how do cities trade with the world? · 2019-04-18 · centre for cities • how do cities trade...

How do cities trade with the world?An analysis of the export profile of Britain’s cities

Matt WheartyApril 2019

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About the author

Matt Whearty is a researcher at Centre for Cities:

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Centre for Cities • How do cities trade with the world? • April 2019

1

As Britain prepares to leave the EU, attention will turn to what trade deals it can strike with other countries around the world. These deals will have different implications for different parts of the country.

Using new data released by the ONS, this report sets out how much cities export, what they export, and crucially given the current political situation, where they export to.

It finds that Britain’s cities are heavily reliant on the EU as an export market for goods and services, and that, despite the size of other markets such as the US, these remain much smaller than that of the EU. It also finds that cities in the Greater South East tend to perform much better than those in the North and Midlands, and that this tends to be driven by their strength in service exports.

00Executive summary


2

Cities account for the bulk of Britain’s exports

In total, cities accounted for 64 per cent of Britain’s total exports in 2017. The dominance of cities was particularly marked for services – they accounted for 52 per cent of goods exports, but 77 per cent of services exports.

In absolute terms, London was the largest contributor, responsible for 31 per cent of all of the nation’s exports to other countries. Yet the picture looks somewhat different when accounting for city size. As Figure 1 shows, Derby exported the largest amount of goods and services on a per job basis of any British city, followed by Sunderland. However, these two cities are outliers – of the next eight cities on this measure, seven are located in the Greater South East.1

Wigan, meanwhile, exported the least on this measure. On a per job basis, Derby exported 10 times as much as Wigan did in 2017. Strikingly, with the exception of Ipswich, none of the bottom ten cities measured by exports per job are located in the Greater South East.

1 The Greater South East, as defined here, consists of the South East, the East of England and Greater London regions.

01Cities and their exports


3

Figure 1: Total value of exports by city

CityTotal exports per job, 2017 (£)

Total ex-ports, 2017 (£bn)

10 cities with the highest exports per job

1 Derby 46,160 6.1

2 Sunderland 44,820 5.5

3 Aldershot 44,240 4.7

4 Slough 37,040 3.1

5 Aberdeen 32,460 5.7

6 Luton 28,940 2.8

7 Coventry 28,860 4.7

8 Crawley 28,750 2.8

9 London 27,550 162.1

10 Reading 25,970 4.9

10 cities with the lowest exports per job

53 Nottingham 7,720 2.6

54 Ipswich 7,380 0.5

55 Plymouth 7,320 0.8

56 Leicester 7,010 1.8

57 Stoke 6,700 1.1

58 Dundee 6,400 0.5

59 Doncaster 5,790 0.7

60 Birkenhead 5,550 0.6

61 Exeter 4,930 0.5

62 Wigan 4,670 0.5

Source: ONS 2018, Regionalised estimates of Great Britain service exports by NUTS3, NUTS2 and joint authority; HMRC 2018, Regional Trade Statistics; ONS 2018, Regional trade in goods statistics disaggregated by smaller geographical areas; ONS 2018, Business Register of Employment Survey


4

Figure 2: Exports per job


Aberdeen

Edinburgh

Su NewcastleSunderland

Middlesbrough

Hull

YorkLeeds

Bristol

Gloucester

Exeter

Plymouth

SouthamptonBrighton

Worthing

Southend

Basildon

Chatham

Crawley

London

Norwich

Ipswich

Peterborough

AldershotReading

Swindon

Oxford

Milton Keynes

Northampton

Luton

Cambridge

Stoke

Telford

Coventry

Nottingham

Mansfield

Derby

SheffieldDoncaster

Wakefield

BirkenheadLiverpool

Manchester

Burnley

Blackpool

Blackburn

Warrington

Barnsley

Exports per job, 2017 (£)

4,670 — 9,110

9,110 — 12,910

12,910 — 21,160

21,160 — 32,460

32,460 — 46,160

Swansea

CardiffNewport

PortsmouthBournemouth

Leicester

Slough

Preston

Wigan

Bradford

Huddersfield

Birmingham

Glasgow

Dundee


5

Services exports play a larger role in southern cities

The contribution of goods and services to total exports varied across cities. Goods exports tended to dominate in cities in the North and Midlands (see Figure 3). This was greatest in Derby and Sunderland, where around 90 per cent of exports from these two cities were goods. Meanwhile southern cities tended to have a much greater reliance on services. The main exception was Edinburgh – the city most reliant on services exports - where 82 per cent of exports were services. Figure 3 looks at the top services-exporting cities.

