HousekeepingHousekeeping

SeminarsSeminars Discussion BoardsDiscussion Boards QuizzesQuizzes Written Assignments – lots of them!Written Assignments – lots of them! No Late Assignments without No Late Assignments without

permissionpermission Need 600 points to passNeed 600 points to pass Unit 3 EssayUnit 3 Essay

Chapter 1Chapter 1

The History of Crime and The History of Crime and CorrectionsCorrections

Defining Corrections and its Defining Corrections and its

MissionMission Define:Define: Penology v. CorrectionsPenology v. Corrections

Mission:Mission: To Protect Society To Protect Society ControlControl rehabilitationrehabilitation Incapacitation Incapacitation

Where does Corrections fit in Where does Corrections fit in the system?the system?

Local, State, FederalLocal, State, Federal

three government levels of three government levels of CorrectionsCorrections

Police, Courts, CorrectionsPolice, Courts, Corrections

Once sentenced under the Penal Once sentenced under the Penal Code, Corrections carries out the Code, Corrections carries out the

sentence. sentence.

Corrections PolicyCorrections Policy

What do we expect corrections to do?What do we expect corrections to do? PUNISH/PREVENT/REDUCEPUNISH/PREVENT/REDUCE

Punish criminalsPunish criminals

Prevent Crime by deterrence/incapacitationPrevent Crime by deterrence/incapacitation

Reduce future crime through Reduce future crime through rehab/treatmentrehab/treatment

Correctional FunnelCorrectional Funnel

CrimeCrime ArresteesArrestees

ConvictedConvicted

Prison TermPrison Term

Why Study this?Why Study this?

Job OpportunitiesJob Opportunities

Types?Types?

Local and Federal LevelsLocal and Federal Levels

TheoriesTheories

Three Schools on why and Three Schools on why and how to fixhow to fix::

1. Classical School1. Classical School

2. Positive School2. Positive School

3. Neoclassical School3. Neoclassical School

Classical SchoolClassical School

Cesare Beccaria – Italian TheoristCesare Beccaria – Italian Theorist 1764 book 1764 book An Essay On Crimes And An Essay On Crimes And

PunishmentsPunishments

Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) Hedonistic CalculusHedonistic Calculus

Positive SchoolPositive School

Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909)Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909) Italian PhysicianItalian Physician Believed there were links between Believed there were links between

criminality and physical traitscriminality and physical traits AtavismAtavism

Neoclassical SchoolNeoclassical School

Gabriel Tarde - 1890Gabriel Tarde - 1890 Criminality results from a Criminality results from a

combination of free will and factors combination of free will and factors such as gender, age, social and such as gender, age, social and financial environments. Everyone is financial environments. Everyone is still the “author” of their actions.still the “author” of their actions.

Introduction of Aggravation and Introduction of Aggravation and MitigationMitigation

1717thth and 18 and 18thth Centuries Centuries

Corporal Punishment –branding, Corporal Punishment –branding, amputation, stocks, pillories, dunking amputation, stocks, pillories, dunking stool, branks.stool, branks.

TransportationTransportation

1600s and 1700s, jails used, not Prisons. 1600s and 1700s, jails used, not Prisons. Conditions were terrible.Conditions were terrible.

Development of PrisonsDevelopment of Prisons

John Howard – late 1700s EnglandJohn Howard – late 1700s England

William Penn (Quaker) – early 1700sWilliam Penn (Quaker) – early 1700s

Dr. Benjamin Rush – Philadelphia SocietyDr. Benjamin Rush – Philadelphia Society

Walnut Street JailWalnut Street Jail

17901790 SegregationSegregation SilenceSilence Reading the BibleReading the Bible Work in solitaryWork in solitary

Inmates did “penance” so they Inmates did “penance” so they would repent. penitentiarywould repent. penitentiary

