holy cross college (autonomous), tiruchirappalli-2...
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HOLY CROSS COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), TIRUCHIRAPPALLI-2
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY (2016-2017)
M.Sc. ZOOLOGY: SEMESTER I
(For the candidates admitted from 2016 onwards)
MAJOR CORE 1: FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF INVERTEBRATES AND
CHORDATES
Hours/Week:5 Code:P16ZO1MCT01
Credits: 5 Marks:100
OBJECTIVE:
Student learns the functional morphology of invertebrates and chordates
UNIT I
Nutrition: Nutrition in Protozoan, Sponges, Coelenterates and Platyhelminthes - Filter
Feeding in Polychaetes and Mollusca.
Digestive System: Teeth-structure and functions-Dentition in mammals, alimentary canal and associated glands-their histophysiology in mammal.
UNIT II
Respiration: Respiratory organs – Gills, gill book, book lungs, parapodia, trachea, water
vascular system with reference to respiration. Pulmonary respiration in a mammal
Accessory respiratory organs in fishes and birds.
Excretion:Excretory organs & Excretory products in invertebrates and Chordates
UNIT III
Circulatory system - Circulation in Invertebrates – open and closed system. Circulatory System: Evolution of heart and aortic arches and venous system. Circulation in
mammal
UNIT IV
Nervous System : Primitive types - Coelenterates, Echinoderms and Hemichordates.
Advanced types - Nervous system and Learning in Cephalopods.
Nervous System in Mammals - Morphology of the neuron, structure of brain and spinal
cord, cranial nerves; autonomic nervous system. Extra sensory organs.
UNIT V
Chemical Co-ordination: Hormones and neurohormones -Endocrine regulation in annelids
and Molluscs .
Pheromones and Allelochemicals.
Reproduction: Asexual reproduction in Protozoans and Polychaetes.. Anatomy of male and female reproductive systems in Vertebrates.Oviparity , ovo-viviparity
and viviparity in vertebrates. Parental cares in vertebrates.
TEXT BOOK: Barrington, E.J.W. (1979): “Invertebrate Structure and Function”, II Edn. The
English Language Book Society and Nelson.
Thangamani A., Prasannnakumar,S., Narayan,L.M., Arumugam.N.(2007) Animal
diversity Vol.2 Chordata. Saras Publication.
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REFERENCE BOOKS: Alfred, K. (1967): “Invertebrate Zoology”. Interscience Publishers. New York-
London- Sydney.
Barnes, R.D. (1982): “Invertebrate Zoology” IV Edn. Holt-Saunders International Edition.
Carter, G. S. (1961): “A general Zoology of Invertebrates”. Sidgwick and Jackson Limited. London
Cleveland P. Hickman (1973): “Biology of the Invertebrates”. II Edn. The C.V.
Mosby Company, Saint Louis.
Jordan & Verma (2006) Invertebrate Zoology , Chand & Co.
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HOLY CROSS COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), TIRUCHIRAPPALLI-2
M.Sc. ZOOLOGY SEMSTER- I
(For the candidates admitted from 2016 onwards)
MAJOR CORE 2: MOLECULAR AND HUMAN GENETICS
Hours/Week: 5 Code: P16ZO1MCT02
Credit: 5 Marks: 100
OBJECTIVE
Students learn the genetic basis of microbes, basic recombination technology and its
mechanisms, control of gene expressions, molecular basis of human chromosomes,
Karyotyping and its techniques, inherited metabolic disorders and genetic counseling.
UNIT I
Development of molecular Genetics.Role of Bacteria,Virus,C.elegans. Bacterial
conjugation – determining linkage from interrupted mating, mechanics of gene
transfer.Mapping the E. coli chromosome, gradient of transfer, determining gene orderand
fine structure analysis. Bacterial transformation.Bacteriophage genetics – phage cross –
circularity of T2 genetic map –Temperate phage - genetic basis of lysogeny.
Transduction – transducing phages, types, linkage data.
UNIT II
MutationTypes- Lethal,conditional,biochemical, loss of function, gain of function,
Germinal versus somaticmutants .
Molecular basis Errors in DNA replication – transition,transversion, deletion,
duplication, frame shift. Spontaneous lesions – depurination, deamination,oxidatively
damaged bases. Induced mutations – base analogs,mispairing, intercalating agents,
insertional mutagenesis, photoproducts.
Mutation detecting systems-AME‟s test – fluctuation test, SCE(sister chromatid
exchange)
UNIT III
Control of gene expression
Basic control circuits – lac operon system - negative control , positive control,dual control
and arabinose and tryptophan operon models
Gene regulation in eukaryotes – cis and trans controlling mechanisms , steroid hormones
in gene regulation. Haemoglobin , heat shock proteins – feed back inhibition.
Genetic basis of cancer Mutations of proto-oncogenes, mutations of tumour suppressor
genes –p53 gene, retinoblastoma and RBb gene, breast cancer and gene BRCAI and
retroviruses.
UNIT IV
Human Genetics Human chromosome complement, karyotype preparation, chromosome
banding,chromosome painting ,Outline of Human Genome Project and its significance.
Chromosome mapping, Genetic linkage maps Physical map – LOD score for linkage
testing , physical maps.
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DNA fingerprinting – method and applications, single locus DNA profiling , multiplex
STR – PCR,Y – STR and mtDNA typing.
Gene therapy: Types, sites of gene therapy, protocol, gene therapy against cancer.
ADA, cystic fibrosis, future and ethical issues.
UNIT V
Metabolic disorders
Genetic defects of Carbohydrate metabolism – diabetes, galactosemia , glycogen storage
disease , G6PD deficiency.
Genetic disorders of Protein metabolism -thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, PKU.
Genetic disorders of lipid metabolism - Hyperlipemia, hypercholesterolaemia, Taysachs.
Wilson‟s disease, cystic fibrosis.
Diseases of nucleic acid metabolism – Gout ,Lesch Nyhan‟s syndrome , ADA deficiency.
Pharmocogenetics – primaquine sensitivity, favism.
Genetic counseling
Tools involved - Medical diagnosis, pedigree analysis, estimating risks – the age of 35
threshold, genetic screening.
Prenatal diagnosis -Fetoscopy, radiography, ultrasonography, obtaining sample –
amniocentesis, CVS , Triple test, AFP test and FISH.
Management of genetic disorders- surgical, drug therapy,replacement therapy & gene
therapy.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
Alice Marcus (2009) Genetics, MJP Publishers, Chennai. Bhatnager, et al., (1986) Essentials of Human Genetics. Orients Longman Ltd.
Griffith, et al., (1993) An introduction to Genetic Analysis. V Ed., Freeman and
Company.
Holland, B. and Kyriacou, C., (1993) Genetics and Society. Addison – Wesley.
Jocelyn, E.K., Elliot, S. G., Stephen, T. K. (2014). Lewin‟s Genes XII. Jones and
Bartlett India Pvt. Ltd. Mange, E.J. and Mange, A.P., (1999) Basic Human Genetics. II Ed., Sinaues associates,
Massachusetts.
Niyogi, A.K. and Srivastava, H.C. (1985) Human genetics – Principles and Practice.
Allied Publishers.
Primrose, S.B and Twyman, R.M. (2006). Principles of Gene Manipulation & Genomics, 8
thedition.Blackwell Publishing.
Richi, L., (1994) Human Genetics. WCB Publishers
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HOLY CROSS COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) TIRUCHIRAPPALLI-2
M. Sc. ZOOLOGY: SEMESTER I
(For the candidates admitted from 2016 onwards)
MAJOR CORE 3: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Hours/Week: 4 Code: P16ZO1MCT03
Credit: 4 Marks:100
OBJECTIVE
The students understand and learn the molecular mechanisms underlying cell cycle, DNA
replication, transcription and translation. Gain insight into principles of membrane transport,
protein sorting and vesicular transport.
UNIT I
Nucleosomes, Sequence organization of eukaryotic DNA, the law of DNA constancy, C-
value paradox, Denaturation- renaturation kinetics, DNA modification, Gene amplification,
Overlapping genes, Transposable elements – Drosophila – p element – plant two-component
signaling systems. DNA rearrangement.
UNIT II The cell cycle, DNA replication – semi conservative, discontinuous-Bi-directional, enzymes
of DNA replication, replication of eukaryotic chromosomes, unscheduled DNA replication,
DNA repair mechanisms.
UNIT III
Transcription of genetic information: Transcription – promoters, enhancers, silencers ,inducer
and repressor- mechanism of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes – capping,
polyadenylation, splicing, spliceosome, introns, exons, RNA polymerases; Processing of
rRNA – ribozyme, mRNA. DNA – RNA hybridization, ribonucleoproteins, transcription factors, transcription regulators – zinc finger, POU, helix-loop-helix, leucine zipper.
UNIT IV
The ribosome and translation of genetic information: Genetic code, ribosome substructure –
ribosome and protein synthesis – translational and post-translational control mechanisms-
comparison of protein synthesis between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, anti-sense RNA -
Protein sequencing methods, detection of post translation.