Box 1: Top services-exporting cities

Services exports per job (i.e. the total amount of services sold abroad relative to all jobs in a city) tended to be much higher in southern cities than elsewhere in Britain. At £20,700 for every job in the city, London had the highest output. Only three cities outside the South appear in the top 10 (see Figure 4). Wakefield had the lowest services output per job, with eight of the bottom 10 cities being in the North or Midlands.

Figure 3: Services exports per job

CityServices exports per job, 2017 (£)

Total services exports, 2017 (£m)

London 20,700 121,784

Aldershot 18,870 2,001

Crawley 16,620 1,596

Reading 16,590 3,151

Edinburgh 15,770 5,251

Aberdeen 14,720 2,576

Southampton 12,400 2,224

Slough 11,950 992

Luton 10,050 975

Brighton 9,820 1,581

Source: ONS 2018, Regionalised estimates of Great Britain service exports by NUTS3, NUTS2 and joint authority; ONS 2018, Business Register of Employment Survey


6

Figure 4: Services as a share of all exports

Source: ONS 2018, Regionalised estimates of Great Britain service exports by NUTS3, NUTS2 and joint authority; ONS 2018, Business Register of Employment Survey

Aberdeen

Edinburgh

Su NewcastleSunderland

Middlesbrough

Hull

YorkLeeds

Bristol

Gloucester

Exeter

Plymouth

SouthamptonBrighton

Worthing

Southend

Basildon

Chatham

Crawley

London

Norwich

Ipswich

Peterborough

AldershotReading

Swindon

Oxford

Milton Keynes

Northampton

Luton

Cambridge

Stoke

Telford

Coventry

Nottingham

Mansfield

Derby

SheffieldDoncaster

Wakefield

BirkenheadLiverpool

Manchester

Burnley

Blackpool

Blackburn

Warrington

Barnsley

Services as a share of all exports, 2017 (%)

8.7— 18.5

18.5 — 30.1

30.1 — 42.7

42.7 — 61.3

61.3 — 81.7

Swansea

CardiffNewport

PortsmouthBournemouth

Leicester

Slough

Preston

Wigan

Bradford

Huddersfield

Birmingham

Glasgow

Dundee


7

In some cities single industries account for the majority of exports

For most cities, their exports are generated by a range of industries. In total 28 cities had less than one-fifth of their exports concentrated in one industry. Wigan was the city that had the most diversified export base, with its top exporting industry accounting for just 8 per cent of exports.

Figure 5: The largest single sector contributor to total exports


Sunderland, 67%

Derby, 74%

Coventry, 59%

Plymouth, 47%

Worthing, 49%

Oxford, 43%

-

Birmingham, 42%

Edinburgh, 53%

Blackpool 48%

Cardiff 56%

41-50

71-79

61-70

51-60

Largest exporting sector

Share of exports of largest sector, 2017 (%)

Road vehicles (including air cushion)

Other transport equipment

Medicinal and pharmaceutical products

Financial and Insurance Services

Power generating machinery+ -

+ -


8

But as Figure 5 shows, a handful of cities are heavily reliant on one industry for their exports, which leaves their export base particularly vulnerable to changes in either demand for that product or a change in any trade agreements. Derby leads this list. Its impressive export performance was driven by power generating equipment, which accounted for 74 per cent of all of the city’s exports. It is closely followed by Sunderland, with 67 per cent of its exports in road vehicles. Without auto manufacturing, Sunderland would have had the 23rd highest exports per job of all cities, rather than the second highest.

