HISTORY OF WIRELESS

Tapan K. Sarkar Robert J. Mailloux Arthur A. Oliner Magdalena Salazar-Palma Dipak L. Sengupta

WILEY SERIES IN MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL ENGINEERING

KAI CHANG, Editor TC.YJ, AhM CJnn w v t y

A complete list ot the titles in this series appears at the end of this volume

~~~ ~ ~

WlLEY SERIES IN MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL ENGINEERING

KAI CHANG, Editor Texas A&M University

FIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS, Third Edition Covind /? Agrawal

COHERENT OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS Silvello Betti, Ciancarlo De Marchis, and Eugenio lannone

PHASED ARRAY ANTENNAS AND SUBSYSTEMS: A FLOQUET MODAL BASED APPROACH Arun K. Bhattacharyya

APPLICATIONS Asoke K. Bhattacharyya

COMPUTATIONAL METHODS FOR ELECTROMAGNETICS AND MICROWAVES Richard C. Booton, /r.

MICROWAVE RING CIRCUITS AND ANTENNAS Kai Chang

MICROWAVE SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS AND APPLICATIONS Kai Chang

RF AND MICROWAVE WIRELESS SYSTEMS Kai Chang

RF AND MICROWAVE CIRCUIT AND COMPONENT DESIGN FOR WIRELESS SYSTEMS Kai Chang, lnder Bahl, and Vijay Nair

MICROWAVE RING CIRCUITS AND RELATED STRUCTURES, Second Edition Kai Chang and Lung-Hwa Hsieh

MULTIRESOLUTION TIME DOMAIN SCHEME FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING Yinchao Chen, Qunsheng Cao, and Raj Mittra

DIODE LASERS AND PHOTONIC INTEGRATED CIRCUITS Larry Coldren and Scott Corzine

RADIO FREQUENCY CIRCUIT DESIGN W. Alan Davis and Krishna Agarwal

/. A. Branddo Faria

PHASED ARRAY-BASED SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS Nick Fourikis

FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION LINES /on C. Freeman

OPTICAL SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES Mitsuo Fukuda

MICROSTRIP CIRCUITS Fred Cardiol

HIGH-SPEED VLSl INTERCONNECTIONS: MODELING, ANALYSIS, AND SIMULATION A. K. Goel

/aideva C. Coswami and Andrew K. Chan

HIGH-FREQUENCY ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUIT DESIGN Ravender Coyal (ed.)

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ANTENNA MODULES K. C. Cupta and Peter S. Hal/

PHASED ARRAY ANTENNAS R. C. Hansen

MICROSTRIP FILTERS FOR RF/MICROWAVE APPLICATIONS /ia-Sheng Hong and M. /. Lancaster

MICROWAVE APPROACH TO HIGHLY IRREGULAR FIBER OPTICS Huang Hung-Chid

NONLINEAR OPTICAL COMMUNICATION NETWORKS hgenio lannone, Francesco Matera, Antonio Mecozzi, and Marina Settembre

HIGH-FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC TECHNIQUES: RECENT ADVANCES AND

MULTICONDUCTOR TRANSMISSION-LINE STRUCTURES: MODAL ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES

FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVELETS: THEORY, ALGORITHMS, ~ N D APPLICATIONS

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HISTORY OF WIRELESS

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HISTORY OF WIRELESS

Tapan K. Sarkar Robert J. Mailloux Arthur A. Oliner Magdalena Salazar-Palma Dipak L. Sengupta

With Contributions from: Duncan C. Baker, John S. Belrose, Ian Boyd, Ovidio M. Bucci, Paul F. Goldsmith, Hugh Griffiths, Alexei A. Kostenko, lsmo V. Lindell, Aleksandar Marincic, Alexander I. Nosich, John Mitchell, Gentei Sato, Motoyuki Sato, and Manfred Thumm

A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION

Copyright 0 2006 by John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken. New Jersey. Published simultaneously i n Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

History of wireless / Tapan K. Sarkar . . . (et al.] i with contributions from Duncan C. Baker. . . [et al.].

p. cm. Includes bibliographical rcferences and index. ISBN-I3 978-0-471-71814-7 ISBN-I00-471-71814-9(cloth : alk. paper)

I . Radio-History. 2. Wireless communication systernsHfistory. 3. Electrornagnetics-Research-History 4. Antennas (Electronics)-History. I. Sarkar, Tapan (Tapan K.)

TK6547.H57 2006 62I.384'09-dc22 2005022232

Printed in the United States of America.