UNIT V
Principle of membrane transport – membrane receptors, second messenger system-MAP-
kinase pathway, carrier proteins, active transport, ion channels, signaling from plasma membrane to nucleus - Intracellular compartments and protein sorting – transport of
molecules in and out of nucleus, signal hypothesis - Vesicular traffic in secretory and
endocytic pathways, transport from endoplasmic reticulum through Golgi to lysosome from
plasma membrane via endosomes.
TEXT BOOKS:
DeRobertis, E. D. P. and DeRobertis, E. M. F. (2008) Cell and Molecular Biology VIII
Ed. Lea andFebger International Ed, Philadelphia.
Darner, J., Lodish, H., & Baltimore, D. (2013) Molecular CellBiology.II Ed. W, H, Freeman & Company, New York
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REFERENCE BOOKS:
Kleinsmith, L. J. & Kish, V. M. (1995) Principles of Cell Molecular Biology.Harper
Collins College Publishers, New York .
Malaeinskii, G, M. & Freifelder, D., (2013) Essentials of Molecular Biology. Jones and
Bartlett Publishers. Boston.
Watson, J. D., Hopkins, N. H., Robertis, J.W., (2007) Molecular Biology of the Gene.
The Benjamin / Cummings Publishers, Boston.
Weaver, F. Robert. (2009) Molecular Biology. WCB / McGraw Hill,Boston.
Geoffrey.M.Cooper (2013) The Cell: Molecular Approach VI Ed, Sinauer Associates, Inc.
Sunderland USA.
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HOLY CROSS COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) TIRUCHIRAPALLI-2
M. Sc. ZOOLOGY - SEMESTER I
(For the candidates admitted from 2016 onwards)
MAJOR CORE 4: BIOSTATISTICS AND STATISTICAL PACKAGE FOR SOCIAL
SCIENCES (SPSS) (Theory cum Lab)
Hours/Week: 4 Code: P16ZO1MCT04
Credits:4 Marks:100
OBJECTIVE
Student understands the scope of collection and classification of data in biology. They learn
the different ways of presenting data. They understand the application of various tools to
design an experiment, interpret and make decisions on the data collected. The students learn
to use statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) to enter, edit and analyse data by
applying different tests. They learn to interpret data and to apply the knowledge in their
future research.
UnitI
Definition; Scope of Biostatistics, Variables in biology; Population and sampling, sampling
distribution; Difference between parametric and non – parametric statistics; Data Collection,
Classification, Tabulation. Introduction to Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for
windows. Variable naming on SPSS –data entry, Analysis of data – Formulation of frequency
tables.
Unit II
Measures of central tendency – Mean, Median, and Mode; Measures of dispersion – Range,
quartile deviation, mean deviation and standard deviation; Skewness and kurtosis;
Diagrammatic representation – Bar and pie chart , histogram, frequency polygon, Frequency
Curve , Logarithmic curves,Scatter plot and line graphs.
Unit III
Correlation – Types, methods – Graphic, mathematical- Pearson‟s correlation co-efficient,
Rank correlation co-efficient, Regression – Simple linear regression, regression equation and
regression line.
Unit IV
Elements of probability – Probability distribution – Binomial, Poisson, Normal, Tests of
significance – hypothesis testing- Type I and Type II error, level of significance. Student ‟t‟
test - One sample„t‟ test, Independent sample and Paired„t‟ test.
Unit V
Chi – square; Application of chi-square test. Chi-square test for Goodness of Fit; Test for
Independence of Attributes.
F‟ test – Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) – One way ANOVA – Two way analysis of variance -
Introduction to Multivariate statistics.
Note: Students will work out problems using SPSS package at the time of examination.
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REFERENCE BOOKS
STATISTICS
Bailey, N.T. J. (1959).Statistical Method in Biology.The English Language book society and
English University Press Ltd.,
Ipsen, J. and Feigl, ,P. (1970). Bancroft‟s Introduction to Biostatistics. Harper and
RowPublishers, New York, London.
Robert L.Miller John Maltby& Co., (2002). SPSS for Social Scientists.Palcrave Macmillan,
New York.
Snedecor, G. W. & William, G. (1975).Statistical Methods.Harvard University, Oxford &
IBH Publication Co., Calcutta. Bombay, New Delhi.
Sokal, R, and James, F.R. (1973).Introduction to Bio-statistics, W.H. Freeman &Company,
Toppan company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.
SPSS
Einspruch, E. L. (2004) Next steps with SPSS. Sage Publications, International educational
and Professional Publisher, Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi.
Mille , R. L. , Ciaran, A., Fullerton, D. A. and Maltby, J. (2002). SPSS for social scientists
(Version 9, 10, 11).Consultant editor- Jo.Campling,publishersPalgrave MacMillon
(UK.USA) Printed in China
Rajathi, A. and Chandran, P. (2010) SPSS for You. MJP Publishers, Chennai.
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HOLY CROSS COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), TRICHIRAPPALLI-2
M.Sc. ZOOLOGY: SEMESTER I
(For the candidates admitted from 2016 onwards)
MAJOR CORE 5: PRACTICAL I: INVERTEBRATA, CHORDATA,
GENETICS, MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Hour/Weeks: 6 Code: P16ZO1MCP05
Credit: 4 Marks:100
OBJECTIVE:
Students learn the skills of performing experiments, analyzing the results and discussing the
observations.
Preparation of solutions: Molarity, Normality, Percentage - Calculation of Moles,
micromoles, nano moles, ppm
INVERTEBRATA
Identification and study of sections of coelenterates, Aschelminthes & Annelids to
understand the different types of coelom.
Identification and study of organisms to the type of feeding a) Chaetopterus and b)
Mytilus
Identification and mounting with a suitable diagram of the different types of appendages
in Prawn.
Relationship between the structure and function of a) Parapodia b) Gills c) Green glands
d) Flame cells e) Organs of a) Mechanoreception and b) Photoreception. Identification of
organism and relating it to its physiological importance a) Pila b) Cephalopods
Dissection of neuro-endocrine complex in Cockroach.
Identification and relating the type of reproduction in Protozoans & Polychaetes.
CHORDATA
Relationship between the structre and function of a) skin and its derivatives(scales,nails
and horn) b) Skull of Rabbit c) Dentition in mammals d) Neuron.
Identification and study of accessory respiratory organs in fishes and birds.
Flag label the parts of displayed Arterial and Venous system of Rat.
Relationship of the organism to the type of egg laying.
Identification of given animal for its parental care.
GENETICS
Survey of Mendelian Traits
Salivary gland chromosomes
Pedigree analysis, Human karyotyping, Syndromes, Barr body identification
Polyploidy induction in onion root tip
Mitotic chromosome of mice
Data collection and calculation of gene and genotype frequencies for dominant, recessive and multiple alleles based on Hardy-Weinberg law
MICROBIOLOGY
Preparation of microbiological media- basic media and differential media.
Staining methods: Simple, Negative, acid fast, Gram staining, spore staining.
Motility determination – Hanging drop method.
Culture techniques – Pure culture
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Determination of microbial growth by turbidometric methods, Study of bacterial
growth curve
Identification of microbes- Colony and Biochemical characteristics,
Antibiotic sensitivity assay
Determination of MIC for antimicrobial chemicals
Isolation of genomic DNA from E.coli.
Isolation of plasmid DNA from bacterial cells by Alkaline Lysis method.
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Isolation of mitochondria. Site Directed Mutagenesis, UV mutagenesis-DNA repair mechanism.
Models - DNA replication, DNA transcription and protein synthesis
A record of lab work shall be submitted at the time of practical examinations.
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HOLY CROSS COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), TIRUCHIRAPPALLI-2
M.Sc. ZOOLOGY: SEMESTER I
(For the candidates admitted from 2016 onwards)
MAJOR ELECTIVE 1: GENERAL &APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY
Hours/Week: 4 Code: P16ZO1MET01
Credits: 4 Marks: 100
OBJECTIVE
The students learn the microbial diversity, culture and control of microorganisms, microbial
pathogens, industrial fermentation and role of microbes in environmental protection.
UNIT I
History and scope of Microbiology – Contribution of Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch and
Alexander Flemming - Classification of microorganisms – Whittaker‟s five kingdom concept.
Salient features of Mycoplasma, Chlamydiae, Rickettisae,Actinomycetes and fungi. Detailed
structure of virus (HIV and T4 phage), Lytic and lysogenic cycle, structure of bacteria with
special reference to cell wall, flagella, pilus, capsule.
UNIT II
Culture of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms - bacterial growth, nutritional requirements
and nutritional types, conditions of growth, types of culture media, growth curve,
measurement of growth and methods of maintenance of culture. Identification of Bacteria -
biochemical identification of bacteria -IMVIC test, molecular identification of bacteria, fungi
and viruses.
UNIT III
Microbial diseases of farm and domestic animals, control of microorganisms –
antimicrobial physical agents, chemical agents -antibiotics and other antimicrobial drugs –
selective toxicity, mode of action, mechanism of drug resistance.
UNIT IV
Industrial microbiology – basic design of fermenter, types of fermenter, organisms used and
conditions of fermentation. Fermentation or production of ethyl alcohol, antibiotic- penicillin
and enzymes- protease.
