household resource management and food security – role of home economics seminar presentation by...
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Household Resource Management and Food Security – Role of Home
Economics
Seminar presentation by Leena M. Kirjavainen
Widagri Consultants LtdHelsinki, Finland
23.09.2008 at IFAD, [email protected]
Home Economics – milestones -past, present and future
Ellen H. Sallow Richards – (1842-1911) ”man is a part of organic nature, subject to laws of development and growth”
Chemist Environmentalist Consumerist Mother of Public Health Founder of ”home economics”
WomenMen
HouseholdNeeds
Resources
Community
Socio-PoliticalEconomic
Environment
Natural andInfra-Structure
Environment
Source: Adapted from Bubolz, M. M. (1991). Reflection on Human Ecology Past, Present, and Future
International Federation for Home Economics (IFHE) -100
years
Mission: improve the quality of life of daily life of people - individuals, families and communities
Dimensions of practice: basic education, technical skills and academic discipline
Influence: political, social, cultural, ecological, economic and technological systems at ”glocal” levels
Home Economics Contents - disciplinary diversity
Food, nutrition and health Textiles, clothing, design, technology Shelter and housing Consumerism and consumer science Household management Food science and hospitality Human development and family
studies Education and community service
Present and future themes Poverty reduction - population education Water, sanitation, housing, shelter Food security and nutrition Environment, climate and NRM Labour, household technology & ICT Functional literacy, girls education and
skills training, extension Gender and HIV/AIDS vs. agriculture
Food Security Conditions: availability – disasters – food crisis! access – distribution: local/global adequacy – nutritional/energy needs; acceptability - food habits/culture; stability of supply – seasonality! affordability – price
fluctuations/hikes! quality and safety – contamination/fraud
Coping strategies
Eat less, reduce meals and foods Cultivate new of vegetables Keep livestock Collect NWFPs – foods from
forests/fields (over 60 % hhs in Laos)
Collect acquatic resources from rivers, ponds and paddy rice fields
Increased vulnearability
Degradation of forest sources Decreasing yields Lack of credit Lack of off-farm opportunities Proness for floods and droughts Low level education No agricultural support services
Household Resource Management Issues
Basic household resources: - human (physical labour, skills,
knowledge, educational attainment) - material (land, capital, technology,
money), and - time Diversity of households: defining
family, household composition and membership
Roles and responsibilities: by gender, age, relation to household head
Intra-household dynamics: decision making, power structures
Inter-household relations: conflict resolution at community level
Time and task allocation: by gender/age Management and control: over income
and resource use
Pilot Study - ”Gender Issues in Household Resource Management”
Decentralized Agriculture and Forestry Extension Project (DAFEP) - WB
Java, Northern Sumatra and Southern Sulawesi, Indonesia
(World Bank, 2002)
Semi-structured questionnaire
Mini Handbook with a Questionnaire:Basic household data
Module I: Household Division of Labour Module II: Participation in Decision-
making Module III: Time Allocation-24-hour recall Module IV: Seasonal Household Calendar Module V: Income & Expenditure profile Module VI: Case Studies
Findings Agriculture major source of income; Food largest item of expenses –
demonstrates household food security concerns
Non-farm income earning activities are limited
Agro-forestry practiced in homelots Traditional social obligations
monetarized, strains limited cash income
Findings, continued.. Men dominate decision-making, but
women’s influence growing Men’s and women’s ownership of
assets influences decision-making power
Women have a role as the household ”banker” - a decision-maker on investments, marketing and choice of household enterprise
Findings - continued...
Men’s and women’s gender roles are merging
The gap between men’s and women’s leisure time is narrowing
Education increases options open to extension for men and women. Principal resources in farm households are labor, farming skills and land – these define income earning activities
Sources of Income in Pamatang Kerasaan, Simalungun, Sumatera Utara
30 %
51 %
7 %
9 %3 %
Agriculture
Non-farm Enterprises
Income from Wages
Income fromRemittancesSavings
Use of Income in Pamatang Kerasaan,Simalungun, Sumatera Utara
15 %
31 %
3 %
47 %
0 %
1 %
3 %
Agriculture
Non-farm Enterprises
Income from Remittances
Household Maintenance andFamily Care
Wages for Laborer
Recreation and Stimulants
Social and Cultural Obligations
Sources of Income in Dolokmalela, Simalungun, Sumatera Utara
83 %
6 %
3 %
3 %
1 %
4 %
Agriculture
Non-farm Enterprises
Income from Wages
Income from Remittances
Wages for Laborer
Savings
Use of Income in Dolokmalela, Simalungun, Sumatera Utara
41 %
4 %
46 %
0 %
5 % 4 % Agriculture
Income from Wages
Household Maintenance andFamily Care
Wages for Laborer
Recreation and Stimulants
Social and Cultural Obligations
Why a Household Resource Management – ”Livelihoods Study” is Recommended for
all Project Locations?
1. For Capacity Building
For Staff and Extension workers: participatory planning gender awareness location specific data for training,
extension and research programming gender mentoring and gender
monitoring
2. For Policy Making
Use gender-disaggregated data for M & E intra- and inter-household dynamics in
families and communities - relevance to policy
see women and men as different client groups - - to enhance targeting
see the relative contribution of men and women in food production
3. For Village Extension Planning
coping mechanisms - new livelihood strategies socio-economic caracteristics of HHs men’s and women’s roles in productive and
reproductive activities in different ethnic groups
recognize gender/age division of labour, workload, time use, and control over their earnings and impact on family members well-being
4. For Training
identify practical training needs in-service training in agriculture and forestry
and household resource management hands-on-training for project staff in the
field – in data collection, coding and analaysis on rural households
capacity building in data analysis, coding and interpretation
local-level participatory planning
5. For Networking and Parnerships
to establish contacts with professionals in affiliated institutions
to initiate collaborative efforts – to have uniformity in gender analysis methods
to mobilize resources and enahance partnerships for co-financing
to enter in partnerships
understandingunderstanding
household resource household resource management through management through gender lensgender lens