hot and humid climate
DESCRIPTION
HOT AND HUMID CLIMATEAN ANALYSIS-APOORVA -MAITREYI -MRUNALI -SHRADDHA -SOMREETASYNOPSIS FACTORS INFLUENCING CLIMATE TROPICAL CLIMATE CHARACTERISTICS OF HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE AREAS INFLUENCED BY HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE TEMPERATURE VARIATION THROUGHOUT INDIA ELUCIDATION OF HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE IN SPECIFIC PARTS OF THE COUNTRY THERMAL COMFORT BIOCLIMATIC CHART APPLICATION OF CLIMATOLOGY AND CLIMATIC DESIGN PROCESS IN ARCHITECTUREFACTORS INFLUENCING CLIMATE??? AIR TETRANSCRIPT
HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE
-APOORVA -MAITREYI-MRUNALI-SHRADDHA-SOMREETA
AN ANALYSIS
SYNOPSIS
• FACTORS INFLUENCING CLIMATE• TROPICAL CLIMATE• CHARACTERISTICS OF HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE• AREAS INFLUENCED BY HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE• TEMPERATURE VARIATION THROUGHOUT INDIA• ELUCIDATION OF HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE IN SPECIFIC PARTS OF THE COUNTRY• THERMAL COMFORT• BIOCLIMATIC CHART• APPLICATION OF CLIMATOLOGY AND CLIMATIC DESIGN PROCESS IN ARCHITECTURE
FACTORS INFLUENCING CLIMATE???
• AIR TEMPERATURE• WIND (VELOCITY & DIRECTION)• HUMIDITY• PRECIPITATION (AS RAIN,FROST HAIL,
SNOW, FOG)• SOLAR RADIATION
MAP SHOWING PRINCIPLE CLIMATES OF THE WORLD
EQUATORHUMID SEMI HUMID
TROPIC OF CANCERTROPIC OFCAPRICON
CHARACTERISTICS OF HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE
• TEMPERATURE RANGES FROM MAXIMUM TEMP. 27°C – 32°C MINIMUM TEMP.21°C – 27°C IN SUMMERS • IN WINTERS, LITTLE SEASONAL VARIATIONS BOTH ANNUAL AND
DIURNAL RANGES OF TEMPERATURE IS VERY NARROW.• HUMIDITY REMAINS HIGH AROUND 75% BUT VARIES FROM
55% - 100%.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE
• PRECIPITATION 2000 TO 5000 mm OF RAINFALL• WIND TYPICALLY LOW WIND VELOCITIES. STRONG WIND WITH TORRENTIAL RAINS.• SOLAR RADIATION THE INTENSITY OF SOLAR RADIATION IS HIGH
DURING SUMMERS AND MODERATE DURING WINTERS.
AREAS INFLUENCED BY THIS CLIMATE COASTAL PLAINS OF PENINSULAR INDIA
• GOA• MUMBAI (MAHARASHTRA)• VISHAKHAPATNAM (AP)• THIRUVANANTHAPURAM (KERALA)• CHENNAI (TAMIL NADU)• KOLKATA (WEST BENGAL)• PURI (ORISSA)• TRIPURA• KOZHIKODE• GULF OF KUTCHH
THIS TYPE OF CLIMATE IS ALMOST PERENNIAL AND DOMINANT IN THESE REGIONS.
TEMP. VARIATIONS THROUGHOUT INDIA
CITY SUMMER DAY
SUMMER NIGHT
WINTERDAY
WINTERNIGHT
CHENNAI 37.3 27.6 28.2 21
KOLKATA 34.1 26.7 27 14
MUMBAI 31.9 26.3 30.9 20.8
PURI 31.7 27.4 27.2 17.7
TRIVANDRUM 29.4 23.6 30.9 22.5
TRIPURA 36.2 20.5 27.1 7
GOA 30 20 25 15
The climate of Goa is equable and humid throughout the year. It is very pleasant and temperate from October to May. It is wet only during the monsoon or rainy season, from June to September.
Rainfall-
The monsoon bursts over the territory in the beginning of June and withdraws from it by early October. The annual rainfall is 350 cm.
Temperature-
Temperature variations through the seasons are mild. May is the warmest month when the temperature is around 30 deg. Celsius and January the coolest with a mean daily temperature of 25 deg. Celsius.
Humidity-
Due to the proximity of the sea, the territory is generally humid. Even during the summer months it is generally above 60 %.
Cloudiness-
Skies are clear to lightly clouded from November to May. There is a sharp increase in cloudiness with the advance and onset of the monsoons
GOA
GOA
MUMBAI MONTH MAX .TEMP. MIN. TEMP. HUMIDITY PRECIPITATION
JANUARY 27 15 61-73 FOG
FEBRUARY 29-30 17 SMOG↑
MARCH 30 – 33 18 – 22 95 SMOG AFFECTS CITY
APRIL 35 24
MAY 37 27 67 - 77
JUNE 32 27 PRE MONSOON
JULY 30 25 MAX. RAINFALL OF 944 mm.
AUGUST 30 25-24 LESSER RAIN
SEPTEMBER & OCTOBER
30 25 NON-CONTINUOUS
NOVEMBER & DECEMBER
28 18-12 LOW NO PRECIPITATION
COLABA
SANTACRUZ
THERMAL COMFORT• Comfort has been defined as the condition of mind which expresses satisfaction with the environment.