Food microbiology - food spoilage and food preservation, fermented foods, probiotics and
prebiotics.
UNIT V
Microbiome – Animal(Domestic) and Human microbiome .Microbes of air, water,
soil.Symbiotic and asymbiotic nitrogen fixation, biofertilizers – mass production, advantages
and disadvantages. Bioremediation of metals, oil – superbug and pesticides – bioleaching.
Quorum sensing and bacterial chemotaxis.
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TEXT BOOKS:
Lansing.M.Prescott (2002) ,Microbiology,V Ed.Mcgraw Hill Science.
Pelczer, M. J. and Reid, R. D. (1990).Microbiology.McGraw Hill Book Company, New
York
REFERENCE BOOKS:
Ananthanarayanan, R. and JeyaramPaniker, C. K. (2010). Textbook of Microbiology.
Orient Longman limited, Madras.
Atlas, M., Ronald. (2013). Principles of Microbiology. II Ed. WCB McGraw Hill,
Boston.
Black, G., Jacquelyn (1996).Microbiology – Principles and Applications III. Ed. Prentice
Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jercy.
Casida, L. E. (1999). Industrial Microbiology. New Age International Publishers, New
Delhi.
Creager, J. C., Black J.D., Davison V. E. (1990). Microbiology – Principles and
Applications . Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
Dubey, R. C. and Maheshwari, D.K.(2014). A Text book of Microbiology. S. Chand and
Company Ltd.
Joanne, M., Linda,W., Sherwood,M. and Christopher, J. W.(2014). Prescott‟s Microbiology,
VIII Ed. McGrawHill International, Boston.
Stainer, R .Y., Ingraham, J. L., Wheelis, M. L. and Painter, P.R. (2008) General
Microbiology, Macmillan, London.
Talaro, P. K. and Talaro, A. (2009).Foundations in Microbiology III Ed. WCB McGraw
Hill, Boston.
McNeil and Harvey, L. M. (1990). Fermentation. Blackwell Scientific Publication .
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HOLY CROSS COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), TIRUCHIRAPPALLI-2
M.Sc. ZOOLOGY: SEMESTER I
(For the candidates admitted from 2016 onwards)
MAJOR ELECTIVE 1 : SERICULTURE
Hours/Week: 4 Code: P16ZO1MET02
Credits: 4 Marks: 100
OBJECTIVE:
To infuse sound knowledge about the silkworm, their economic importance and diseases and
to disseminate Sericulture as a need - based curriculum.
UNIT -I:
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND SILKWORM BIOLOGY :Prospects and status - Silk
producing species - their distribution - Bombyxmori - life cycle - organization of larvae,
pupae and moth - structure of the silk gland.
UNIT-II:
MORICULTURE : Mulberry - varieties - distribution – methods of cultivation and preparation -
Harvest - Transport and preservation of leaves. Feeding and nutrition - specificity of diet - Factors
of nutrition - Diet and growth. Pest and diseases.
UNIT-III:
SILKWORM REPRODUCTION AND GENETICS: Reproduction - Growth and
Development of silkworms - Physiology of molting in different varieties (Uni, bi and
multivoltine) - Endocrinology of reproduction and development. Genetics - mutation
breeding and development of new strains.
UNIT-IV:
PATHOGENIC DISEASES AND PEST: Pathology - Viral, bacterial, fungi and protozoan
diseases - control mechanisms. Uzifly menace.
UNIT-V:
SILKWORM REARING AND SILK REELING: Rearing operations - Selection and
construction of rearing house. Incubation – Hatching – breeding, Harvesting etc., Reeling, Re-
reeling techniquestechniques - lacing skinning. Re-reeling.
REFERENCE BOOKS
Eikichi, H. (1999). Silkworm Breeding (Translated from Japanese). Oxford & IBH
Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Ganga, G. (2003). Comprehensive Sericulture Vol-II: Silkworm Rearing and Silk Reeling.
Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
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Ganga, G. and SulochanaChetty, J. (1997).An Introduction to Sericulture. Oxford & IBH
Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
HisaoAruga. (1994). Principles of Sericulture (Translated from Japanese). Oxford & IBH
Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Mahadevappa, D., Halliyal, V.G., Shankar, D.G. and Bhandiwad, R., (2000). Mulberry Silk
Reeling Technology Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Otsuki, R. and Sato, S.(1997). Silkworm Egg Production (Translated from Japanese). Oxford
& IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Soo-Ho Lim, Young-Taek Kim, Sang-Poong Lee. (1990). Sericulture Training Manual -
Published by FAO - USA. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Veda, K., Nagai, I. and Horikomi, M. (1997). Silkworm Rearing (Translated from Japanese).
Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Wu Pang-Chuan and Chen Da-Chuang.(1994). Silkworm Rearing - Published by FAO -
USA. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
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HOLY CROSS COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) TIRUCHIRAPPALLI
M. Sc. ZOOLOGY: SEMESTER II (For the candidates admitted from 2016 onwards)
MAJOR CORE 6: DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
Hours/Week: 5 Code:P16ZO2MCT06
Credits: 5 Marks:100
OBJECTIVE
The student learns and understands the principles of polarity symmetry and process of
chemodifferentiation, and signaling pathways during development are understood. The
student also learns the mechanism of cell-cell interaction, organizer induction, and
differentiation during development, including role genes in gonadal development.
UNIT I:
Basic concepts of development:Potency,commitment,specification,induction,competence,
determination and differentiation; morphogenetic gradients; cell fate and cell lineages ; stem
cells; genomic equivalence and the cytoplasmic determinants; imprinting; mutants and
transgenics in analysis of development.
Genes contributing to gonad development – Role of SF1, WT1, SRY and SOX 9
UNIT II
Polarity, symmetry and chemodifferention of egg. Role of maternal contribution in early
embryogenesis – masked RNA
Molecular perspectives of fertilization: Recognition of egg and sperm, sperm attraction,
acrosome reaction, species –specific recognition, cortical reaction, activation of egg
metabolism, fusion of genetic material.
UNIT III
Totipotency and pleuripotency of cleavage and gastrula nuclei – nuclear transplantation
experiments in amphibians – Embryonic stem cell and its application.
Genes that pattern Drosophila body plan: morphogenetic gradients, cascades and signaling
pathways in Drosophila development – Homeo box concept and its role.
UNIT IV:
Cell-cell interaction, adhesion and communication – Organizer and induction: Spemann‟s
classical experiment, molecules of Nieukoop center – activin, noggin, BMP4, Wnt, FGF and
retinoic acid – chemistry and mechanism.Limb development in vertebrates.Post embryonic
development – larval formation, metamorphosis,Environmental regulation of development.
UNIT V:
Differentiation – definition, differentiation at tissue level - epithelio-
mesenchymal interaction, differentiation at organ level – cyclopia and acephaly, role of Hox
D gene, Hox A gene. Concept of gene knock out, abnormal differentiation – teratoma and
teratogens.Programmed cell death.
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TEXT BOOK:
Gilbert, B. F., (2006) Developmental Biology, VIII Ed. Sinaur Associates Inc. Publishers,
Sunderland, Massachusetts USA.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
Balinsky, B.I., (1981). Introduction to Embryology. V Ed., Saunders, Toppan.
Lewis Wolpert, (2002). Principles of Development. II Ed., Oxford University Press.
Nakamura, O., &Sulo, J., (1978). Organizer - A milestone of a HalfCentury from
Spemann - Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press.Amsterdam.
Russo, V.E.A., Brody, S., Cove, D and Ottolenghi, S., (1992). Development. The
Molecular Genetic Approach. Springer Verlag, Berlin.
VasundaraRao (1994). Developmental Biology - A Modern Synthesis.
Oxford IBH, New Delhi.
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HOLY CROSS COLLEGE(AUTONOMOUS)TRICHIRAPPALLI
M.Sc. ZOOLOGY: SEMESTER II
(For the candidates admitted from 2016 onwards)
MAJORCORE 7– BIOCHEMISTRY
Hours /Week: 5 Code: P16ZO2MCT07
Credits: 5 Marks: 100
OBJECTIVE
The student learns and understands the chemical constituents of living matter. The student
also learns the structure, classification and metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and
nucleic acids.
UNIT I
Chemical constituents of living matter: Water- Colligative properties. Electrolytic
dissociation intocations and anions -HandersonHasselbach‟s equation
Carbohydrates: Classifications, structure and properties of mono, di and polysaccharides
(homo and polysaccharides), glycogenesis,glycogenolysis, glycolysis,Kreb‟s cycle,HMP
pathway, gluconeogenesis, glyoxylate pathway. Regulation and hormonal control of
carbohydrate metabolism.
UNIT II
Amino acids: Structure, classification and physicochemical properties of amino acids,
essential amino acids, glycogenic and ketogenic amino acids, biosynthesis and catabolism of
tyrosine.
Proteins: Classification and properties of proteins.Levels of structure in protein architecture,Enzymes:Types of Enzymes. Structure of Lysozyme, mechanism of enzyme
action,enzyme kinetics, enzyme inhibitors, coenzymes.
UNIT III
Lipids:Structure, Classification and biological significance, fatty acid, triglycerides,
compound lipids, phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids, steroids and prostaglandin.
