of Wind Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062802/568144a5550346895db16d36/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Cost of Energy - Large Wind Projects
2
4
6
8
10
12Le
veliz
ed
Cost
of
En
erg
y (
cen
ts/ k
Wh
)
1990 1995 2005 20102000
![Page 5: History of Wind Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062802/568144a5550346895db16d36/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Fastest Growing Energy Source in the World
Global growth by energy source, annual average 1990-1999
-505
1015202530
Annu
al R
ate
of G
row
th
Source:
Worldwatch Institute 2000
![Page 6: History of Wind Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062802/568144a5550346895db16d36/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Taking Off Worldwide
Wind Leaders:1. Germany2. United States3. Spain4. Denmark5. IndiaTotal (end of
2000): nearly 17,000 MW
Based on information supplied by International Energy Agency.
0
5000
10000
15000
Inst
alle
d Ca
paci
ty (M
W)
Rest of World
Europe
United States
![Page 7: History of Wind Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062802/568144a5550346895db16d36/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
2000: A Year for Market Innovations
Several companies begin selling green power certificates
Several states see first large-scale wind power project: PA, NY, TN
Texas RPS fuels building boom
![Page 8: History of Wind Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062802/568144a5550346895db16d36/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
2001: Wind Power Expected to Take Off
US Wind Capacity expected to nearly double by the end of 2001
The Northwest will see the largest US wind project to date with the Stateline Wind Farm (300 MW)
![Page 9: History of Wind Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062802/568144a5550346895db16d36/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
An All American Resource
Rank
123456789
1011121314151617
State
North DakotaTexasKansasSouth DakotaMontanaNebraskaWyomingOklahomaMinnesotaIowaColoradoNew MexicoIdahoMichiganNew YorkIllinoisCalifornia
Germany’s Potential: 100 GWNorth Dakota’s Potential: 250 GW
World Class Wind Potential
![Page 10: History of Wind Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062802/568144a5550346895db16d36/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: History of Wind Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062802/568144a5550346895db16d36/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Drag Device
![Page 12: History of Wind Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062802/568144a5550346895db16d36/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Giant Brush Windmill(1887 – 1900s)
Charles Brush Automatically
operatedDynamoCharged
batteriesProvided light
![Page 13: History of Wind Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062802/568144a5550346895db16d36/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Earliest Use May be sail boats Persia 500 - 900 A.D.
- Drag, Vertical Axis Device - Panemone - Grain Grinding & Water Pumping
China 1219 A.D. - Grain Grinding & Water Pumping
Crete - Water pumping for livestock.
![Page 14: History of Wind Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062802/568144a5550346895db16d36/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Horizontal Axis with Sail Wings
Higher Efficiency Wooden Cogs and
Ring Gears to Transmit Power.
Windmills of Western World (1270
Mediterrean Coast)
![Page 15: History of Wind Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062802/568144a5550346895db16d36/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Water Pumping Windmill
Pumping water for livestock.
Relatively light, steel blades with aerodynamic shape.
Blades hinged to fold in high winds.
Tail to track wind direction.
Halladay Fan-Type Windmill (1854 in U.S.)
![Page 16: History of Wind Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062802/568144a5550346895db16d36/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Windmill with Pitch Change Mechanism
![Page 17: History of Wind Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062802/568144a5550346895db16d36/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Palmer Putnam’s Windmill
![Page 18: History of Wind Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062802/568144a5550346895db16d36/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Darrieus Machine (1973)
NASA sponsored research during oil crisis.
No tower and major equipment at ground level.
Marketed by Flo Wind
Failed to withstand forces during high winds
Never caught on.
![Page 19: History of Wind Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062802/568144a5550346895db16d36/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Early, Large Large 2 MW Machine (Early 1980s.)
Developed by NASA.Response to problem
with downwind machine of Ulrich Hutter.
Large loads.Noisy. Interfered
with communications.
Tested in Boone, NC and Hawaii.