The dominance of some industries in particular cities reflects their concentration in particular places. Figure 6 shows the geography of chemicals, petroleum, pharmaceuticals and road vehicles exports. As can be seen, they were produced in a very small number of places across Britain.


9

Figure 6: The location of exports from selected industries

Source: HMRC 2018, Regional Trade Statistics; ONS 2018, Regional trade in goods statistics disaggregated by smaller geographical areas; ONS 2018, Business Register of Employment Survey.

Su

Chemical materialsproducts

0 — 77 — 2525 — 5555 — 123123 — 259

Su

Medicinal pharmaceutical products

0 — 1818 — 7777 — 204204 — 487487 — 1004

Su

Petroleum products and related materials

0 — 1515 — 9393 — 299299 — 11621162 — 1829

Su

Road vehicles including air cushion vehicles

0 — 1818 — 7777 — 204204 — 487487 — 1004


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The EU is the largest market for almost all cities

Of course, knowing where these exports are sold to is also vital, particularly as the Britain’s trading relationship with the EU changes, alongside its ambitions to grow relationships with emerging markets such as China and India.

Figure 7: Selected destinations of exports from British cities

EU 45%

US 13% Switz

erlan

d — 2%

China —

2%


The EU is by far the biggest destination for exports from British cities. EU countries accounted for 45 per cent of Britain’s urban exports – more than three times the share of the USA. The third- and fourth-largest export markets for British cities were Switzerland and China respectively – though these accounted for only around 2 per cent each of British cities’ exports.

The importance of the EU as the primary market for exports holds across most cities. In 19 of Britain’s 62 cities, more than half of exports headed to the EU (see Figure 8). The EU was the largest export market for every city in Britain.


11

Figure 8: Share of exports to the EU

CityShare of exports to the EU, 2017 (%)

EU exports per job, 2017 (£)

10 cities with the largest share of exports going to the EU

1 Telford 70 14,551

2 York 63 5,893

3 Wakefield 62 5,259

4 Blackburn 62 5,015

5 Sunderland 60 26,833

6 Barnsley 59 4,593

7 Luton 56 16,262

8 Bristol 55 8,508

9 Middlesbrough 55 8,388

10 Milton Keynes 54 6,447

10 cities with the smallest share of exports going to the EU

53 Bournemouth 38 4,155

54 Crawley 38 10,855

55 Blackpool 38 5,531

56 Norwich 37 3,158

57 Southampton 34 6,885

58 Coventry 38 9,745

59 Derby 34 15,551

60 Portsmouth 32 6,043

61 Gloucester 31 5,419

62 Aberdeen 30 9,789



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Telford’s exports were the most dependent on the EU, with 70 per cent of all of its exports going to EU countries. It was followed by York and Wakefield.

Aberdeen, on the other hand, was least dependent, with just 30 per cent of its exports going to EU countries. China was instead a much more important source of custom for Aberdeen than in other cities. Exports to China accounted for 17 per cent of all of the city’s exports, the highest of any city. A key driver of this was the city’s strength in petroleum products. Meanwhile, Coventry was the city second-most reliant on China, with 13 per cent of all of its exports heading there (predominantly road vehicles).

Figure 9: Dependence on foreign markets: selected destinations

Destination Most reliant cityShare of total exports from that city, 2017 (%)

EU Telford 70

US Derby 23

China Aberdeen 17

Commonwealth Derby 12


The USA bought the largest share of Derby’s exports, with almost half of the city’s goods and services heading across the Atlantic. Derby was closely followed by Gloucester on this measure.

Derby is also the city that exports the most to the Commonwealth countries.2 Some 12 per cent of the city’s exports went to Commonwealth countries, with more than half of this falling into the category of “other transport equipment”.