Oxidation of fatty β & γ acids, ketosis, biosynthesis of fatty acids, triglycerides and
cholesterol.
Integration of metabolism: Major metabolic pathways and control sites, key junctions –
glucose –6-PO4, pyruvate and acetyl co-A.
UNIT IV
Porphyrins:Haemoglobin synthesis, catabolism,haemoglobin as a buffer.Biological
oxidation:Oxidoreductases –cytochromes, redox potential, oxidative phosphorylation, energy
rich compounds.
Nucleic acids: Free nucleotides – structure, properties and functions of RNA and DNA,
synthesis and degradation of purine and pyrimidine. Biologically important nucleotides.
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UNIT V
Signal transduction: Hormones and their receptors, steroid hormone receptor and gene
action. Peptide hormone receptor (cell surface receptors), signaling through G-protein
coupled receptors, signal transduction pathways, cAMP, cGMP, phosphatidyl inositol and
calcium as second messengers,insulin receptor ,regulation of signaling pathways.
TEXT BOOK:
Murray, R. K., Granner, D. K., Mayes, P. A., Rodwell, V. W. (2012) Harper‟s Illustrated
Biochemistry.29th
Edition,McGraw Hill companies.Inc .
REFERENCE BOOKS:
Jain, J.L., Sunjay Jain and Nitin Jain (2004).Fundamentals of Biochemistry, S. Chand &
Company Ltd., New Delhi.
Lehninger, A. L., Nelson, D. K., and Cox, M. M. (2010).Principles of Biochemistry.
CBS Publishers and distributors, New Delhi.
Satyanarayanan, U (2014). Essentials of Biochemistry, Uppala Author – Publisher Interlinks,
Vijayawada
Stryer, L. (2011) Biochemistry. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York.
Voet.D.,Judith, G. Voet, Charlotte W. Pratt. (2014).Fundamentals of
Biochemistry.John Wiley& Sons Inc. New York.
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HOLY CROSS COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) TIRUCHIRAPPALLI – 2
M.Sc. ZOOLOGY: SEMESTER II
(For the candidates admitted from 2016 onwards)
MAJOR CORE 8: STEM CELL BIOLOGY
Hours/Week: 4 Code: P16ZO2MCT08
Credits: 4 Marks:100
OBJECTIVE
The students understand and gain knowledge the basic concepts of stem cells - embryonic
and adult stem cells,Pleuripotency and reprogramming. The students understands the
application of stem cells in therapy. The students gets an insight into cell principles of culture
techniques.
UNIT I
Stem Cell – Overview of Stem cell Biology, Fate mapping of Stem Cells. Cell cycle control,
Checkpoints, Senescence of Dividing Somatic cells. Embryonic development - Generation
and manipulation of Mouse and Human Embryonic Stem Cells.
UNIT II
Primordial Germ cells and Germ cell development. Epigenetics and Reprogramming in
Stem Cell Biology. Molecular mechanisms of self-renewal, Pluri/multipotency and lineage
differentiation.
UNIT III
Stem cell niche in Drosophila germ line. Hematopoietic stem cells: Repopulating Patterns of
Primitive Hematopoietic Stem cells, Molecular Diversification and Developmental
Interrelationships, Lymphopoiesis and Hemangioblast.
UNIT IV
Stem cell bank-Aseptic techniques for cell culture room. Preparation of cell culture media,
cell viability assays, Cytotoxicity assays. Signal transduction pathways in normal and
diseased conditions.
UNIT V
Skin Stem cells, Neural Stem cells, Liver stem cell, Pancreatic Stem cells and Cancer stem
cells. Stem Cell treatment to diseases. Novel sources of multipotent stem cells. Ethical
issues associated with Stem Cells.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
Bruce Alberts, Dennis Bray, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, James D.
Watson.(1994). Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3rd
Edition,ISBN -10: 0815316208
Scott F. Gillbert(2000).Developmental Biology, 6th
Edition.Sunderland(MA): Sinauer
Associates
Marshak,E.(2001)Stem Cell Biology by, Cold Spring Harbar Symposium Publication.
William J. Williams, Ernest Eeutler, Allan JU. Erslev, Marshall A. Lichtman.
(1991).Hematology4th
edition
David Clark and Nanette Pazdernik (2010) 1st Edition Elsevier.
20
HOLY CROSS COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), TIRUCHIRAPPALLI-2
M.Sc. ZOOLOGY SEMSTER II
(For the candidates admitted from 2015 onwards)
MAJOR CORE 9: PRACTICAL II DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY,
BIOCHEMISTRY, ANIMAL CELL CULTURE TECHNIQUES, EVOLUTION,
BIOINFORMATICS & MICROTECHNIQUES
Hours/Week: 6 Code: P16ZO2MCP09
Credit: 4 Marks: 100
OBJECTIVE
The students learn the, observe and learn the structure and organization of cells, their
chemical composition through qualitative and quantitative estimations. Students observe the
germ cells and embryonic development of an organism.
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
Cell dissociation
Sperm smear preparation
Urchin development/ Zebra fish development,Hydra regeneration.
Observation of regeneration potential in tadpole
BIOCHEMISTRY
Estimations : Carbohydrates -Total free sugar, reducing sugar, glycogen.
Proteins - Total proteins, amino acids.
Lipids - Total lipids, cholesterol.
Creatinine
DNA isolation and estimation.
RNA - Estimation.
Enzyme assay -Michaelis - Menten constant.
- ( amylase / carbonic anhydrase )
Haemoglobin
Calcium.
Estimation of sodium and potassium using Flame photometer
Paper chromatography (circular and ascending )
ANIMAL CELL CULTURE TECHNIQUES
Aseptic techniques – Autoclave
Preparation of cell culture media, sera and reagents
MTT Assay for cell viability.
Counting of viable cells using Trypan Blue, AO/EtBr staining.
LDH Assay for cytotoxicity
Isolation of protein and determination of its molecular weight through SDS – PAGE.
Identification and confirmation of specific protein through Western Blotting.
21
EVOLUTION
Experimental evidences of Lamarckism (Any two)
Experimental evidences of Darwinism (Any two)
Mimicry and colouration
Convergent evolution –Flight, aquatic life, marsupials and placenta
BIOINFORMATICS
Pair wise sequence alignment- BLAST
Multiple Sequence Alignment – CLUSTALW.
Phylogenetic analysis
Sequence annotation tool- GenScan, Interpro Scan
ORF prediction tools PCR
Primer designing.
Calculation of phi – psi angles – Ramachandran Plot.
Molecular visualization tool – RASMOL, PYMOL
Model structure refinement using SPDBV.
Validation of protein structures using What Check
MICROTECHNIQUES:
Micrometry, Histology, Histochemistry of Carbohydrates, Proteins, lipids and Nucleic
acids (DNA ).
A record of lab work shall be submitted at the time of practical examinations.
22
HOLY CROSS COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) TIRUCHIRAPPALLI – 2
M.Sc. ZOOLOGY: SEMESTER II
(For the candidates admitted from 2016 onwards)
MAJOR ELECTIVE 2: EVOLUTION AND BIOINFORMATICS
Hours/Week: 4 Code: P16ZO2METO3
Credits: 4 Marks:100
Objective:
Evolution -The student understands and gain knowledge about emergence of evolutionary
thoughts and population genetics.
Bioinformatics- Student learns about the genes and genomes and the techniques involved in
their sequence and structural analysis.
Unit I:
Emergence of evolutionary thoughts:
Lamarck, Darwin – concepts of variation, adaptation, struggle for existence, fitness and
natural selection, mendelism; spontaneity of mutations; the evolutionary synthesis, origin of
cells and unicellular evolution. Origin of basic biological macromolecules; abiotic synthesis
of organic monomers and polymers; concept of Oparin and Haldane; experiment of Miller
(1953); the first cell; evolution of prokaryotes; origin of eukaryotic cells; evolution of
unicellular eukaryotes.
Unit II:
The mechanisms: Population genetics- populations, gene pool, allelic frequency; Hardy-
Weinberg law; concepts and rate of change in gene frequency through natural selection,
migration and random genetic drift; adaptive radiation and modifications; isolating
mechanisms; speciation; allopatricity and sympatricity; convergent evolution evolution:
sexual selection; co-evolution with suitable examples.
Unit III:
Genomics – Definition of genome and genome sequencing, genome map; types of genome
maps and their uses, map repositories; GDB – Genome database, NCBI- Entrez human
genome map viewer, OMIM- Online mendelian inheritance in man.
Unit IV:
Gene annotation – Structural annotation (Locating coding regions and other structural
element of the gene). Various approaches in gene prediction: ORF Prediction, gene prediction
in prokaryotes, gene prediction in eukaryotes.
Unit V:
2D Electrophoresis, Immobilized pH gradient, sample preparation, detecting protein on gel;
electro-blot, image analysis, digital imaging – spot detection and quantification, gel
matching. Data analysis – database for 2D gel. Analysis of protein sequences using ExPASY
tools and peptide mass finger print analysis using MASCOT.
23
REFERENCE BOOKS
EVOLUTION
Daniel, M. (2009). Taxonomy Evolution at Work . Narosa Publishing House. New Delhi.
