hmsc metallurgythese slides were blended from two fine sources: california state university and the...
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HMSC Metallurgy
These slides were blended from two fine sources:
California State University
And
The Institute of Materials Science University of Connecticut
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COOLING AUSTENITE
• Mainly interested in eutectoid cooling: + Fe3C (pearlite), 0.77 wt% C • Cooling rate can result in a wide variety of phases and microstructures
o Equilibrium phases: pearlite, bainite o Non-equilibrium phases: martensite
Austenite
Pearlite
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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
• Martensite • Tempered martensite • Bainite • Fine pearlite • Coarse pearlite
Strength Ductility
• Can control the formation of specific phases and microstructure so that desired properties result
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PRODUCTS OF COOLING AUSTENITE
• Slow cooling pearlite • Cool rapidly to upto 550
C, and hold pearlite • Cool rapidly to 550-225
C and hold bainite • Cool rapidly to below
225 C martensite
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COOLING EX: Fe-C SYSTEM (1)
100% Austenite
100% Bainite
100% Bainite
Rapidly cool to 350 C Hold for 10000 seconds Rapidly cool to room T
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COOLING EX: Fe-C SYSTEM (2)
100% Austenite 100%
Austenite
Mostly Martensite + traces of Austenite
Rapidly cool to 250 C Hold for 100 seconds Rapidly cool to room T
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COOLING EX: Fe-C SYSTEM (3)
100% Austenite
50% Austenite, 50% Pearlite
50% Austenite, 50% Pearlite
50% Bainite, 50% Pearlite
50% Bainite, 50% Pearlite
Rapidly cool to 650 C Hold for 20 seconds Rapidly cool to 400 C Hold for 1000 seconds Rapidly cool to room T
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Isothermal Transformation
Diagram Iron-carbon alloy
with eutectoid
composition.
A: Austenite
P: Pearlite
B: Bainite
M: Martensite
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• Spheroidite: -- crystals with spherical Fe3C --diffusion dependent. --heat bainite or pearlite for long times --reduces interfacial area (driving force)
• Isothermal Transf. Diagram
Adapted from Fig. 10.9,Callister 6e. (Fig. 10.9 adapted from H. Boyer (Ed.) Atlas of Isothermal Transformation and Cooling Transformation Diagrams, American Society for Metals, 1997, p. 28.)
(Adapted from Fig. 10.10, Callister, 6e. (Fig. 10.10 copyright United States Steel Corporation, 1971.)
OTHER PRODUCTS: Fe-C SYSTEM (1)
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Fe3C particles within an -ferrite matrix
diffusion dependent
heat bainite or pearlite at temperature just below eutectoid for long times
driving force – reduction of -ferrite/Fe3C interfacial area
Spheroidite: Nonequilibrium Transformation
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Coarse pearlite (high diffusion rate) and (b) fine pearlite
- Smaller T:
colonies are
larger
- Larger T:
colonies are
smaller
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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
• Martensite • Tempered martensite • Bainite • Fine pearlite • Coarse pearlite • Spheroidite
Strength Ductility
• Can control the formation of specific phases and microstructure through a cooling schedule so that desired properties result
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Adapted from Fig. 10.27, Callister 6e.
SUMMARY: PROCESSING OPTIONS
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Bainite
coarse fine
Austenite
Martensite
Moderate cooling (AS) Isothermal treatment (PCS)
Tempered Martensite
Pearlite
AS: Alloy Steel PCS: Plain-carbon Steel
Slow Cooling
Rapid Quench
Spheroidite
Re-heat
Re-heat
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10 10 3
10 5
time (s)
10 -1
400
600
800
T(°C)
Austenite (stable)
200
P
B
TE A
A
Bainite: Non-Equil Transformation Products
elongated Fe3C particles in -ferrite matrix
diffusion controlled
lathes (strips) with long rods of Fe3C
100% bainite
100% pearlite
Martensite
Cementite
Ferrite
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Bainite Microstructure
• Bainite consists of acicular
(needle-like) ferrite with very
small cementite particles
dispersed throughout.
• The carbon content is
typically greater than 0.1%.
• Bainite transforms to iron
and cementite with sufficient
time and temperature
(considered semi-stable
below 150°C).
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single phase
body centered tetragonal (BCT) crystal structure
BCT if C0 > 0.15 wt% C
Diffusionless transformation
BCT few slip planes hard, brittle
% transformation depends only on T of rapid cooling
Martensite Formation
• Isothermal Transformation Diagram
10 10 3
10 5 time (s) 10
-1
400
600
800
T(°C) Austenite (stable)
200
P
B
TE A
A
M + A M + A
M + A
0%
50% 90%
Martensite needles
Austenite
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Other elements (Cr, Ni, Mo, Si and W)
may cause significant changes in the
positions and shapes of the TTT
curves:
Change transition temperature;
Shift the nose of the austenite-to-
pearlite transformation to longer times;
Shift the pearlite and bainite noses to
longer times (decrease critical cooling
rate);
Form a separate bainite nose;
Effect of Adding Other
Elements 4340 Steel
plain
carbon
steel
nose
Plain carbon steel: primary
alloying element is carbon.
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Example 11.2:
Iron-carbon alloy with eutectoid
composition.
Specify the nature of the final
microstructure (% bainite,
martensite, pearlite etc) for the
alloy that is subjected to the
following time–temperature
treatments:
Alloy begins at 760˚C and has
been held long enough to
achieve a complete and
homogeneous austenitic
structure.
Treatment (a)
Rapidly cool to 350 ˚C
Hold for 104 seconds
Quench to room temperature
Bainite,
100%
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Martensite,
100%
Example 11.2:
Iron-carbon alloy with eutectoid
composition.
Specify the nature of the final
microstructure (% bainite,
martensite, pearlite etc) for the
alloy that is subjected to the
following time–temperature
treatments:
Alloy begins at 760˚C and has
been held long enough to
achieve a complete and
homogeneous austenitic
structure.
Treatment (b)
Rapidly cool to 250 ˚C
Hold for 100 seconds
Quench to room temperature
Austenite,
100%
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Bainite, 50%
Example 11.2:
Iron-carbon alloy with eutectoid
composition.
Specify the nature of the final
microstructure (% bainite,
martensite, pearlite etc) for the
alloy that is subjected to the
following time–temperature
treatments:
Alloy begins at 760˚C and has
been held long enough to
achieve a complete and
homogeneous austenitic
structure.
Treatment (c)
Rapidly cool to 650˚C
Hold for 20 seconds
Rapidly cool to 400˚C
Hold for 103 seconds
Quench to room temperature
Austenite,
100%
Almost 50% Pearlite,
50% Austenite
Final:
50% Bainite,
50% Pearlite
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Mechanical Properties: Influence of Carbon Content
C0 > 0.76 wt% C
Hypereutectoid
Pearlite (med)
Cementite (hard)
C0 < 0.76 wt% C
Hypoeutectoid
Pearlite (med)
ferrite (soft)
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Hardness as a function of carbon
concentration for steels