1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I

Contents

Preface . xiii

Acknowledgments

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7

Chapter 2

Chapter 1 Introduction Prologue . Development of Magnetism Development of Electricity. Development of the Theory of Light. Who Was Maxwell ? What Was& Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Theory ? Conclusions . References

.

xix

1 1 1 7

20 29 37 50 50

. Chronology of Developments of Wireless Communi and Supporting Electronics

2.1 Introduction . 2.2 Acknowledgments.

ation 53 53 53

2.3 Background . 54 2.4 Some Crucial Events of the Nineteenth Century. . 55

2.6 Epilogue . 159 2.5 Some Crucial Events of the Twentieth Century. 92

References . 160

Chapter 3 Evolution of Electromagnetics in the Nineteenth Century 165 3.1 Introduction . . 165

3. I . I Ear& Experiments . 165 3.1.2 Coulomb’s Force Law . . 166 3. I .3 Galvanism and Electromagnetism. , . 167 3.1.4 Electromagnetic Induction . . 168

3.2 Continental Electromagnetics . . 169 3.2. I Electrostatics and Magnetostatics. . 169 3.2.2 Ampere’s Force Law . . 169 3.2.3 Ohm 3 Law . 172 3.2.4 Neumann s Vector Potential . 172 3.2.5 Weber’s Force Law . 173

3.2.5.1 The Force Law. . . 175 3.2.5.2 Potential . 176 3.2.5.3 Neumann’s Inductance. . . 176 3.2.5.4 Faraday’s Law . . 177

3.2.6 Electromagnetic Waves. . . 178 3.3 British Electromagnetics . . 179

CONTENTS vi

3.3.1 3.3.2 Thomson. 3.3.3 Maxwell.

Faraday ’s Field Concept. .

3.3.3.1 Electromagnetic Clockwork 3.3.3.2 Electromagnetic Jelly . 3.3.3.3 FinalTheory .

3.4 Conclusion References

Chapter 4 The Genesis of Maxwell’s Equations 4.1 Introduction . 4.2 4.3 4.4 A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field .

On Faraday’s Lines of Force On Physical Lines of Force.

References

Chapter 5 Maxwell, Hertz, the Maxwellians and the Early History of Electromagnetic Waves .

5.1 Introduction . 5.2 Speculations of Electromagnetic Propagation Before

Maxwell Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Theory of Light. 5.3

5.4 Acceptance of Maxwell’s Theory 5.4. I Maxwell’s Equations 5.4.2 Electromagnetic Waves

5.5 Hertz and the Maxwellians 5.6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 6 Oliver Heaviside . 6.1 Introduction . 6.2 Heaviside’s Life . 6.3 Heaviside’s Contributions .

6.3.1 Transmission Lines. 6.3.2 Maxwell’s Equations 6.3.3 Operational Calculus 6.3.4 The Heaviside Layer.

6.4 Conclusions . 6.5 Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 7 Wireless before Marconi . 7.1 Introduction . 7.2 Conduction Telegraph .

7.2.1 Early Ideas ,

7.2.2 Morse’s Wireless.

179 180 181 181 183 184 186 186

189 189 193 198 208 212

215 215

216 217 223 223 224 225 227 227

229 229 229 237 237 24 1 242 244 245 245 246

247 247 247 247 249

CONTENTS

7.2.3 British and French Experiments 7.2.4 Loomis’s Wireless Telegraph 7.2.5 NewDetector . 7.2.6 Last Steps

7.3 Induction Telegraph . 7.3.1 Dolbear s Wireless Telephone 7.3.2 Edison ’s Wireless Telegraph 7.3.3 Stevenson and Preece .

7.4 Electromagnetic Telegraph 7.4.1 Henry . 7.4.2 Edison’s Etheric Force . 7.4.3 Maxwell and Hertz 7.4.4 Hughes . 7.4.5 TheCoherer . 7.4.6 Tesla . 7.4.7 Lodge and Fitzgerald . 7.4.8 The Visionaries . 7.4.9 Finally, Marconi . References

Chapter 8 Nikola Tesla and His Contributions to Radio Development .

8.1 Introduction . 8.2 Invention of the Tesla Coil. 8.3 Radio Controlled Vehicle . 8.4 Colorado Springs Laboratory . 8.5 Marconi and Braun Research 8.6 Long Island Laboratory . 8.7 Conclusions. . 8.8 Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 9 An Appreciation of J. C. Bose’s Pioneering Work in Millimeter and Microwaves

9.1 Introduction . 9.2 Historical Perspective . 9.3 A 60 GHz Transmission System . 9.4 Development of the Receiver . 9.5 Demonstration of Propagation . 9.6 Demonstration of the Phenomenon of Refraction. . 9.7 Demonstration of the Phenomenon of Polarization. . 9.8 Demonstration of the Phenomenon Similar to

Photoelectric Effect 9.9 Measurement of Wavelength 9.10 Development of the Galena Detector 9.1 1 Biological Effects of millimeter Waves .