Dodson, E.O. and Dodson, P.(1976). Evolution Process and product, Nostrand Company,
New York.
Dobzhansky, T., Hecht, M.K. and Steer, W.C. (1970).Evolutionary Biology. Educational
division / Meredith corporation. New York.
Durrett, R.(2004). A probability model for DNA sequence. Springer Publishing, New Delhi.
Kadar, N. and Ram, N. (2008). Organic Evolution,Rastogi Veer Bala, Meerut.
Katz, A and Debarshish , B.(2007). Genomic and evolution of microbial eukayotes.Oxford
uni. New York.
Mayr, E. (1963). Animal species and evolution.The Belkmp Press of Harvard Uni. Press,
Cambridge.
Stebbins, G.L. (1970). Processes of organic evolution. Prentice – Hall of India , Private
Limited, New Delhi.
BIOINFORMATICS
Arthur, M.L. (2007). Introduction to Genomics. Oxford Uni . Press, USA.
David, W. M. (2001). Bioinformatics sequence and Genome Analysis, Cold spring Harbor
Laboratory Press.
Jonathan , P. (2015). Bioinformatics and Functional genomics, III edition..Wiley Blackwell
Lovric, J. (2011). Introducing Proteomics: From concepts to sample separation, mass
spectrometry and data analysis .Wiley.
24
HOLY CROSS COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) TIRUCHIRAPPALLI – 2
M.Sc. ZOOLOGY: SEMESTER II
(For the candidates admitted from 2016 onwards)
MAJOR ELECTIVE 3: ENDOCRINOLOGY
Hours/Week: 4 CODE: P16ZO2MET04
Credits: 4 Marks:100
Objective:
To make the students to learn the objectives and scope of comparative endocrinology,
anatomy, morphology and histology of endocrine tissues of vertebrates, crustacean and insect
endocrine organs and their functions.
UNIT-I:
INTRODUCTION TO ENDOCRINOLOGY: Introduction, objectives and scope of
endocrinology - modern concepts and problems in Endocrinology - endocrine glands in
crustaceans, insects and vertebrates. Experimental methods of hormone research - general
classes of chemical messengers.
UNIT-II:
PITUITARY AND THYROID GLANDS Pituitary gland - characteristics, structural
organization - hormone secretion and its functions - Hypothalamic control. Thyroid gland -
structural organizations, metabolic effects of thryroid - effects on reproduction - parathyroid
its structure and functions.
UNIT-III:
PANCREAS AND ADRENAL GLANDS Structure of pancreas, pancreatic hormones and
their functions. Structural organizations of adrenals, functions of cortical and medullary
hormones.
UNIT-IV:
INSECTS AND CRUSTACEAN ENDOCRINOLOGY Concepts of neurosecretions -
endocrine systems in crustaceans - endocrine control of moulting and metamorphosis -
neuroendocrine system in insects - endocrine control of moulting - metamorphosis and
reproduction.
UNIT-V: VERTEBRATE REPRODUCTIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY
Structure of mammalian testis and ovary - male and female sex accessory organs - hormones
of testis and ovary - estrous and menstrual cycle - hormones of pregnancy - parturition -
hormonal control of lactation. Hormonal control of metamorphosis in an anuran amphibian.
REFERENCE BOOK
Barrington, E.J.W. (1985). An introduction to general and comparative
endocrinology.Claredon Press Oxford.
25
Bentley, P.J. (1985). Comparative vertebrate endocrinology, Second Edition, Cambridge
University Press. Cambridge.
Haris, G.W. and. Donovan, B.T (1968).The Pituitary Gland. S. Chand and Co.
Ingleton, P.M. and Bangara, J.T. (1986).Fundamentals of comparative vertebrate
endocrinology, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Mac Hadley.(1992). Endocrinology, 3rd Edition.Prentice - Hall Inc. A Simon & Schuster
Company, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. USA..
Turner, C.D. andBangara,J.T. (1986).General endocrinology.Saunders International Student
edition. Toppan Company Limited. Tokyo. .
26
HOLY CROSS COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) TIRUCHIRAPPALLI-2
M.Sc. ZOOLOGY: SEMESTER II
(For the candidates admitted from 2016 onwards)
MA/M.Sc/M.RSc./M.Com
NON-MAJOR ELECTIVE I: HUMAN GENETICS
Hours/Week: 5 Code: P16ZO2NMT01
Credit:3 Marks:100
OBJECTIVE: The central objectives for this course are to broaden and deepen the
knowledge and understanding of genetics and genetic principles. Specific objectives of
this course are to provide an understanding on Mendelism, Gene Structure and expression,
Sex determination and Genetic diseases.
UNIT I
Introduction to Mendelism.Mendel‟s laws in human genetics.Mendelian traits – Pedigree
analysis - Multiple alleles (ABO and Rh factor) - Polygenic inheritance.
UNIT II
Genes and Chromosomes.Human karyotype. Chromosomal abnormalities – syndromes –
Learning disabilities.
UNIT III
Sex determination –X linked inheritance, sex limited and sex influenced genes ,Y linked
inheritance , Mutation and mutagens.
UNIT IV
Genetic diseases – inborn errors of metabolism - PKU, Albinism, Alkaptonuria.Cystic
fibrosis, Diabetes and hypercholesterolemia.Consanguinous marriages. Cancer- genetic
markers (BRCA1 & 2, Rb, Cervical, Prostate), Congenital defects, Teratogens.
UNIT V
Detection of genetic diseases - RFLP, FISH, PCR, ASO probe analysis. Prenatal diagnosis- Invasive and non-invasive techniques.Diagnosis of metabolic disorders.
REFERENCE BOOKS
Alice Marcus (2010). Human Genetics.Narosa Publishing house.
Gardener, A. and Davies, T. (2010).Human Genetics (2
nd edition). Viva Books Private
limited.
Jocelyn E. Krebs, Elliot S. Goldstein, Stephen T. Kilpatrick (2014). Lewin‟s Genes XI. Jones
and Bartlett Publishers, LLC.
Mange, E.L. and Mange, A. P. (1999).Basic Human Genetics (2nd
edition).Sinauer
Associates, Inc, Publishers Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Robert.H.Tamarin (2004) Principles of Genetics (7th edition) McGraw-Hill Companies.
27
HOLY CROSS COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) TIRUCHIRAPALLI-2
M. Sc. ZOOLOGY - SEMESTER III
(For the candidates admitted from 2016 onwards)
MAJOR CORE 10: ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
Hours/Week:5 Code: P16ZO3MCT10
Credit: 5 Marks:100
OBJECTIVE
Students understand the concepts of homeostasis with reference to temperature,
osmotic concentration and pressure. They also understand the physiology of digestion,
respiration, excretion and nervous coordination and receptor mechanisms. They learn the
concepts of energy transformations in nature and biological systems and their applications.
UNIT I
Homeostatic mechanisms
Thermoregulation: Temperature compensation in poikilotherms ,Temperature Regulation in
homeotherms, Physical, chemical and neural regulation. Concept of acclimation and
acclimatization.
Osmotic and ionic regulation: Response to hyperosmotic and hyposmotic media with
reference to crustaceans and fishes.
Stress and adaptations: Adaptations to pressure - High altitude , buoyancy, biological
rhythms. Jet- lag and its remedies.
UNIT II
Respiration- Comparative physiology of respiration in relation to different habitats,
transport of gases ,exchange of gases, neural and chemical regulation of respiration.
Circulation and Excretion
Blood and circulation: Blood corpuscles, haemopoiesis and formed elements, plasma
function, blood volume and its regulation and haemostasis . Comparative anatomy of heart
structure, myogenic heart, cardiac cycle, heart as a pump, blood pressure, blood volume
regulation, neural regulation, ECG - principle and significance.
Excretion: Comparative physiology of excretion in relation to different habitats, kidney -
urine formation, concentration, elimination, micturition , regulation of water balance.
UNIT III
Muscular co-ordination: Chemistry and Molecular mechanism of muscular contraction.
Nervous co-ordination: Gross anatomy of brain and spinal cord, Neuron- resting membrane
potential, action potential, propagation of action potential, interneuron transmission, Central
and peripheral nervous system - neural control of muscle tone and posture.
Receptor mechanism: Chemoreception- Chemical senses , taste and smell, Phonoreception
– Physiology of hearing, Photoreception - Photochemistry of vision.
UNIT IV
Endocrine system
Basic mechanism of hormone action - Neuro endocrine mechanism in insect growth and
reproduction.Endocrine glands: Hypothalamus, Pituitary axis, Pineal gland, Thyroid,
Parathyroid , Pancreas and adrenal – Hormones secreted, functions and disorders.
28
UNIT V
Reproductive systems
Anatomy of Human reproductive systems – Hormones secreted, physiology and regulation.
Hormone control of menstrual cycle, Pregnancy, Parturition and lactation.Disorders of ovary
– amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, polycystic ovary syndrome, menopause, Hormonal
contraceptive agents, Hormonal replacement therapy.
Assisted Reproductive technologies (ART) – Artificial insemination, surrogate
motherhood, IVF, GIFT, ZIFT and ICSI ; Oocyte banking and donation.