2 “Commonwealth countries” is here defined for goods as Cyprus, Malta, Australia, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Falkland Islands, Trinidad & Tobago, Canada, Cameroon, Ghana, Kenya, Mauritius, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, and Gibraltar. For services, it is defined as Cyprus, Malta, Canada, India, Malaysia, Pakistan, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, Nigeria, and South Africa. Other markets were not large enough to be reported on separately in the ONS data.


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Britain needs to increase its exports to improve its productivity

Exports matter because exporters tend to be the drivers of productivity growth as a result of their greater ability to generate and absorb new innovations. To take an extreme example for illustrative purposes: while a barber is unlikely to be much more productive than he or she would have been 50 years ago (the time to cut a head of hair is unlikely to have reduced a great deal over that period), someone working in a car factory is now many times more productive than half a century earlier, and computers have vastly increased the value of work that someone working in cinema special effects, for example, can do in a day.

This can be seen in the productivity growth of different sectors in Britain.3 Since 1990, productivity has more than doubled in the manufacture of computer and electrical equipment and information and communications, and has almost tripled in chemicals and pharmaceuticals. But very little growth has been seen in a number of sectors that tend to sell to local markets only. For example, productivity increased by just 2 per cent in food and accommodation, and has declined in arts and entertainment and real estate. 4

Given the ongoing policy imperative to increase the productivity of the British economy, encouraging the growth of exporting firms will be important. By extension, this will require an understanding of the performance of exporting companies across the country – and the low exporting activity of many cities – if the lagging productivity performance outside of the Greater South East is to be addressed.

But at a city level, having high exports does not automatically mean it is a more productive place – the type of exports matters too.

While there is a link between exporting industries and productivity at the national level, the impact that exporting has at the city level is much less clear cut. As Figure 10 shows, there is a some relationship between exports per job and

3 Productivity defined as GVA per worker throughout.

4 Swinney P (2018) The wrong tail, London: Centre for Cities

02How exports relate to

wider economic performance


15

productivity for cities (a very similar relationship is also seen between exports per job and wages). However, this appears to be driven by services exports – there is very little relationship between goods exports and output per worker (see Figure 11).

This is likely to arise because of the way that manufacturing supply chains work relative to services and the impact that this has on measuring exports. To take Nissan’s Qashqai car as an example: it was designed in Paddington, engineered in Cranfield and is assembled in Sunderland. So while the car is assembled and exported from Sunderland, much of the ‘value add’ is carried out elsewhere. The relationship between services exports and productivity suggests that where the value add of services takes place is more closely aligned to where it is exported from than with goods exports.

This means that a British strategy to boost productivity cannot simply focus on boosting exports; it needs to consider how to boost the value add of those exports. The Local Industrial Strategies, currently being developed by Local Enterprise Partnerships, should focus on how they can improve productivity and exports in their areas.

Figure 10: The relationship between exports and productivity

Source: ONS 2018, Regionalised estimates of Great Britain service exports by NUTS3, NUTS2 and joint authority; HMRC 2016, Regional Trade Statistics; ONS 2018, Business Register of Employment Survey; ONS 2018, Regional Value Added (income approach)

Aberdeen Aldershot

Birkenhead

BrightonBristol

Burnley

Cambridge

Crawley

DerbyDundee

Edinburgh

Exeter

Hull

Leicester Liverpool

London

Milton Keynes

Preston

Reading

Slough

Southampton

Sunderland

Swansea

Swindon

TelfordWigan

Worthing

5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 50,000

Exports per job (£)

GV

A p

er w

orke

r (£

)

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

90,000


16

Figure 11: The relationship between services exports, goods exports and productivity

Source: ONS 2016, Regionalised estimates of British service exports; HMRC 2016, Regional Trade Statistics; ONS 2016, Business Register of Employment Survey; ONS 2016, Regional Value Added (income approach)

Aberdeen AldershotBristolChatham

Dundee

Edinburgh

Hull

Leeds

London

Milton Keynes

Slough

Southampton

SwindonWorthing

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

90,000

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000

Aberdeen Aldershot

Basildon

Brighton

Burnley

Coventry

Derby

Edinburgh

Hull

London

Luton

Milton Keynes

Slough

Sunderland

SwindonWorthing

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

90,000

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000

Services exports per job

Goods exports per job

GV

A p

er w

orke

r (£

)G

VA

per

wor

ker

(£)


17

Industrial policy options for different cities

To help policymakers consider how this might work, Figure 12 splits cities into four groups according to their performance in terms of exports and productivity. It does this by looking at city performance relative to the national average for both indicators.