vii

249 25 1 25 1 252 253 254 255 257 258 258 259 260 260 26 1 263 263 264 264 265

267 267 268 276 27 8 282 283 286 287 287

291 29 1 292 292 294 297 298 299

300 300 301 306

viii

9.12 Conclusion 9.13 Epilogue. 9.14 Biographical Sketch. .

References

Chapter 10 Sir John Ambrose Fleming - His Involvement in the Development of Wireless. .

10.1 Introduction . 10.2 The Early Years . 10.3 10.4 10.5 The Thermionic Valve . 10.6 Later Life

Research of the University Professor Scientific Advisor to the Marconi Company .

References

Chapter 11 Historical German Contributions to Physics and Applications of Electromagnetic Oscillations and Waves .

11.1 Introduction . 1 1.2 Chronology of Historical German Contributions. .

11.2.1 Phillip Reis: First Telephone 11.2.2 Hermann von Hehlmholtz: Unification of

Diflerent Approaches to Electrodynamics . 11.2.3 Heinrich Hertz: Discovery of Electromagnetic

Waves . 11.2.4 Karl Ferdinand Braun: Ciystal Diode, Cathode

Ray Tube, Wireless Telegraphy . 11.2.5 Christian Hiilsmeyer: Rudimentary Form of

RADAR . 11.2.6 Robert von Lieben: The Triode as an AmpliJier

in a TransmitteR . 11.2. I Heinrich Barkhausen: First Transit Time

Microwave Tube . 11.2.8 Manfred von Ardenne: First Integrated

Vacuum Tube Circuits . 1 I .2.9 Hans Erich Hollmann: Multicavity Magnetron,

Principle of Reflex Klystron 11.2.10 Oskar Ernst Heil: Field Efect Transistor,

Principle of Kbstron . 11.2.1 I Walter Schottky: Tetrode, Theory of Shot Noise,

Schottky Barrier . 1 I .2. I2 Herbert Kromer: III- V Semiconductor

Heterostructures . 11.2.13 Jzlrgen Schneider: QE Model of Electron

Cyclotron Maser .

CONTENTS

11.3 Acknowledgments.

306 308 308 309

31 1 311 311 314 315 32 1 326 326

327 327 328 328

329

33 1

333

333

335

337

338

339

340

344

344

346 347

CONTENTS

References

Chapter 12 The Development of Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony, and Pioneering Attempts to Achieve Transatlantic Wireless Communications .

12.1 Introduction . 12.2 A Brief History of the Birth of Wireless . 12.3 Experiments on Sparks and the Generation of

Electromagnetic Waves . 12.3.1 The Basic Spark Transmitter Local Circuit . 12.3.2 The Plain Aerial Spark-Gap Transmitter System 12.3.3 Spark-Gap and Local Oscillatory or

“Tank-Circuit ’’ . 12.3.4. Power Sources for Spark-Gap Transmitters . 12.3.5 The Synchronous Rotary Spark-Gap Transmitter

12.4 Early Receiving Devices . 12.4.1 Hertz Resonator . 12.4.2 Coherers 12.4.3 The ‘Italian Navy Coherer’ 12.4.4 The Magnetic Detector . 12.4.5 Fessenden ’s Barretter - an Electrolytic Detector 12.4.6 Heterodyne Detector for Wireless Telegraphy

12.5.1 Arc Transmitters . 12.5.2 Fessenden-Alexanderson HF Alternator .

12.5 Continuous Wave Transmitters .

12.6 Antenna Systems. 12.7 Marconi’s First Transatlantic Experiment .

12.7.1 The Poldhu Station 12.7.2 Reception on Signal Hill . 12.7.3 Reception on a Ship

12.7.3.1 The Enigma . 12.7.3.2 So What Might Marconi Have Heard?

12.8 Marconi’s Stations at Glace Bay . 12.8.1 Marconi’s Antenna Systems

12.9 Fessenden’s Brant Rock Station. . 12.10 Transatlantic Experiments in the First Decade of the

Twentieth Century 12.10.1 Marconi 12.10.2 Fessenden

12.11 On Qualitykeliability of Marconi’s Transmission . 12.12 On QualityhZeliability of Fessenden’s Transmission . 12.13 Marine Wireless Communications . 12.14 Wireless Telephony Is Born 12.15 The First Radio Propagation Experiments. 12.16 Fessenden and Marconi, the Men 12.17 Closing Remarks .