TEXT BOOKS:
Hoar, W.S., (1987) General and Comparative Animal Physiology.Prentice Hall.
Prosser, C.L. and Brown (1985) Comparative Animal Physiology III Ed. W.B.
Saunders Company, Philadelphia
REFERENCE BOOKS :
Brobeck, J.R. (1973) Best and Taylors physiological basis of Medical practice. IX Edn.
Williams Wilkins Company.
Eckers, R. & Randal, D. (1987) Animal Physiology.CBS Publishers and
Distributors.
Gordon, M. S., Bartholomew, G. A., Grinnel, A. D., Jorgensen, C. B. White, F.N., (1971)
Animal Function - Principles and Adaptations. Macmillan Co. London.
Lehninger, A. L., Nelson, D.L. and Cox, M.M., (1993) Principles of Biochemistry. CBS
Publishers and Distributors.
Marieb, E.N. (2007) Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology. Published by
Dorling Kindersley (India)Pvt. Ltd.
Nelson, S, K. (1985) Animal Physiology - Adaptation and Environment.Cambridge
University Press.
Rastogi, S.C. (2005) Essentials of Animal Physiology IV Edn.Published by New Age
International (P) Ltd.
29
HOLY CROSS COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) TIRUCHIRAPALLI-2
(For the candidates admitted from 2016 onwards)
M.Sc. ZOOLOGY - SEMESTER III
MAJOR CORE 11: IMMUNOLOGY
Hours/Week: 4 Code: P16ZO3MCT11
Credit: 4 Marks: 100
OBJECTIVE
The course is designed to study the antigens, immunoglobulin, humoral and cell mediated
immune responses and complement activation. Students also learn about tumor immunology,
histocompatability systems, organ trasnsplantation and mechanisms of immune tolerance,
autoimmunity, hypersensitivity and inflammation. They also understand the principles of
various immunological techniques.
UNIT I
Immune System- Primary and secondary Lymphoid organs-structure and functions.
Types of Immunity – Innate, acquired, passive, active, primary, secondary, humoral and cell
mediated.
Antigens – Immunogenicity, antigenicity, Immunogens, adjuvants, epitopes, Hapten and
carrier.
Immunoglobulins– Structures, types, distribution and biological functions. Genetic basis of
Antibody diversity, Ig-class switching.Super Immunoglobulins.
UNIT II
Humoral immune response – Antigen processing & presentation –T-cell receptor, T, B cell
activation-clonal proliferation-cytokine influence-kinetics of primary and secondary immune
response-Regulation of antibody synthesis.
Cell mediated immune response- Phagocytosis, role of TC, Macrophages and NK-cells,
ADCC-influence of cytokines. Mechanism of CMI.
Complements- Mode of activation, classical and alternate pathways, Toll like receptors.
UNIT III
Major Histocompatibility (MHC) systems – Genetics organization of MHC in mouse, HLA
in man. Structure and functions of MHC molecules.
Organ transplantation – Types of Graft, allograft rejection (pathology, mechanism and
immune suppression) graft versus host reaction.
Tissue typing tests – Lymphocytotoxicity and MLR.
Tumour Immunology – Tumour antigens, immune response to tumour, immune
surveillance, immunodiagnosis, immunotherapy for the treatment of cancer (antibodies and
vaccines).
UNIT IV
Immune tolerance- Types-natural, acquired (mechanism of T &B cell) tolerance.
Autoimmunity – Theories, mechanism, disorders (organ specific and systemic).
Hypersensitivity – Types, mechanisms and disorders.
30
Immune response to-viral (HIV), bacterial (tuberculosis),parasitic (malarial) infections,
congenital (SCID, LAD and CGD) and Acquired Immuno deficiencies.
UNIT V
Hybridoma technique-Production and applications of monoclonal antibodies.
Antigen –Antibody reactions – Precipitation and agglutination.
Immunotechniques– Immunodiffusion, ELISA, RIA, Western Blot, Immuno fluorescence
antibody technology, Flow cytometry, FISH and GISH.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
Fathimunisa Begum 2014.Immunology. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., Delhi
Kuby, J.(2012) Immunology. W.H. Freeman & Company, New York.
Lydyard, M..Whelan ,A. and. Fanger ,M.V. (2000). Instant Notes in Immunology.
Peter Delves, Seamus Martin, Dennis Burton, Ivan Roitt, (2006), XI Edition,Roitt‟s
Essential Immunology Wiley – Blackwell publications.
Roitt, I., (2010), Essential Immunology, VI edition, Elsevier Science Publishing Company,
New York.
Tizard, I.R. (1995) Immunology-An introduction IV Ed. Saunders College Publications,
Philadelphia.
31
HOLY CROSS COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) TIRUCHIRAPPALLI-2
M. Sc. ZOOLOGY: SEMESTER III
(For the candidates admitted from 2016 onwards)
MAJOR CORE 12: APPLIED ECOLOGY
Hours/Week: 5 Code: P16ZO3MCT12
Credits: 5 Marks:100
OBJECTIVE
Student understands the concept of habitat, niche, ecosystem, natural resources, their
prospects, concepts of biodiversity and conservation. They also understand the source, effect
and control of environmental pollution, the nature of human population growth and its
limitations the application of remote sensing in ecosystem management
UNIT I
Ecological principles
Habitat & niche: Concept of habitat and nichewidth and overlap, fundamentals &realised
niche; resource partitioning, character displacement.
Community ecology: Nature of communities, community structure and attributes, levels of
species diversity and its measurement, edges ,ecotone and ecological dominance.
Ecological succession: Types, mechanism, changes involved in succession, concept of
climate and climatic changes – Chipko movement and Koyoto movement
Species interactions: Types of interactions, interspecfic competition, herbivore, carnivore,
pollination and symbiosis.
Ecosystem: Indian ecosystem – terrestrial (forest and grass land )& aquatic (fresh water,
marine & estuarine)
UNIT II
Natural resources and their conservation
Non-renewable: Minerals - their distribution and prospects; Energy , fossil fuel,
nuclear energy.
Renewable :Energy - solar , wind and tidal energy. Water - availability, consumption and
prospects in India. Forest - deforestation, afforestation in India.
Biodiversity Conservation: Principles of conservation, major approaches to management,
Indian case studies on conservation/management strategy (Tiger Project, Sanctuary and
National park, Biosphere reserves), Invasive species. Wildlife conservation & Management.
UNIT III
Air pollution: Source, pollutants and effects of CFC, ozone, acid rain - global
warming, emission standards, monitoring and control of pollution.
Water pollution : Sources, effects - sewage and industrial wastes - BOD, COD, oxygen
demanding wastes - biotechnology of waste water treatment - oxidation ponds, sewage
and culture of aquatic organisms, biogas from sewage, control standard of water -
eutrophication. Heavy metal pollution, pesticides, biomagnifications, pest outbreak, biological and
integrated pest management -biopesticides
32
Oil pollution: Coastal pollution - Oil Slicks and Spills, Post gulf war effects.Role of super
bug.
Land pollution : Solid waste accumulation, hospital waste and management. Water
logging - pollution indicators, Waste land development.Vermiculture – Introduction, vermin
culture processing and Economic importance of vermicompost.
UNIT IV
Radiation pollution: Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Chernobyl, Three Miles Island, Japan
calamity 2011
Disaster Management:
Definition, Factors and Significance; Difference between Hazard and Disaster.
Natural Disasters – Earthquakes, Volcanic Eruption, Landslides, Snow Avalanches, Floods
and Flash Floods, Cyclones, Tsunamisand Droughts
Man Made Disasters- Fires and Forest Fires. Nuclear, Biological and Chemical
disaster.Road Accidents.
Law and environmental protection: India‟s environmental laws and policy. Pollution
Control Boards - Central and State Government and NGO, International environmental
policy, Earth Summit and World Summit.
UNIT V
Population dynamics: Characteristics of a population; age structure of population,
population growth curves,Malthusian and logistic growth - r & k selection, world
human population growth, pressure of population on land, urbanization and crowding,
human carrying capacity of the earth; future of human population.
Remote sensing: Techniques involved - aerial photograph, satellite images - thermal,
infra red, radar images; ecological applications - resource exploration, pollution
monitoring, environmental impact assessment, ecorestoration, predicting natural hazards.
Space travel: life support system in space vehicle, Exobiology – space ecosystem
TEXT BOOK
Sharma, B.K. (2005). Environmental chemistry.Goel Publishing House, Meerut, 11th Edition.
Odum,E.P. (2001) Fundamentals of Ecology. IV Edition. Saunder
company,Philadelphia,London.Toppan Company, Ltd,Tokyo,Japan.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
Asthana, D. K., and Meera, A. (2001) Environment – Problems and solution. S. Chand
& Company LTD, New Delhi.
Cunninghan, P. W. and Saigo, W.B. (1999) Environmental Science. V Ed. McGraw
Hill, New York.
33
Dhawan,N.G. and Khan,A.S.(2014). Disater Management and Preparedness.(Based on the
syllabus prescribed by UGC for Disater Management Education).CBS Publishers. New
Delhi.
