how clean is your air and what can you do about it
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How Clean is Your Air and What Can You Do About It. Denis Corr, Ph. D. Corr Research www.corr-research.com Upwind Downwind Conference. Acknowledgements Clean Air Hamilton Green Venture Julie Wallace, Ph. D. J. Wallace Associates Pat DeLuca Centre for Spatial Analysis - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
How Clean is Your Air and How Clean is Your Air and What Can You Do About It What Can You Do About It
Denis Corr, Ph. D.Corr Research
www.corr-research.com
Upwind Downwind Conference
Acknowledgements
Clean Air Hamilton
Green Venture
Julie Wallace, Ph. D.J. Wallace Associates
Pat DeLucaCentre for Spatial Analysis
McMaster University
Mobile Monitoring of Mobile Monitoring of Neighbourhoods in Hamilton, Neighbourhoods in Hamilton,
A i r Q u a l i t y M o n i t o r i n g S p e c i a l i s t s
ROTEK
City Air Quality TrendsCity Air Quality Trends
TSP PM2.5
NO2SO2
Downtown Industry
19521952 Great Fog, London , Great Fog, London , England England
11,000 deaths11,000 deaths
EpidemiologyEpidemiology
Current Summary of Percent Changes in Acute Mortality per 10 Units of
PollutantTalar Sahsuvaroglu, PhD, Senes 2012
Air PollutantNT Mortality
(changes per 10 pollution units)
Respiratory Hospital Admissions
(changes per 10 pollution units)
Cardiovascular Hospital Admissions (changes per
10 pollution units)
PM2.5 (µg/m3) 0.77 - 0.8
PM10 (µg/m3) 0.45 2.1* 0.7
SO2 (ppb) 0.36 3.0 1.1*
NO2 (ppb) 0.68 4.9* 0.94
CO (ppm) 1.7 - 1.95*
O3 (ppb) 0.72 2.8* 0.2
Deaths from Deaths from Air Pollution Air Pollution
Each YearEach Year
Deaths from Deaths from Air Pollution Air Pollution
Each YearEach Year(Ontario Medical Association 2008)(Ontario Medical Association 2008)
Toronto Toronto 2,1002,100PeelPeel 700700
HamiltonHamilton 186 - 186 - 440440
HaltonHalton 330330
Health Effects/MortalityHealth Effects/Mortality
Exposure to PM2.5 over a few hours to weeks can trigger cardiovascular disease–related mortality and nonfatal events;
Longer-term exposure (eg, a few years) increases the risk for cardiovascular mortality to an even greater extent
Greater risk may include the elderly, patients with preexisting coronary artery disease, and perhaps those with diabetes. Recent data suggest that women and obese individuals might also be at higher risk. Brook et al, Circulation 2010, 121:2331-2378:
80% of mortality is in over 65 year old groupOntario Medical association 2008
For every $ of govt funds to reduce air pollution exposures, approx $50 to $150 is saved in the health care system and productivityCorr Research 2012
Air Quality Health IndexAir Quality Health Index
http://www.hamilton.ca/HealthandSocialServices/PublicHealth/AirQualityHealthIndexInfo.htm
How Clean is Your Air?How Clean is Your Air?
Not Clean EnoughNot Clean Enough
Turning Science into Turning Science into ActionAction
Mobile MonitoringMobile MonitoringWhat and where What and where
Is the air pollutionIs the air pollution
Affecting the health Affecting the health
Of the people of HamiltonOf the people of Hamilton
Instrument Rack MountsInstrument Rack Mounts
Equipment for Mobile MonitoringEquipment for Mobile Monitoring Mobile platform with minimum 30 Mobile platform with minimum 30
amp electrical supply and A/Camp electrical supply and A/C Carbon Monoxide Continuous MonitorCarbon Monoxide Continuous Monitor Nitrogen Oxides Continuous MonitorNitrogen Oxides Continuous Monitor Sulphur Dioxide Continuous MonitorSulphur Dioxide Continuous Monitor Particulate Continuous MonitorParticulate Continuous Monitor Two GPSTwo GPS Data Collection and HandlingData Collection and Handling Geographic Information SystemsGeographic Information Systems
IndustryIndustry
Emission Sources by Regions in Hamilton
Flamborough/
Waterdown
East Mtn
NE Ind
Stny Crk
National Pollutant Release InventoryNational Pollutant Release Inventory Total Point Source Emissions by ContaminantTotal Point Source Emissions by Contaminant
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
CO SOx NOx PM10
Tonnes
CO SOx NOx PM10
30,632 11,875 8,188 2,010Tonnes
What We’d Expect to SeeWhat We’d Expect to See
