holdsworth 104 - umass...

New Directions for BioNew Directions for Bio--Based Materials: Structural CompositesBased Materials: Structural Composites

Honors 391A Eco-Friendly Building Honors Seminar, Sept. 24, 2012

ByBy

Dr. Peggi L. Clouston, Ph.D., M.A.Sc., P.Eng.Dr. Peggi L. Clouston, Ph.D., M.A.Sc., P.Eng.Associate ProfessorAssociate Professor

Building and Construction TechnologyBuilding and Construction [email protected] [email protected]

Holdsworth 104

Dr. Peggi L. Clouston, P.Eng.

““If the 19If the 19thth century was the century of steel, century was the century of steel, and the 20and the 20thth century of concrete, century of concrete,

then the 21then the 21stst century is about century is about engineered timberengineered timber..””

Alex de Ruke founder of dRMM Architects, LondonAlex de Ruke founder of dRMM Architects, London


More structurally demanding applications todayMore structurally demanding applications today

Prince George Airport, British Columbia, Equilibrium Engineering Inc.

Wood engineeringWood engineering


30 story wooden building planned for Vancouver, Canada

The future The future –– tall woodtall wood

(Read more: http://tinyurl.com/8ua3s8e )


Buildings in the U.S.:Buildings in the U.S.:

–– Use 36% of total energyUse 36% of total energy

–– Use 30% of raw materialsUse 30% of raw materials

–– Use 12% of potable waterUse 12% of potable water

–– Produce 30% of total wasteProduce 30% of total waste

–– Emit 30% of greenhouse gasesEmit 30% of greenhouse gasesSource: Kats, Gregory, et al. “The costs and benefits of Green Buildings.” A report to California’s Sustainable Building Task Force, Oct. 2003

Building and climate changeBuilding and climate change


Green home in Austria

Energy efficientEnergy efficient

Resource efficientResource efficient

Durable Durable

NonNon--pollutingpolluting

Adaptable for many usesAdaptable for many uses

Beautiful and comfortableBeautiful and comfortable

Healthy, few chemicals given off, no mold, fresh airHealthy, few chemicals given off, no mold, fresh air

A green building isA green building is……


Green building strategiesGreen building strategies


Life Cycle Assessment StudyLife Cycle Assessment StudyWoodWood SteelSteel ConcreteConcrete

Air pollution Air pollution (critical volume measure)(critical volume measure)

1387413874 1726517265 2035620356

Water pollutionWater pollution(critical volume measure)(critical volume measure)

2929 119119 102102

Weighted Resource Use Weighted Resource Use (kg)(kg) 251024251024 277531277531 455043455043

Embodied Energy (GJ)Embodied Energy (GJ) 11211121 14171417 17581758

Global Warming Potential Global Warming Potential (CO(CO22 equivalent equivalent –– kg)kg)

5551255512 7423174231 100413100413

Source: ATHENA Sustainable Materials Institute / CWC reportEnergy and the Environment in Residential Construction


Carbon is sequestered in trees Carbon is sequestered in trees

Wood and wood Wood and wood products store carbon products store carbon until they burn or until they burn or biodegradebiodegrade


Switch oilSwitch oil--based products to biobased based products to biobased products products (eg. using wood, hemp, flax, bamboo (eg. using wood, hemp, flax, bamboo + biopolymers)+ biopolymers)

Automotive, sport, building productsAutomotive, sport, building productsTechnological road map for U.S. DOETechnological road map for U.S. DOE–– 10% of all basic chemical building blocks will 10% of all basic chemical building blocks will

be renewable sources by 2020be renewable sources by 2020–– 50% by 205050% by 2050

Biobased composites are the futureBiobased composites are the future

Laminated wood bike frameSylvan Cycles


Composites Composites -- definitiondefinition

““Material that consists of two or more distinct constituents Material that consists of two or more distinct constituents (phases)(phases)””

Constituents have significantly different propertiesConstituents have significantly different properties

Properties of the composite are superior to those of the Properties of the composite are superior to those of the individual constituentsindividual constituents

EXAMPLE: Human muscle tissue:


Advanced compositesAdvanced composites

A scanning electron microscope image of a

carbon/carbon composite composed of fibers (in

blue) and silicon carbide (in brown)

credit: © Eye of Science/Photo Researchers, Inc


Composite stacking sequenceComposite stacking sequence

Inside a ski:


ExamplesExamples

How hockey sticks are made: http://goo.gl/bsohs


Wood is a natural compositeWood is a natural composite


Wood vs bamboo microWood vs bamboo micro--fibril anglefibril angle

Wood fiber Bamboo


Parallel Strand Lumber

z

y

x

y

x

12

Angle-ply Laminate

UMass research on wood compositesUMass research on wood composites

Numerical simulation of strengthNumerical simulation of strength

COMAP© – Peggi Clouston, 2004

+15º

-15º-15º +15º

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

-0.005 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03

Strain (mm/mm)

Stre

ss (M

Pa)


Modeling Structural Composite LumberModeling Structural Composite LumberNSF Grant #0826265 (Clouston & Arwade, 2009NSF Grant #0826265 (Clouston & Arwade, 2009--1012)1012)

Experimental evaluation of strength and stiffnessExperimental evaluation of strength and stiffness


BambooBamboo

fastest growing plant fastest growing plant currently known currently known

33--8 years to maturity8 years to maturity

Specific strength Specific strength greater than steel or greater than steel or woodwood

UMass Research on bioUMass Research on bio--based compositesbased composites


Laminated Bamboo Lumber projectLaminated Bamboo Lumber project

Publication: M. Mahdavi, P. L. Clouston, and S. R. Arwade Development of Laminated Bamboo Lumber: A Review of Processing, Performance and Economical Considerations Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:10.1061


UMass research towards reUMass research towards re--useuse

MASS MoCA – Museum of Contemporary Art

19th century paper mill

* reuse of bricks, natural stone, wood


Standard mill construction

-- Clouston and Schreyer (2011) International Journal of the Clouston and Schreyer (2011) International Journal of the Constructed EnvironmentConstructed Environment

Mill Restoration Mill Restoration with woodwith wood--concrete compositesconcrete composites


Student projects in the BCT majorStudent projects in the BCT major……


Contact: Contact: [email protected]@eco.umass.edu

holdsworth 104 - umass...

Documents