. .

ix

348

349 349 351

355 355 355

356 359 359 362 362 363 3 65 366 369 370 373 374 376 3 80 387 387 390 392 393 3 94 394 398 399

40 1 402 402 402 405 405 407 409 41 1 414

X CONTENTS

12.18 Acknowledgements . 416 References . 416

Chapter 13 Wireless Telegraphy in South Africa at the Turn of the Twentieth Century . 421

13.1 Introduction . . 421 13.2 The Cape Colony . 421 13.3 The South African Republic . 426 13.4 The British Experience . . 444

13.4. I The Army . 444 13.4.2 The Navy . 448 13.4.3 The Essential Difference . . 448

13.5 After the South Ahcan War . 449 13.6 IEEE Milestone in Electrical Engineering . . 451 13.7 Acknowledgments . 451

References . 452

Chapter 14 The Antenna Development in Japan: Past and Present 455 14.1 Introduction . . 455

14.3 Marconi and the First Japanese Wireless Communication 458 14.4 Sea Battle of the Tsushima Straits and the Japanese

Radiotelegraph . . 460 14.5 Yagi-Uda Antenna. . 462 14.6 Kinjiro Okabe and his Split-Anode Magnetron . 466 14.7 Radar in World War I1 . . 468 14.8 Electrical Engineering Milestones in Japan . . 470 14.9 Conclusion . 471

References . 472

14.2 Maxwell, Hertz, and Their Followers in Japan. . 455

Chapter 15 Historical Background and Development of Soviet Quasioptics at Near-mm and Sub-mm Wavelengths 473

15.1 Introduction . 473

15.3 Pioneering Research into “Hertz Optics’’ (1888-1900) and Lebedev’s Contribution . . 476

15.4 Early Success: Free Space Gaussin-Beam Quasioptical Technologies . . 485 15.4. I Reflector and Lens Antennas . 486 15.4.2 Circuits for Antenna Feeding and Gyrotron

Coupling. . 489 15.4.3 Components for Beam Manipulation . 491 15.4.4 Measuring Systems for Spectroscopy and Plasma

Diagnostics . . 492 15.4.5 Long Distance Microwave Power Transmission 494

15.2 Quasioptics in the Broad and Narrow Sense . . 473

CONTENTS xi

15.5 Alternative: Metallic Oversized Waveguides (since 1953) - - Quasioptics in Disguise. 15.5.1 15.5.2

15.5.3 15.6 Compromise No 1: Discrete Beam Waveguides and

East-West Competition (since 1961). 15.6.1 Lens and Iris Beam Waveguides . 15.6.2 Reflector Beam Waveguide.

15.7 Compromise No. 2: Continuous Beam Waveguides as a Widely Used USSR Technology (since 1963) 15.7.1 Hollow Dielectric Beam Waveguide. 15.7.2 Metal-Dielectric Waveguides 15.7.3 High Temperature Plasma Diagnostics in

the Moscow Tokomaks . 15.8 Brief Survey of Modeling Methods and Tools Used in

Quasioptics 15.9 New Frontiers of the XXI Century: Optics Goes

Quasioptical . 15.10 Acknowledgments

References

Circular Waveguide operating in the Hol Mode Rectangular Waveguide operating in h the Hlo and Hol Modes. Circular Waveguide operating in the HI , Mode

Chapter 16 The Evolution of Electromagnetic Waveguides: From Hollow Metallic Guides to Microwave Integrated Circuits .

16.1 Hollow Metallic Waveguides 16. I . 1 Early Investigations on Guided Waves. . 16. I .2 The 1930s Period: The Real Beginnings of

Waveguides . 16.1.3 The World War II Period . 16. I .4 The Microwave Research Institute (MRI,) .

16.2 The Transformation to Microwave Integrated Circuits. 16.2.1

16.2.2 Theoretical Research on Stripline . 16.2.3 Microwave Integrated Circuits . References

The Competition between Stripline and Microstrip Line .

Chapter 17 A History of Phased Array Antennas 17.1 Introduction . 17.2 The Early History 17.3 Electromechanical and Frequency Scanning . 17.4 The Technology of Array Control .

17.4. I Phase Shift and Time Delay

496 497

498 500

502 503 506

507 507 512

5 14

518

524 525 526

543 543 543

545 548 554 556

556 559 561 563

567 5 67 568 573 574 574