BIOCLIMATIC CHARTBioclimatic charts
facilitate the analysis of the climate characteristics of a given location from the viewpoint of human comfort, as they present, on a psychrometric chart, the concurrent combination of temperature and humidity at any given time.
They can also specify building design guidelines to maximize indoor comfort conditions when the building’s interior is not mechanically conditioned.
CLIMATE AND ARCHITECTURE
• Since beginning, climate has its effects on man, surroundings and architecture
• Weather elements forced man to look for shelters • A climate responsive architecture takes advantage of the free
energy in the form of heat and light.• An adaptive thermal comfort design is essential.
REQUIREMENTS IN A HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE
• Minimization of the high day temp. • Avoidance of direct exposure of facades to solar
radiations• Reduction in the humidity levels• Continuous air circulation to reduce heat and relief
from stickiness!• To create a temp. difference between the inside and
outside environments to facilitate evaporation and heat dissipation.
To define climatic design process according to comfort zone, it could be divided to four main parts:
A. Study of the design subject (climate-activities-clothing-etc.) Designer should be able to fully understand the climate and comfort needs as well as all
architectural issues related to the project.
B. Defining the comfort zone (monthly-daily) The monthly or daily comfort zone should be defined
C.Gathering the climatic design advices (shading-thermal mass-evaporative cooling-thermal insulation- suitable orientation.)
Clear design advices could be derived from previous studies to give directions for each issue in building such as site design, form, ventilation, solar gains, window sizing, thermal mass, passive heating and cooling, materials
D. Designing the project (a climatic building) Architect is able to form a climatic building.
CLIMATIC DESIGN PROCEDURE
•Larger windows for ventilation.
INFLUENCE ON ARCHITECTURE
FENESTRATION
•Semi – open spaces for light and air movement
FACADE ARTICULATION
•Max. ventilation•Orientation of smaller side of structure along east-west •North-south orientation for max. air movement•High density of façade that is open and yet shaded.•Faint/pale colours on outer surfaces•Building materials with insulating/reflecting properties that resist heat transfer.
ROOFING PATTERN
Voids in roof and courtyards provide max. light and cross ventilation Houses are tall with large openings to catch breeze Light colors and reflective surfaces on roofs will deflect solar radiations and keep the building cool.Light materials such as timber are used in construction
Sloping roof is a characteristic of these regions as it drains off rain water. Barrel-vaulted roof can also be seen.Dense growth of plantations in the outdoors
KERALA: ANALYSIS OF CLIMATE AND ARCHITECTUREWIND: • In most parts of the State flow of wind is mainly governed by differential heating of land and water mass together with mountain winds. • Winds have westerly component during the day and easterly components during the night throughout the year. • In general, winds are quite strong during daytime when thermal circulation is best developed and weak during night.
HUMIDITY:• Relative humidity ranges from 53% to 72% during the hot weather season.• It is about 85% or above during the monsoon season.
AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL:• Receives an average annual rainfall of 3300mm.
Stations 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Trivandrum city
23.5 23.4 23.3 23.5 24.1 23.4 23.5 23.5 23.5 23.1
Kozhikode city
24.0 24.3 24.2 24.5 24.9 24.2 24.2 24.4 24.5 24.7
Punalur dna 22.2 22.1 22.1 23.0 22.3 21.9 22.0 22.1 22.1
Trivandrum (AP)
23.8 23.9 23.7 24.0 24.1 23.9 24.2 23.8 23.4 24.1
Kottayam 22.9 23.6 23.3 23.5 23.6 22.8 21.4 22.7 22.8 22.9
Kannur 23.4 23.5 23.4 23.7 24.1 23.5 23.5 23.4 23.7 23.7
Palakkad 22.7 23.4 23.6 23.6 24.1 23.4 dna dna dna dna
Kochi (AP) 24.2 24.4 24.4 24.3 24.7 24.4 24.1 24.5 24.7 24.1
Alappuzha 24.1 24.3 24.1 24.3 24.6 23.9 23.9 23.6 23.3 22.6
Karipur 23.4 23.6 23.4 23.7 24.2 23.6 23.4 23.5 23.3 23.5
Vellanikkara dna 22.5 23.2 33.7 23.1 23 23.1 23.4 23.3 23.5
MEAN MINIMUM TEMPERATURE
KERALA
Stations 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Trivandrum city
31.6 31.9 31.5 31.9 31.8 31.5 32 31.7 32 32.5
Kozhikode city
31.2 31.4 31.3 32.1 32.3 31.3 31.5 31.4 32 32.2
Punalur 33.2 33.4 33.4 32.9 33.1 31.9 33.1 33 33.6 34.1
Trivandrum (AP)
31.3 31.4 30.9 31.6 31.7 31 31.3 30.9 31.3 31.6
Kottayam 31.9 32.2 32.4 33 32 31.8 31.7 31.7 32 32.3
Kannur 31.7 32.3 32.1 32.6 32.3 31.8 31.9 31.9 32.7 32.8
Pallakkad 32.1 32 31.4 31.1 31.2 30.9 32.6 Dna dna Dna
Kochi (AP) 31.1 31.3 31.1 31.4 31.3 31 30.9 30.9 31.1 31.5
Allappuzha 31.6 31.8 31.6 32.2 32.2 31.4 30.3 31.6 31.6 31.9
Karipur (AP)
31.6 31.8 31.7 32.2 31.9 31.4 31.6 31.5 32 32.2
Vellanikara Dna 32.1 31.8 33.7 32.1 31.6 31.9 31.8 31.3 32.3
MEAN MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE
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