Carbon Monoxide Carbon Monoxide – 66% Transportation, 23% Industry– 66% Transportation, 23% Industry
Sulphur Dioxide Sulphur Dioxide – 92% Industry, 5% Transportation– 92% Industry, 5% Transportation
Nitrogen Oxides Nitrogen Oxides – 57% Transportation, 37% Industry– 57% Transportation, 37% Industry
PMPM10 10 – 73% Open Sources/Road Dust, 18% – 73% Open Sources/Road Dust, 18% IndustryIndustry
Note: Note: MOE identified trackout/road dust resuspension as MOE identified trackout/road dust resuspension as a major a major problemproblem
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No
December 8, 2005
1 0 1 2 Kilometers
NO ppbResidential
Sample
Industry
Wind
(Higher Impacts on Women and Over 60s) (Higher Impacts on Women and Over 60s) Exposure to Traffic and the Onset of Myocardial Infarction, Exposure to Traffic and the Onset of Myocardial Infarction,
A. Peters et al, NEJM, Oct 21, 2004A. Peters et al, NEJM, Oct 21, 2004
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Odds Ratio
TrafficAdjusted
BicycleAdjusted
GettingUp
Outside
Augsburg
Traffic Exposure and Myocardial Infarction
Traffic ModellingTraffic ModellingJulie Wallace, CSPA, McMasterJulie Wallace, CSPA, McMaster
High Pollution Triangle
NOMarch 9th 2007
Traffic
Traffic
Traffic
Industry
School StudySchool StudyMorning – Idling VehiclesMorning – Idling Vehicles
Monitoring Vehicle at SchoolMonitoring Vehicle at School
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
8:59
9:05
9:11
14:0
0
14:0
6
14:1
2
14:1
8
14:2
4
14:3
0
14:3
6
14:4
2
14:4
8
14:5
4
15:0
0
15:0
6
15:1
2
15:1
8
15:2
4
15:3
0
15:3
6
15:4
2
15:4
8
15:5
4
NO (ppb)
MorningStudent Dropoff
AfternoonStudentPickup
Natural Experiment
pp
b
Afternoon – Vehicle Engines Afternoon – Vehicle Engines OffOff
Ben Garden, Savas Kanaroglou, Pat DeLuca, Spatial analysis Unit, McMaster University
Industry
Workshop Dec 11 2006Workshop Dec 11 2006
Trackout/Road Dust ReductionTrackout/Road Dust Reduction
50 attendees including industries, 50 attendees including industries, suppliers and government staffsuppliers and government staff
ParticulateParticulate
Before
After
P. DeLuca, CSPA
Noise BarriersNoise Barriers
Air quality improvement Air quality improvement effectseffects
Noise Barrier EffectNoise Barrier EffectHighway DownwindHighway Downwind
Noise Barrier
QEW No Noise Barrier
Noise Barrier
NO - No Barrier Away from QEW
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0
395
NO Behind Barrier
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
McMaster Institute of Environment and HealthA Public Health Assessment ofMortality and Hospital Admissions
Attributable to Air Pollution in HamiltonPrepared by:Talar Sahsuvaroglu, PhD and Michael Jerrett, PhD
School of Geography and GeologyMay, 2003
Wind
Health Close-upCentennial/Queenston
15% mortality increase
SW Health Impacts– PM10 less than SW Health Impacts– PM10 less than 500500
Wind
NE – Aggregated Health ImpactNE – Aggregated Health Impact
Wind
Neighbourhood Neighbourhood
Air Quality Air Quality
HamiltonHamilton
BackgroundBackground
Other partners :
Conserver Society - community/source identification Green Venture - community co-ordination/supportRotek Environmental Inc. - air monitoring/logistics/ data analysis/supportMinistry of Environment – monitoring equipment/vehicle Hamilton Public Health – community identification
Methodology:-Methodology:-
Measure individual pollutantsMeasure individual pollutants
Calculate health impacts Calculate health impacts
Sum for total impact Sum for total impact
Summary of Percent Changes in Acute Mortality per 10 Units of
PollutantTalar Sahsuvaroglu, PhD, Senes 2012
Air PollutantNT Mortality
(changes per 10 pollution units)
Respiratory Hospital Admissions
(changes per 10 pollution units)
Cardiovascular Hospital Admissions (changes per
10 pollution units)
PM2.5 (µg/m3) 0.77 - 0.8
PM10 (µg/m3) 0.45 2.1* 0.7
SO2 (ppb) 0.36 3.0 1.1*
NO2 (ppb) 0.68 4.9* 0.94
CO (ppm) 1.7 - 1.95*
O3 (ppb) 0.72 2.8* 0.2
Program:
•Neighbourhood meetings, including site choices•Neighbourhood mobile air quality monitoring•5 Neighbourhoods to be targeted•Discussion/explanation of data•Publication and reporting of findings to the public.