Quadrant A has the top performers – those that have both above average exports per job and productivity. Nine of the 13 cities in this category are in the Greater South East, matching what we know about the geography of productivity in Britain. A policy focus on helping already successful businesses to expand into new markets would be the best way to support higher exports and contribute to higher productivity in these cities.

Cities in Quadrant D are likely to require a similar policy approach. That they have below average exports per job may suggest that businesses in their cities are successful at selling to businesses elsewhere in Britain, but are less successful at selling abroad. Again, support to export may be helpful in boosting growth. Seven of the 11 cities in this category are in the Greater South East.

Those cities in Quadrant B have less productive economies despite their high exports. This suggests that much of the ‘value add’ of the goods and services exported takes place outside these cities. While the exporting activity is important for local jobs, if these cities are to see an increase in both wages and productivity in the future, then the focus on policy should be attracting higher-value business investment and jobs.

It is notable that Quadrant C contains the most cities – 32 of 62 cities underperform the national average on both indicators. This urgently needs to improve if we are to boost the performance and productivity of the national economy. Policy – both at the local and national level - should focus on improving the attractiveness of these cities as places for business investment for exporters through improving skills and local infrastructure. Of these cities, 22 are in the North and Midlands – just two are in the Greater South East.


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Figure 12: Grouping of cities according to exports per job and productivity

Exports per job Productivity Quadrant Cities

Above average

Above average

A

Aberdeen, Aldershot, Basildon, Coventry, Crawley, Edinburgh, Gloucester, London, Luton, Portsmouth, Reading, Slough, Southampton

Above average

Below average B

Birmingham, Burnley, Derby, Liverpool, Sunderland, Telford

Below average

Below average

C

Barnsley, Birkenhead, Blackburn, Blackpool, Bournemouth, Bradford, Cardiff, Doncaster, Glasgow, Huddersfield, Hull, Leeds, Leicester, Manchester, Mansfield, Middlesbrough, Newcastle, Newport, Northampton, Norwich, Nottingham, Peterborough, Plymouth, Preston, Sheffield, Southend, Stoke, Swansea, Wakefield, Warrington, Wigan, York

Below average

Above average

D

Brighton, Bristol, Cambridge, Chatham, Dundee, Exeter, Ipswich, Milton Keynes, Oxford, Swindon, Worthing

Source: ONS 2018, Regionalised estimates of Great Britain service exports by NUTS3, NUTS2 and joint authority; HMRC 2018, Regional Trade Statistics; ONS 2018, Regional trade in goods statistics disaggregated by smaller geographical areas; ONS 2018, Business Register of Employment Survey; ONS 2018, Regional Value Added (income approach)


19

Policy implications for trade deals

The EU was by far the biggest market for city exports in 2017, being more than three times larger than the USA and more than 20 times larger than China. While this of course is a static picture, to make up even a 10 per cent drop in current levels of British cities’ exports to the EU would require more than a doubling in trade with China or increasing trade with the USA by nearly a third. And the variation seen across cities means that those negotiating a post-Brexit deal with the EU, as well as trade deals with other countries, will need to consider the geographical impact of the deals struck.

To make the most of city economies and boost Britain’s productivity, trade deals will need to ensure they do not solely focus on one or two sectors but look more broadly. Many high-profile sectors, such as the car industry, are concentrated in a small number of places. For example, striking a deal on cars would benefit Swindon and Sunderland, and deliver a tangible political win, but it would do little for many other cities where there are few jobs related to the car industry.