Edward, I. N. (1996).Applied Ecology & Environmental Management.Wiley-Blackwell; 2
edition
Goel, P.K. (1997). Water Pollution - Causes, Effects and Control. New Age
International (P) Limited Publishers
Kudesia, V.P. (1986). Air Pollution. PragatiPrakashan, Meerut.
Nobel, J., Richard, T. Wright, S. (1996) Environmental Sciences. V Edition.
Shah, S.A. (1988) Forestry for People, Indian Council of Agricultural Research -
KrishiAnusandhuBhavan, Pusa, New Delhi.
Sharma, B.K. and Kaur, H. (1997) An Introduction to Environmental Pollution. Goel
Publishing House, Meerut.
Sinha, R,K. (1996) Biodiversity - Global Concerns. Common Wealth Publishers.
34
HOLY CROSS COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) TIRUCHIRAPPALLI-2
M.Sc. ZOOLOGY: SEMESTER III
(For the candidates admitted from 2016 onwards)
MAJOR CORE 13: PRACTICAL III- ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY,
APPLIED ECOLOGY, BIOTECHNOLOGY AND NANOTECHNOLOGY
Hours/Week:6 Code:P16ZO3MCP13
Credits: 4 Marks:100
OBJECTIVE: Students learns the skills of performing experiments, analyzing the results
and discussing the observations.
ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
Metabolism: Metabolic rate with reference to Partial pressure of Oxygen (PO2) and
temperature in fish (abrupt and compensatory effect).
Osmo-ionic regulation: Salt loss and Salt gain in Fish/Crab in media of different ionic
concentration.
Excretory Physiology: Quantitative estimation of Ammonia, Urea and Uric acid in terrestrial
and aquatic organisms.
Flag labeling of Neuro-endocrine system in Cockroach .
Effect of insulin / adrenaline on blood sugar
Measurement of Premenstrual tension through Blood Pressure measurement
Menstrual cycle and basal body temperature.
Ovulation test using human saliva.
IMMUNOLOGY
Preparation of erythrocyte and protein antigens, Immunization, Blood sampling method and
sampling antisera. Natural haemagglutination . Double Immunodiffusion. Single Radial
Immunodiffusion.Immuno electrophoresis.Complement mediated haemolysis.
ELISA – Demonstration. Immunodiagnostic test – Pregnancy test
APPLIED ECOLOGY
Study of Water Quality Index (WQI) using 9 parameters such as pH, Temperature, Turbidity,
Conductivity, Total solids, DO, BOD, Nitrate, Phosphates and Coliform count /Membrane
filtration method.
Estimation of Nitrites, Silicate and COD.
Effect of pollutants on primary productivity of a freshwater ecosystem.
Determination of LC 50
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Isolation of genomic / plasmid DNA
Agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA- Gel Documentation, Quality checking of DNA by UV
spectrophotometer.
DNA fragmentation using restriction enzymes (Group).
Southern and Western blot (Demonstration)
35
PCR (Demostration)Virtual lab – Molecular cloning of DNA in bacterial and eukaryotic
systems. Nucleotide sequence.
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles.
Characterization of nanoparticles- SEM, UV visible and IR spectroscopy
Anti bacterial activity of nanoparticles against- E.coli and S.aureus(Disc diffusion method)
A record of lab work shall be submitted at the time of practical examination.
36
HOLY CROSS COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) TIRUCHIRAPPALLI-2
M.Sc. ZOOLOGY: SEMESTER III
(For the candidates admitted from 2016onwards)
MAJOR ELECTIVE 3: BIOTECHNOLOGY& NANOTECHNOLOGY
Hours/Week: 4 Code: P16ZO3MET05
Credits: 4 Marks: 100
OBJECTIVE
The course is designed to study about the basic techniques involved in genetic engineering,
different tools used to construct rDNA and its applications in medicine, agriculture, animal
husbandry, industry, animal and plant tissue culture.
UNIT I
Construction of genomic libraries (Shotgun cloning and cDNA libraries)
Vectors - properties of ideal vector – Types of vectors - Plasmids, Bacteriophage -
lambda and M13, cosmids , phasmids , SV40 , yeast and Adeno associated viruses,
Artificial chromosomes (YACs, BACs, PACs, MACs and HACs).
Cutting and joining of DNA - Restriction endonucleases - types and functions,
Ligation - homopolymer tailing, linkers and adaptors.
Site directed mutagenesis and transposan tagging.
Host cells: E. coli, Bacillus, yeast, insect cell lines and mammalian cell lines. Gene transfer techniques - Calcium chloride transformation, calcium phosphate co-
precipitation, DEAE - dextrin, electroporation, protoplast fusion, microinjection,
biolistic delivery, lipofection, retrovirus.
UNIT II
Selection and screening of transformants: Insertional inactivation - genetic
complementation, immunological screening - DNA probes and colony hybridization,
reporter genes
DNA sequencing: Maxim & Gilbert method and Sanger method. PCR – Automated DNA
sequencing, Cycle sequencing and Next generation sequencing. SNP and its applications.
Animal cell culture: Primary culture- secondary culture - cell lines- cell culture media –
applications of cell culture.
Plant cell-tissue culture: Micropropogation, callus culture, protoplast culture, anther-
pollen culture, somaclonal variation, cybrids and hybrids- Agro bacterium mediated gene
transfer – applications of plant tissue culture - Synthetic seeds.
UNIT III
Applications of Biotechnology
Biotechnology of medical and diagnostic products: Insulin, growth hormone,
vaccines - r-subunit vaccines, live vaccines, DNA-based vaccines and edible vaccines ,
recent development in the production of HBV, HIV, malaria vaccines.
Protein engineering:Enzyme engineering - gene shuffling- Chimeric proteins- subtilisin, alpha anti trypsin (AAT) and genetic engineering of antibodies
Biotechnology in agriculture: Transgenic plants - transgenic silencing- terminator gene
concept.
Biopesticides: Bacillus thuringiensis,Baculo virus, Nif-gene regulation expression
Biotechnology in aquaculture: Ploidy induction, gynogenesis, androgenesis, transgenic
fish.
37
Biotechnology in animal husbandry: Gamete selection, embryonic sex selection,
embryo manipulation, In-vitro fertilization, demi embryos, embryo transfer. Animal
cloning.
Transgenic live stock : Production, growth promotion, feed efficiency and pharming,
Safety in biotechnology. Implications of GMO
UNIT IV
Production of nanoparticles and applications – Types-physical,chemical and biological-
Fungi, Yeast, Bacteria and Actinomycetes. Collision/Coalescence mechanism of primary
particle formation, agglomertates and aerogels. Use of nanoparticles as molecular imaging
probes. Techniques used in Nanobiotechnology – Optical microscopy, Atomic force
microscopy, SEM, optical microscopy and X-Ray diffraction to study the dynamic events in
cell
UNIT - V
Applications of Bionanotechnology. Microarray technology. Nanopore technology Nanobiotechnology for Human health- A remedy for all diseases. In vitro diagnosis. Medical
Applications of Nanoparticles & Nanosystems. Nano drug delivery. Conventional drug
delivery & targeted drug delivery and advantages. Delivery profile, Role of Nanotechnology
in drug delivery & Cancer Biology
REFERENCE BOOKS :
Kannan.S.Krishnan.M.R.,Thirumurugan.S.Achiraman (2012) Methods in Molecular Biology.
Babiuk, L.A., John, P. Philips and Murray Moo Young (1989). Animal
Biotechnology,Pergamm Press, Oxford.
Glick, B.R. and Pasterick Jack, J., (2001) Molecular Biotechnology. ASM Press,
London.
GorDard and Lucessen, E. (1993) In-vitro Culture of Animal Cells. Butter worth –
Heinemann Publications.
Higgins, I. J., Best, D.J. and Jones, J., (1988) Biotechnology - Principles and
Applications.Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
Marx, J.L., (1989) A revolution in Biotechnology.Cambridge University Press.
Old, R. W. and Primrose, S.B., (1991) Principles of Gene Manipulation.Blackwell
Scientific Publications.
Primrose, S,B., (1999) Molecular Biotechnology. Panima Publications, New Delhi.
Primrose SB and R.M.Twyman (2006) Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics Blackwell Publishing
Smith John, E., (1990) Biotechnology New Revolution.Orbis, London
VandanMohod, (1999) Biotechnology - Recent development.Book enclave, Jaipur.
Watson, J.D., Michael Gilman, Jan Witkowski and Mark Zoller., (1999) Recombinant
DNA.Scientific American Books W. H. Freeman & Company, New York.
38
Balasubramanian, D., Bryce, C.F.A., Dharmalingam, K., Green, J. and Kunthala Jayaraman
(2004). Concepts in Biotechnology, XIV edition, University Press
39
HOLY CROSS COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) TIRUCHIRAPPALLI-2
M.Sc. ZOOLOGY: SEMESTER III
(For the candidates admitted from 2016 onwards)
MAJOR ELECTIVE 3: DRUG BIOLOGY AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY
Hours/Week: 4 Code: P16ZO3MET06
Credit: 4 Marks: 100
OBJECTIVE
The student learns the basics of drug designing, screening and nanotechnology
DRUG BIOLOGY
UNIT I
Drug Development:
Development of drug, drug life cycle, drug development time lines, stages of drug discovery,
strategic issues in drug discovery, emerging approaches to drug design and discovery, drug
metabolism, physical, chemical properties, pharmacokinetic action of drug on human body.