Suggested Monitoring TargetsMid Mountain (Fennel to Mohawk), Gourley (Garth, Mohawk, West 5th, Stonechurch),Limeridge MallRymal and Paradise, Meadowlands, Sanford School (North End), Gage / Kenilworth....Mtn to Burlington StDelta West, Eva Rothwell Centre (460 Wentworth North)McAnulty Blvd / Grenfell St (North of Centre Mall off Kenilworth, near St. Christopher) /Cope StBeach Blvd / Van Wagner’s Beach / Riverdale East (check QEW highway impacts), Sam Manson Park (Nash and Kentley), Dundas (Pleasant, Littlejohn, Pleasant Valley) /Westdale, Strathcona, Kirkendall, Durand, Jones Rd / Arvin Ave (Stoney Creek)Red Hill, Neighbourhood Associations, Proposed Big Box Stores
Neighbourhoods MonitoredNeighbourhoods Monitored
DundasDundasLimeridge MallLimeridge MallNear MountainNear MountainDeltaDeltaLawrence Ave to Burlington StLawrence Ave to Burlington StNorth West EndNorth West EndEva Rothwell CentreEva Rothwell CentreMcAnulty BlvdMcAnulty BlvdBeach Blvd/Eastport DrBeach Blvd/Eastport DrJones Rd/Arvin AveJones Rd/Arvin Ave
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
PM2.5 PM10 SO2 CO NO NO2
Overall Average,Estimated % Increased Mortality Risk by Pollutant
Which neighbourhoods Which neighbourhoods have above average have above average
impacts? impacts?
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Average
Estimated % Increased Mortality Riskby Neighbourhood vs. Highway
Highway
Jam
es S
t N
.
Vic
toria
St.
Burltn
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
PM2.5 PM10 SO2 CO NO NO2
Average
NW End
NW End vs. Average,Estimated % Increased Mortality Risk by Pollutant
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
PM2.5 PM10 SO2 CO NO NO2
Average
NW End
NW End No Burl St
NW End (no Burl) vs. Average,Estimated % Increased Mortality Risk by Pollutant
McAnulty Blvd
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
PM2.5 PM10 SO2 CO NO NO2
Average
McAnulty
McAnulty vs. Average,Estimated % Increased Mortality Risk by Pollutant
Wen
twor
th
N
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
PM2.5 PM10 SO2 CO NO NO2
Average
Wentworth N Eva Rothwell Centre
Wentworth N. Eva Rothwell vs. Average,Estimated % Increased Mortality Risk by Pollutant
QEW
Jones
Barton
Arvin
Stoney Creek
QEW
QEW
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
PM2.5 PM10 SO2 CO NO NO2
Average
Jones Rd Arvin Ave
Jones Rd Arvin Ave vs. Average,Estimated % Increased Mortality Risk by Pollutant
Beach Blvd
Eastport Dr
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
PM2.5 PM10 SO2 CO NO NO2
Average
Beach East Wind Lake
Beach SW Wind QEW
Beach Blvd. vs. Average,Estimated % Increased Mortality Risk by Pollutant
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
PM2.5 PM10 SO2 CO NO NO2
Average
Eastport Dr East Wind QEW
Eastport Dr SW Wind City Industry
Eastport Dr. vs. Average,Estimated % Increased Mortality Risk by Pollutant
Lincoln Alexander Expy
ConclusionsConclusions
Air pollutants impact all Air pollutants impact all neighbourhoods in Hamiltonneighbourhoods in Hamilton Estimated mortality risk increases Estimated mortality risk increases range from 2.5 to 7.7 % range from 2.5 to 7.7 %
Particulate and Oxides of Nitrogen Particulate and Oxides of Nitrogen are main causes are main causes
Highways, arterial roads are Highways, arterial roads are highest risk 12%highest risk 12%
So what can we do?So what can we do?
Personal Personal (How do I avoid becoming a (How do I avoid becoming a
statisticstatistic))Get outside.... But... Stay in cleaner areasReduce personal exposureJog/walk/cycle in residential areasStay upwind of roads/intersections where possiblePut car ventilation system on recycle before you go on the highwayTake the GO Train or least polluting optionsPhone/email/write municipal, provincial, federal decision makers to make air quality a priority
MunicipalMunicipalAggressive road cleaningEnforce dust trackout/anti idling bylawsDevelop pedestrian/cycling/electric assist routesContinue Green Fleet options for own and other fleetsHealth Unit promote Air Quality Health Index and outreach for behavioural change to reduce personal exposuresSupport AQHI local mappingEnhance air monitoring (including mobile)Support community air quality improvement initiativesLobby other levels of government to make air quality a priorityPromote rational, science based decision making
ProvincialProvincialUpgrade air standards, add Nitric Oxide standardControl emissions, industrial, automotive and trucksPromote natural gas use, particularly for heavy trucksProvide natural gas refuelling at all highway gas stations and weigh scalesPrioritize all day GO Train service and Light Rail TransitContinue aggressive Green Fleet options for own and other fleetsPromote Air Quality Health Index and outreach for behavioural change to reduce personal exposuresSupport AQHI local mappingEnhance air monitoring (including mobile)
ProvincialProvincial
Support community air quality improvement initiativesLobby other levels of government to make air quality a priorityPromote rational, science based decision making
FederalFederal
Increment vehicle emission standards Push towards natural gas fuelling of heavy trucksPromote Air Quality Health Index and outreach for behavioural change to reduce personal exposuresSupport AQHI local mappingEnhance air monitoring (including mobile)Support community air quality improvement initiativesLobby other levels of government to make air quality a priorityPromote rational, science based decision making
A i r Q u a l i t y M o n i t o r i n g S p e c i a l i s t s
ROTEK
City Air Quality TrendsCity Air Quality Trends
TSP PM2.5
NO2SO2
Continuous Continuous ImprovementImprovement
Community Community InvolvementInvolvement