holography - hanyangoptics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/holography.pdf · • dennis gabor (1948, 1949,...
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HolographyHolography
• Dennis Gabor (1948, 1949, 1951) ••• Nobel Prize in Physics (1971)
holography
“whole recording”
- On-axis hologram
• E. N. Leith and J. Upatnieks (1962, 1963)
- Off-axis hologram
• Y. N. Denisyuk (1962, 1963, 1965)
HolographyHolography
Reference : http://oeqelab.snu.ac.kr
Recording Amplitude and PhaseRecording Amplitude and Phase
Object Beam
( ) ( ) ( )[ ]yxjyxayxa ,exp,, φ−=
Reference Beam
( ) ( ) ( )[ ]yxjyxAyxA ,exp,, ψ−=
Interference
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )[ ]yxyxyxayxAyxayxAyxI ,,cos,,2,,, 22 φψ −++=
Reconstruction of wavefrontReconstruction of wavefront
( ) ( )yxIyxtA ,, ∝ ( ) ( )∗∗ +++= AaaAatyxt bA2', β
( ),, of beam (probe) reading For the yxB
( ) ( ) 4321''', , UUUUABaBaABaaBtyxtyxB bA +++=+++= ∗∗∗ βββ
AB =For
∗= ABFor
( ) ( )yxaAyxU ,', 23 β=
( ) ( )yxaAyxU ,', 24
∗= β
Original Referencing & Conjugate ReferencingOriginal Referencing & Conjugate Referencing
AB =For
∗= ABFor
( ) ( )yxaAyxU ,', 23 β=
( ) ( )yxaAyxU ,', 24
∗= β
Virtual image
real image
Image Formation by HolographyImage Formation by Holography
( ) ( )
−+−+ 2
02
0200 ˆˆexp yyxxzjka :
image Virtual
( ) ( )
−+−+−∗ 2
02
0200 ˆˆexp yyxxzjka :
image Real
GaborGabor Hologram : onHologram : on--axisaxis
( ) ( )2,, yxaAyxI +=
( ) ( ) ( )yxAayxaAyxaA ,,, 22 ∗∗ +++=
LeithLeith--UpatnieksUpatnieks Hologram : offHologram : off--axisaxis
( ) ( ) ( )yxayjAyxU ,2exp, +−= παλθα 2sin
=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )yjyxAayjyxaAyxaAyxI παπα 2exp,2exp,,, 22 −+++= ∗∗
LeithLeith--UpatnieksUpatnieks HologramHologram
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) yjx,yBAa Ux,yaBU
yjx,yaBA U B tU b
παββ
παβ
2exp''
2exp'
42
2
31
−==
==∗
∗
Requirement of Reference Beam AngleRequirement of Reference Beam Angle
( )λθ B3sin2 1min
−=
Holography of 3D Scenes (I)Holography of 3D Scenes (I)
Holography of 3D Scenes (II)Holography of 3D Scenes (II)
(a)
(b)
Parallax in HologramsParallax in Holograms
Image LocationImage Location
1
01
2
1
21−
±=
zzzz
rpi λ
λλλ
m
pp
ir
iii x
zzx
zzx
zzx +±=
01
20
01
2
λλ
λλ
m
pp
ir
iii y
zzy
zzy
zzy +±=
01
20
01
2
λλ
λλ
m
Image MagnificationImage Magnification
Transverse Magnification
Axial Magnification
1
2
010
01
2
00
1−
−==∂∂
=∂∂
=pr
iiit z
zzz
zz
yy
xxM
λλ
λλ
m
2
2
1
1
01
2
1
2
00
1t
rp
ia M
zzzzzzM
λλ
λλ
λλ
=
±
∂∂
=∂∂
=−
m
Fourier Hologram (I)Fourier Hologram (I)
(a)
(b)
Fourier Hologram (II)Fourier Hologram (II)
Lensless Fourier hologram
Image HologramImage Hologram
FraunhoferFraunhofer HologramHologram
OrthoscopicOrthoscopic and and PseudoscopicPseudoscopic ImagesImages
Transmission and Reflection Holograms (I)Transmission and Reflection Holograms (I)
• Reflection hologram
(a)
(b)
Transmission and Reflection Holograms (II)Transmission and Reflection Holograms (II)
Maximum Theoretical Diffraction EfficiencyMaximum Theoretical Diffraction Efficiency
Holographic StereogramHolographic Stereogram
(a) (b)
Rainbow Hologram (I)Rainbow Hologram (I)
(a)
(b)
Rainbow Hologram (II)Rainbow Hologram (II)
(b)(a)
Multiplex HologramMultiplex Hologram
(a)
(b)
Holographic Materials (I)Holographic Materials (I)
Holographic Materials (II)Holographic Materials (II)
ColorColor
Color HolographyColor Holography
CIE Chromaticity diagram
Incoherent HolographyIncoherent Holography
1
21 f
fM −=
2
12 f
fM −=
( ) ( )
+= 22
0 exp, yxz
jUyxUa λπ
( )
+
+
+
=
2
2
2
22
2
1
2
11 expexp,
My
Mx
zjU
My
Mx
zjUyxUb λ
πλπ
ComputerComputer--Generated Hologram (CGH)Generated Hologram (CGH)
Special film,
Special treatmentContinuous
Bleached photo on triple-emulsion film
ROACH
Phase only,
Special film treatment
Plot- continuous Final result-transparent
Bleached photo of plotter output
Kinoform
Phase onlyBinaryCRT displaySynthetic interferogram
Fourier hologramContinuousCRT displayDelay sampling
Both phase and amplitude are quantized
BinaryPlotter outputDetour phase
Limited number of pointsContinuousMulti-exposure photoSuperimposed FZP
CommentsGray levelsPreparationType
DetourDetour--Phase Hologram (I)Phase Hologram (I)
( ) ( )∑ ∑−
=
−
=
∆+∆=
1
0
1
0
2exp,X Y
pq
N
p
N
q
jpqf yqxup
fjeauU υλπυ φ
DetourDetour--Phase Hologram (II)Phase Hologram (II)
(a)
(b)
KinoformKinoform
InterferometryInterferometry
DoubleDouble--Exposure Holographic Exposure Holographic InterferometryInterferometry
(b)
(a)
Contour GenerationContour Generation
(a) (b)
Vibration AnalysisVibration Analysis
(a) (b)
Electronic Speckle Pattern Electronic Speckle Pattern InterferometryInterferometry (I)(I)
ESPI (II)ESPI (II)
Aberration CompensationAberration Compensation
Artificial Neural NetworksArtificial Neural Networks
(b)(a)
Holographic data storageHolographic data storage
From Lucent
Holographic data storageHolographic data storage
From Lucent