UNIT II
Drug Design:
Computer aided drug design, methods of computer aided drug design, ligand design methods, docking algorithms and programs, drug design approaches, Strategy for target identification
and validation, Lead compound identification and optimization.
UNIT III
Drug Screening:
Combinatorial chemistry and library design, virtual screening, drug likeliness and compound
filters, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) property
prediction, computer based tools for drug design.
NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY
UNIT IV
Introduction to Nanotechnology:
Application and benefits of nanotechnology ; Basics tools for nanotechnology – Principals of
scanning force microscopy, Scanning electron microscopy ,Transmission electron
microscopy; Nanoinprint, Lithography ,Bimolecular recognition .
UNIT V
Types of Motor proteins: Linear and Rotary motors, Structure of Motor proteins, Motility
properties of motors, ATP hydrolysis mechanism of various motor proteins. Protein based
nanocrystals, microbial nanoparticle production.Nanomechanistic devices from DNA.
Biosensors; Application of biochips, DNA –chip, Protein chip, Application of colloidal
particles, bacterial motors. Drug delivery system.
REFERENCE:
DRUG DESIGN: Tommy, L. (2002).Textbook of Drug Design and Discovery, Third Edition (Forensic
Science) Ed by P. K.Larsen.andUlf Madsen.
40
David, W. M. (2001). Bioinformatics sequence and Genome Analysis, Cold spring Harbor
Laboratory Press.
Jonathan , P. (2009). Bioinformatics and Functional genomics, 2nd
edition.Sinauer Associates,
Inc.
Lovric, J. (2011). Introducing Proteomics: From concepts to sample separation, mass
spectrometry and data analysis .Wiley.
NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY:
Babiuk, L.A., John, P. Philips and Murray Moo Young (1989). Animal
Biotechnology,Pergamm Press, Oxford.
Glick, B.R. and Pasterick Jack, J., (2001) Molecular Biotechnology. ASM Press,
London.
GorDard and Lucessen, E. (1993) In-vitro Culture of Animal Cells. Butter worth – Heinemann Publications.
Higgins, I. J., Best, D.J. and Jones, J., (1988) Biotechnology - Principles and
Applications.Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
Marx, J.L., (1989) A revolution in Biotechnology.Cambridge University Press.
Old, R. W. and Primrose, S.B., (1991) Principles of Gene Manipulation.Blackwell
Scientific Publications.
Primrose, S,B., (1999) Molecular Biotechnology. Panima Publications, New Delhi.
Primrose SB and R.M.Twyman (2006) Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics
Blackwell Publishing
Smith John, E., (1990) Biotechnology New Revolution.Orbis, London
VandanMohod, (1999) Biotechnology - Recent development.Book enclave, Jaipur.
Watson, J.D., Michael Gilman, Jan Witkowski and Mark Zoller., (1999) Recombinant
DNA.Scientific American Books W. H. Freeman & Company, New York.
41
HOLY CROSS COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) TIRUCHIRAPPALLI-2
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
(For the candidates admitted from 2016 onwards)
MA/M.Sc/MRSc/M.Com Degree course
SEMESTER III
NON-MAJOR ELECTIVE 2: HUMAN HEALTH CARE
Hours/Week: 5 Code:P16ZO3NMT02
Credits: 3 Marks:100
OBJECTIVE
Students learn about tips for living a healthy life related to the body & mind, nutritional guide
and balanced diet, body care through health screening, motherhood, complementary medicine
and first aid.
UNIT I:
Introduction to Structure & Functions of the body: Parts of body -Organs and Systems.
Personal hygiene-General care of eyes and defects of vision. Ears- general care, do‟s and
don‟ts. Skin – Routine care and anti-aging strategies. Hair – general care, cleaning tips,
prevention of hair loss, anti dandruff strategies. Teeth – flossing, brushing, checkups, dental
do‟s.
UNIT II
Concept of health & disease: Factors promoting health.Healthy living- Nutrition guide –
food pyramid, moderation, variety, five basic food groups, balanced diet, healthy weight
range.
Health screening – periodic screening for CV diseases, Cancer, Thyroid, AIDS, STD,
Diabetes mellitus. Menstrual hygiene & related problems-amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, PMS.
UNIT III Mental health: Body & Mind relationship. Mind in disease.Care of mental health. Yoga.
Fitness- exercise, warm up, cool down. Stress management- physical, emotional, mental.
Time management.
UNIT IV
Growth of body & Reproduction: Motherhood- Pregnancy – confirmation, physical and
emotional changes, Labour and delivery, common problems during pregnancy, Nutritional
guidelines.
Child care- Developmental milestones – new born, toddler and pre-school,parenting-skills.
UNIT V
Complementary Medicine and First Aid: Facts about alternative medicine – Naturopathy,
Homeopathy, Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha.
First Aid Kit, First Aid procedures for dehydration, heart attack, fractures and dislocation,
heat stroke, poisoning, electric shock, bleeding and burns.
42
REFERENCE BOOKS:
Harold Shryockand Hubert O. Swartout (1970) Your Health and You, Vol. I, The
Stanborough Press Ltd., England.
LakshmanaSarma, and Swaminathan, S. (2008) Speaking of Nature Cure- Regain, Retain
and Improve Health the Drugless Way, Sterling Publications Pvt., Ltd., New Delhi.
NeelamKhetarpaul, G.P., and Bhardway, I, G. (2001) Health and Nutrition – A guide with
special reference to mother and child, Kalayani Publications, New Delhi.
Shanti Ghosh, (2007) Nutrition and Child Care – A Practical Guide. Londson Publishers
Pvt., Ltd., New Delhi.
St. John Ambulance (2009).First Aid to the injured, Third edition, 5th issue.
Walia, B.N.S., Shah, P.M., and Kusum P Shah , (1979) Practical Mother and Child Health Care. Orient Longman, New Delhi.
43
HOLY CROSS COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), TIRUCHIRAPPALLI-2
M.Sc. ZOOLOGY: SEMESTER IV
(For the candidates admitted from 2016 onwards)
SELF STUDY PAPER : BIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES AND BIOPHYSICS
Credit: 2 Code: P16ZO4SST01
Marks:100
OBJECTIVE
Students understand the principles of light, radioactivity and working mechanism of various
techniques such as microscopy, radioactive counters, photometry, chromatography,
centrifuges, pH meter, electrophoresis and blotting techniques.
UNIT I
Light – biophysical aspects of vision. Principle and applications of microscopy – phase
contrast, polarizing, fluorescence, interference and electron microscope (SEM, TEM and STEM) – AFM & CLSM - microscopic measurements, LASER- principle and applications,
Spectrophotometer. NMR & ESR spectroscopy, structure determination using X ray
diffraction and NMR, Mass spectrometry, surface plasma resonance.
UNIT II
Radioactivity - properties of different types of radioisotopes, biological tracers – nature of
ionizing radiations, Measurements of radioactivity –radioactive counters, Isotopes as
biological tracers, Incorporation of radio isotopes in biological tissues & cell, molecular
imaging of radioactive material, safety guide lines.
UNIT III
Principles of microtechnique – fixation, histological and histochemical staining methods for
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids, Different fixation and staining techniques
for electron microscope. Immunocytochemistry – principles and applications- in situ
localization by FISH and GISH Photometry – Principle and applications of flame photometry and
flow cytometry
UNIT IV
Chromatography - principle and applications –column, gas-liquid, gel permeation, ion-
exchange affinity, TLC, HPLC and GC-MS, MALDI-TOF,LC-MS.Centrifugation – concepts
of relative centrifugal force, sedimentation co-efficient, preparative and analytical, ultra
centrifugation, differential, gradient and zonal centrifugation and their applications.
UNIT V
Electrophoresis – principle and applications - continuous and discontinuous, dissociating and
non-dissociating system, paper, agarose, poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE),
immunoelectrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, 2D gel electrophoresis, DGGE/TGGE.
44
TEXT BOOK:
Upadhyay, A., Upadhayay, K. and Nirmalendu, N. (2002) Biophysical
chemistry.Himalayan Publishing House, Mumbai.
REFERENCE BOOKS
Keith Wilson and John Walker(2010) Principles and techniques of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology VII Ed.Cambridge University Press,New york
Casey, E. J. (1962). Biophysics - Concepts and Mechanisms. East West Press Pvt.,
Ltd., New Delhi.
Daniel, M. (2005).Basic Biophysics for Biologist. Agro Botanical Publishers,
Bihaner, India.
Narayanan, P. (2007). Essentials of Biophysics.New Age International (P) Ltd.
Publishers.
Plummer, T.D. (1978).An introduction to Practical Biochemistry. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi.
Rodney, C. 2004.Biophysics An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Skoog, A. D. and James, J. L. (1992). Principles of Instrumental Analysis. Saunders
GoldenSunberst Series.
Vasanthan, P. and Gautham, N. (2002). Biophysics. Narosa Publishing House,
New Delhi.