![Page 20: History of Wind Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062802/568144a5550346895db16d36/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Another Early MW Machine
![Page 21: History of Wind Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062802/568144a5550346895db16d36/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Federal Wind Test Center (1974-1981)
Tested Small & Intermediate Wind Turbines
Culled bad designs. Bergie Design is
spinoff. UTRC's Composite,
Flexbeam Rotor NREL assumed control
in 1989.
![Page 22: History of Wind Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062802/568144a5550346895db16d36/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Danish Machines (1942)
F.L. Smidth early designs
Three Blade Upwind Machine
Hybrid wind & diesel systems.
DC Generator
![Page 23: History of Wind Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062802/568144a5550346895db16d36/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Vester Egesborg Turbine(1950s)
Johannes JuulStudent of Poul La
CourFirst ac machine.
![Page 24: History of Wind Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062802/568144a5550346895db16d36/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Gedser Wind Turbine (1956-1957)
Johannes JuulElectromechani
cal YawingAsynchronous
GeneratorStall ControlledSpecial brakes
for overspeed conditions.
![Page 25: History of Wind Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062802/568144a5550346895db16d36/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The Riisage Turbine
![Page 26: History of Wind Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062802/568144a5550346895db16d36/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Competing Turbine Engines
![Page 27: History of Wind Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062802/568144a5550346895db16d36/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The Tvind 2 MW Machine
![Page 28: History of Wind Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062802/568144a5550346895db16d36/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Bonus 20 KW
![Page 29: History of Wind Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062802/568144a5550346895db16d36/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Danish Domination of 1990s
Slow, steady growth in Europe & Asia
Mid-range machines Reliable with high
availabilities. Conservative, Lower Efficiency American Company - Zond
emerged Green Power, State RPS
program, & Tax credits kick-started American Market in late 1990s.
![Page 30: History of Wind Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062802/568144a5550346895db16d36/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Great California Wind Rush
(1980s) Tax Credit based
on installed capacity.
Lots of bad wind turbines installed.
Lot of turbines were inoperable and had high O&M.
Conservative, Danish machine emerged.
![Page 31: History of Wind Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062802/568144a5550346895db16d36/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Avedore Wind Farm, Denmark
![Page 32: History of Wind Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062802/568144a5550346895db16d36/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Middelgrunden Wind Farm
![Page 33: History of Wind Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062802/568144a5550346895db16d36/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Tuno Knob Offshore Wind Farm
![Page 34: History of Wind Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062802/568144a5550346895db16d36/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Vindeby Wind Farm
![Page 35: History of Wind Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062802/568144a5550346895db16d36/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
TVA History In 1980s
• Tested a 2 MW machine.– numerous problems
• Tested small machines at various locations.
• Conducted extensive siting
2000 • Re-examined earlier work• Meso scale computer
modeling• Sodar development• Monitoring• Walk-throughs
October 2000• Commissioned 2 MW
project on Buffalo Mountain
![Page 36: History of Wind Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062802/568144a5550346895db16d36/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Future of Wind Power
Expect cost to continually drop ($0.02/kwh by 2010)• Taller towers• Increased efficiency, less
expensive blades– wood composite
• Drive trains– Direct drive– Power electronics
• Revolutionary change – The Wind Power
Company down 2 blade machine
• Larger size (1.5 – downwind 3.0 MWs)
![Page 37: History of Wind Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062802/568144a5550346895db16d36/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Future of Wind Power - continued
AWEAs estimates 100,000 MW in USA by 2020.
Transport of wind power from plains states.
Off shore wind development
![Page 38: History of Wind Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062802/568144a5550346895db16d36/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: History of Wind Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062802/568144a5550346895db16d36/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Future for the Tennessee Valley
Taller towers Self erecting towers Different Power Test
procedures Sodars for wind
resource measurements
Low wind speed turbines
Energy storage
![Page 40: History of Wind Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062802/568144a5550346895db16d36/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
TVA’s Plans RFP for wind power
on Buffalo Mountain.
Online by December 2003.
Prefer Power Purchase Agreement.
Expansion for Green Power Switch.
May partner with neighboring utilities.