home sweet home... or is it???? breathing! some basics
TRANSCRIPT
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Home sweet home . . .Home sweet home . . .
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Or is it????Or is it????
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Breathing!Breathing!
Some basicsSome basics
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What is in our atmosphere?What is in our atmosphere?
Normal chemical composition of our atmosphere:
(N2) 78%
(O2) 21%
Trace gases (water, argon, carbon dioxide, other pollutants) 1%
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Pollution terminologyPollution terminology
• Pollutant
• Source
• Effect
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Article: EPA Proposes New Article: EPA Proposes New Ozone StandardOzone Standard
• EPA = Environmental Protection Agency
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Pollution unitsPollution units
Parts per thousand (ppt)
Parts per million (ppm)
Parts per billion (ppb)
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Smog and ozone form togetherSmog and ozone form together
1. N2 + O2 2NO
2. 2NO + O2 2NO2
3. NO2 + UV radiation NO + O
4. O + O2 O3
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Primary pollutants come directly Primary pollutants come directly from a sourcefrom a source
• Mobile sources
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Mobile sourcesMobile sources
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Stationary SourcesStationary Sources
• Power plants
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RefineriesRefineries
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Secondary pollutants form in Secondary pollutants form in atmosphere as gases reactatmosphere as gases react
• Smog, ground level ozone and acid rain
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Secondary pollutants form in Secondary pollutants form in atmosphere as gases reactatmosphere as gases react
• Step two: 2NO + O2 2NO2
• NO2 is smog – a yellow brown gas
• Causes lung and eye irritation, makes asthma, bronchitis and emphysema worse
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Ozone formationOzone formation
Step 3: NO2 + UV radiation NO + O
Step 4:O + O2 O3
Ozone slows photosynthesis, eye and lung irritant, makes asthma, emphysema, bronchitis worse
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Check out ozone formationCheck out ozone formation
• Texas Commission on Environmental Quality– EPA: National/Federal Regulatory agency– TCEQ: state regulatory agency
• ozone animation
Houston Clean Air Network Map
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AQI: set at 100 for each criterion AQI: set at 100 for each criterion pollutant level. pollutant level.
Ozone 100 AQI = 85ppbOzone 100 AQI = 85ppb
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Smog and ozone form togetherSmog and ozone form together
1. N2 + O2 2NO2. 2NO + O2 2NO2
3. NO2 + UV radiation NO + O4. O + O2 O3
Ozone season: March- NovemberOzone daily formation: noon-early
evening
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VOCs – a second route for OVOCs – a second route for O33
formationformation• Volatile Organic Compounds:
– Methane (CH4)
– Propane– Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC)
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– VOCs can break O2 into free oxygen atoms (free radicals)
– VOC + O2 VOC + 2O
– O + O2 O3
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We're #?We're #?
• . . . .for the number of days exceeding allowable ground level ozone levels.
• American Lung Association State of the Air
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We're #?We're #?
• . . . .for the number of days exceeding allowable ground level ozone levels.
• American Lung Association State of the Air
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Measuring pollutantsMeasuring pollutants
• parts per thousand = ppt
• parts per million = ppm
• Parts per billion = ppb
• Parts per trillion = ppt (must know from context)
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Clean Air ActClean Air Act
• Passed by Congress in 1970, updated in 1990, ‘93, 97, 2008.
• Required EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) to identify criteria pollutants and to establish minimum standards: EPA came up with NAAQ’s
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National Ambient Air Quality National Ambient Air Quality StandardsStandards
• Six criterion pollutants: NOx, SOx, O3, Pb, CO, particulates
• Established minimum standards: 1hr and 8 hr
• EPA is working to have greenhouse gases added by Congress to the NAAQs
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HoustonHouston’’s special issuess special issues
• 1/3 of all US petrochemicals pass through our refineries
• Refineries separate crude oil into many different products from asphalt tar to gasoline to butane
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Refineries create carcinogenic Refineries create carcinogenic air pollutantsair pollutants
Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes
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So what is being done about So what is being done about this? - City monitoringthis? - City monitoring
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45 mobile monitoring stations45 mobile monitoring stations
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State monitoringState monitoring
• Flexible permitting – each facility has total cap emissions limit, but flexibility in how they meet that limit.
• TCEQ issues permits for emitting certain amount of pollutants
• Facilities do “self reporting”
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Check your understanding!Check your understanding!
• What is the difference between a primary and a secondary air pollutant?
• Give an example of a mobile source.
• Give an example of a stationary source.
• Which layer of the atmosphere are you in RIGHT NOW?!!!!
• What is the normal chemical composition of our atmosphere?