It will be important to ensure that places that are heavily reliant on one industry are considered and supported, but given that large parts of the export base are spread across the country, negotiators should consider how they can reach an agreement for all goods and services to support British cities to continue exporting to the EU and beyond. Crucially, deals that protect trade in goods but overlook trade in services — which would likely be the case with any customs arrangement with the EU — would not cover the majority of exports from cities. Given this, trade negotiations should focus on ensuring services exports are not penalised in future deals.

03.Summary and

policy implications


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Implications for national and local industrial strategies

Given the role of exporters in increasing productivity of economies, part of the Government’s efforts to increase Britain’s productivity will require a better understanding of why some places export so little. Many export policies in the past have been focused on attempting to encourage existing businesses to export more, through interventions such as export credit. There is a role for this. But the bigger question in many places may be about asking why exporters do not choose to locate in these cities in the first place. This means that part of a plan to increase the exports of a city has to be about improving its economic fundamentals, particularly skills, to make it more attractive to business investment.

Having high exports does not necessarily go hand in hand with having a more productive economy; while some cities with low productivity have been successful at exporting, to improve their economies they will need to attract in higher-value business investment. The problem is not that these cities don’t export, but that their contribution to the product that they export is not necessarily that large. For these cities, while celebrating their success in exporting is important, it should not be done at the expense of addressing the underlying challenges in their economies – namely skills – that limit the number of higher-paid jobs available to the people who live in and around them.


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Box 2: Defining cities

The analysis undertaken in this report compares Primary Urban Areas

(PUAs) – a measure of the built-up areas of a city, rather than individual

local authority districts or combined authorities. A PUA is the city-

level definition first used in the Department for Communities and Local

Government’s State of the Cities report. The definition was created by

Newcastle University and updated in 2016 to reflect changes from the

2011 Census.

The PUA provides a consistent measure to compare concentrations of

economic activity across the UK. This makes PUAs distinct from city

region or combined authority geographies. You can find the full definitions

table and a methodological note on the recent PUA update at this page:

www.centreforcities.org/puas.

http://www.centreforcities.org/puas


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Box 3: Methodology

To estimate exports by city, the two primary data sources used were the ONS’ regionalised estimates of services exports by NUTS2, NUTS3 and joint authority, and the ONS’ regional trade in goods statistics disaggregated by smaller geographical areas. The exports to each NUTS2 area were allocated by sector according to the share of jobs in that sector located in the relevant NUTS3, as recorded in BRES data. A weighting was then applied, to bring these numbers into line with the available data on exports for the NUTS3 level (which was not disaggregated by sector). These NUTS3-level results were then disaggregated by local authority, again in line with the relevant shares of jobs, and finally allocated to PUAs.

To match the export classifications to sectors, the following was done:

• For services, the apportionment was straightforward, using the broad Standard Industrial Classification codes that roughly match the sectors ONS used to present the regional services export data.

• For goods, the Standard International Trade Classification (which classifies goods exports) was mapped on to the Standard Industrial Classification codes (which are used to classify jobs by industry).

• To identify the destinations of the goods data, the cuts at EU/non-EU level were taken from the smaller geographical areas estimates, and other markets were estimated using the proportions at a regional level available in the HMRC data. For services, the national-level breakdown by sector was used, and this was subsequently apportioned to cities based on the sectors of their services exports.


23

AppendixPUA Total

exports per job (£)

Total services exports per job (£)

Total goods exports per job (£)

Services as a % of exports

GVA per Job 2017(£)