DevelopmentDevelopment

The Pennsylvania SystemThe Pennsylvania System

Eastern PenitentiaryEastern Penitentiary

Western PenitentiaryWestern Penitentiary

Separate and SilentSeparate and Silent

The Auburn SystemThe Auburn System

Congregate and silentCongregate and silent 1800-18501800-1850

Hard labor, outside of cells, no inmate Hard labor, outside of cells, no inmate interactioninteraction

Prisons cheaper to build and operatePrisons cheaper to build and operate Inmates had fewer mental health Inmates had fewer mental health

problemsproblems More goods producing earning revenueMore goods producing earning revenue

1800s and 1900s1800s and 1900s

1800-1850 Auburn1800-1850 Auburn

1840 Irish System1840 Irish System

1870-1910 Reformatory Era1870-1910 Reformatory Era

1800s and 1900s 1800s and 1900s continued…continued…

1910 – 1935 Industrial Prison Era: 1910 – 1935 Industrial Prison Era: Hawes- Cooper Act 1929; Ashurst-Hawes- Cooper Act 1929; Ashurst-Sumners Act 1935Sumners Act 1935

1935-1960 Period of Transition: enforced 1935-1960 Period of Transition: enforced idleness, overcrowding, no programs. Not idleness, overcrowding, no programs. Not a good mix. Cooper v. Pate (1964)a good mix. Cooper v. Pate (1964)

1414thth Amendment Amendment

1800s and 1900s 1800s and 1900s continued…continued…

1960-1980 Rehabilitative Era…..and the 1960-1980 Rehabilitative Era…..and the Medical Model….and Reintegration.Medical Model….and Reintegration.

1980s and 1990s – Retributive Era: a 1980s and 1990s – Retributive Era: a return to the Classical School of return to the Classical School of Criminality.Criminality.

Inmates have free will and will be Inmates have free will and will be punished severely if they choose to punished severely if they choose to commit crime.commit crime.

SENTENCING GOALSSENTENCING GOALS PunishmentPunishment

Deterrence - specific and generalDeterrence - specific and general

Incapacitation - and selective incapacitationIncapacitation - and selective incapacitation

RehabilitationRehabilitation

Restitution - the victim’s movement; restorative Restitution - the victim’s movement; restorative justicejustice

ReviewReview1. How did the term 1. How did the term corrections corrections evolve from theevolve from theearlier use of the term earlier use of the term penologypenology2. What is the mission of corrections?2. What is the mission of corrections?3. Describe the correctional funnel.3. Describe the correctional funnel.4. List the principles of the Classical School of4. List the principles of the Classical School ofcriminology.criminology.5. What is Bentham’s hedonistic calculus?5. What is Bentham’s hedonistic calculus?6. List the principles of the Positive School of6. List the principles of the Positive School ofcriminology.criminology.7. Describe the operation of the Walnut Street Jail.7. Describe the operation of the Walnut Street Jail.8. Describe the differences in the Pennsylvania and8. Describe the differences in the Pennsylvania andAuburn systems.Auburn systems.9. How did the Irish system contribute to modern9. How did the Irish system contribute to moderncorrectional operations in the United States?correctional operations in the United States?10. How did abandonment of the “hands-off10. How did abandonment of the “hands-offdoctrine” affect prison operations?doctrine” affect prison operations?11. In what ways does corrections attempt to11. In what ways does corrections attempt torehabilitate offenders?rehabilitate offenders?12. How does reintegration differ from12. How does reintegration differ fromrehabilitation?rehabilitation?13. Differentiate between specific and general13. Differentiate between specific and generaldeterrence.deterrence.14. What is selective incapacitation?14. What is selective incapacitation?15. How has the victims’ rights movement affected15. How has the victims’ rights movement affectedcorrectional policies and operations?correctional policies and operations?16. Describe restorative justice.16. Describe restorative justice.

Next WeekNext Week

A look aheadA look ahead

Unit 2 begins WednesdayUnit 2 begins Wednesday

Look at the Unit 3 written assignmentLook at the Unit 3 written assignment

Do yourself a favor and don’t fall Do yourself a favor and don’t fall behind…..behind…..