EU export share

Aberdeen 32,460 14,720 17,740 45% 62,210 30%

Aldershot 44,240 18,870 25,370 43% 61,270 43%

Barnsley 7,800 1,210 6,600 15% 45,610 59%

Basildon 21,160 6,280 14,890 30% 57,570 44%

Birkenhead 5,550 2,940 2,610 53% 47,480 48%

Birmingham 16,690 4,380 12,310 26% 51,530 40%

Blackburn 8,120 1,430 6,690 18% 44,910 62%

Blackpool 14,680 4,420 10,260 30% 49,080 38%

Bournemouth 10,970 5,020 5,950 46% 51,540 38%

Bradford 8,920 2,920 6,000 33% 48,690 54%

Brighton 12,470 9,820 2,640 79% 57,940 45%

Bristol 15,330 5,970 9,360 39% 59,760 55%

Burnley 24,280 8,150 16,130 34% 48,710 40%

Cambridge 11,280 8,730 2,550 77% 55,880 39%

Cardiff 10,760 8,080 2,670 75% 51,090 46%

Chatham 9,430 4,450 4,980 47% 57,330 42%

Coventry 28,860 4,100 24,760 14% 55,500 34%

Crawley 28,750 16,620 12,130 58% 63,980 38%

Derby 46,160 4,010 42,150 9% 52,220 34%

Doncaster 5,790 1,370 4,420 24% 43,650 53%

Dundee 6,400 1,930 4,480 30% 53,520 43%

Edinburgh 19,310 15,770 3,540 82% 68,160 41%

Exeter 4,930 3,190 1,730 65% 54,290 46%

Glasgow 12,200 6,050 6,150 50% 47,250 41%

Gloucester 17,340 8,470 8,860 49% 56,360 31%


24

Huddersfield 9,000 2,250 6,750 25% 47,660 47%

Hull 7,910 1,700 6,200 22% 41,420 52%

Ipswich 7,380 4,780 2,600 65% 56,300 47%

Leeds 10,120 6,130 3,990 61% 51,270 44%

Leicester 7,010 3,150 3,860 45% 50,050 48%

Liverpool 18,430 7,000 11,420 38% 50,030 39%

London 27,550 20,700 6,850 75% 80,540 41%

Luton 28,940 10,050 18,890 35% 57,880 56%

Manchester 11,160 5,990 5,170 54% 50,440 48%

Mansfield 8,630 1,600 7,030 18% 45,270 53%

Middlesbrough 15,380 4,120 11,260 27% 48,010 55%

Milton Keynes 11,900 6,000 5,900 50% 72,980 54%

Newcastle 9,880 4,360 5,510 44% 47,920 47%

Newport 14,620 4,550 10,070 31% 45,910 48%

Northampton 9,280 5,500 3,790 59% 52,790 47%

Norwich 8,590 4,630 3,960 54% 46,700 37%

Nottingham 7,720 2,830 4,880 37% 43,930 51%

Oxford 12,830 6,440 6,390 50% 56,450 48%

Peterborough 15,380 5,660 9,720 37% 47,130 41%

Plymouth 7,320 1,950 5,380 27% 47,120 50%

Portsmouth 18,630 6,290 12,340 34% 55,560 32%

Preston 12,740 8,100 4,640 64% 52,420 43%

Reading 25,970 16,590 9,390 64% 64,150 44%

Sheffield 9,310 2,960 6,350 32% 45,890 54%

Slough 37,040 11,950 25,090 32% 82,040 47%

Southampton 20,240 12,400 7,840 61% 61,720 34%

Southend 11,040 2,780 8,260 25% 46,800 42%

Stoke 6,700 1,880 4,830 28% 43,490 49%

Sunderland 44,820 5,020 39,800 11% 53,110 60%


25

Swansea 12,910 4,900 8,020 38% 44,330 49%

Swindon 15,120 9,000 6,120 60% 62,680 47%

Telford 20,850 5,480 15,370 26% 47,080 70%

Wakefield 8,460 1,090 7,370 13% 47,570 62%

Warrington 9,110 2,230 6,880 25% 49,990 53%

Wigan 4,670 1,510 3,160 32% 43,850 50%

Worthing 14,230 3,560 10,660 25% 66,180 50%

York 9,380 3,550 5,830 38% 48,040 63%

April 2019

Centre for Cities Second Floor 9 Holyrood Street London SE1 2EL

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© Centre for Cities 2019

Centre for Cities is a registered charity (No 1119841) and a company limited by guarantee registered in England (No 6215397)

how do cities trade with the world? · 2019-04-18 · centre for cities • how do cities trade...

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