how important is the child vaccination

8/12/2019 How Important is the Child Vaccination

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Sanitary post high school Sf. Vasile cel Mare

Sientific Session MaY 2014

Take care of todays child!for the health of to"orro#s

ad$lt

%o# i"portant is the child

&accination'

Authors: Cristina Borcan

Roxana Fedea

Mihaela erban

Coordonator teachers : Farm. Mariana Dinu

Dr. Mihaela Vasile


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Vaccines

Vaccinesare (iological

preparations #ith antigenic

properties! #ich triggers theocc$rrence of i""$ne response

)anti(odies* in organis"e

s$("ited to the &accination.

Vaccinationrepresent an acti&


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,esearches and res$lts in the area of "aking &accines

characteri+ed the concerns of science people in the field of

"edicine! especially (iology in the last cent$ries. The Middle age

#as the period in #hich the h$"anity #as faced #ith "any

epide"ics and pande"ics . -reat res$lts #ere o(tained in the 1 th

cent$ries / In 1885 Louis Past performed the first rabies vaccine;

In 1896 Wright experiments the vaccine against tphoid fever;

In 188! "ictor #abe$ e%aborates the techni&ue of mi%ding do'n the fix rabiesvirus(b heat;

In 189) *aff+ine prepares the first vaccine against tubercu%osis baci%%us descoveredb ,och -obert.

In 1888 in -om/nia is estab%ised the 0ntirabic Institute from #ucharest( -om/niabeing the third countr in the 'or%d that sistematica%% practices rabies vaccine.

0fter a fe' decades the antivira% vaccines are discovered( so

In 192) 3e%%ard and Laigret prepare a vaccin for e%%o' fever;

In 195! 3abin administered for the first time the %ive reduced po%io vaccine.ora%%.

In 1968 is prepared the vaccine against rube%a;

In 19!2 is prepared the vaccine against chi+enpox;


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Vaccines can be administered in different ways:

oral: solutions!"ills!ca"sules

in nasal ca#ity: inhalations

"arenteral :in$ections%intradermal !subcutaneous!intramuscular&

Methods of obtainin' the #accines:

#accines "re"ared from (illed a'ents:bacterial or #iral

"articles are (illed by chemical methods%with

"henol!formaldehyde& or "sysical methods%cold!heat&

#accines "re"ared from attenuated li#e a'ents:are reali)ed by

'rowin' the microor'anisms or unnatural hosts or by other

ways


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Tipes of &accines/

Antiviral vaccines: are divided in 2 groups

a. li&e red$ced &iral &accinespo%io( rube%%a(meas%es;

(. co"pletelly inacti&ated anti&iral

&accinesf%u(po%io

c. anti&iral &accines inacti&e to the

antigenic fraction hepatitis # vaccine.

Antibacterial vaccines 'hich are

a. li&e red$ced anti(acterial &accines;

(. dead anti(acterial&accinescho%era(tphod(


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Vaccinations #ith general

reco"andation

0re vaccinations contained in the

nationa% vaccination programs of eachcountr( 'ich are recommanded for the'ho%e popu%ation of that countr%and

and its administered for free.

We 'i%% refer in this topic( to the

vaccinations recommanded b the


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- V353T65

*ecesary for the tuberculosis "rimary"rofilaxy %+BC&

,t-s made with #accine "re"ared fromuerin Calmette Baccil%BC&!li#eMycobacterium bo#is ! reduced.

+he effciency of the #accine iscontro#ersed.

+he rate of "rotection in different

countries! #aries from / to 0/ 2!


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Its administered in a sing%e dose( intraderma%%( inde%toid region.

:irst dose in ne'borns 'ith the birth 'eightbigger than )544 grams bet'een the age of )!das and ) months.

3econd vaccination in 8th

grade at the age 121


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7iTe8er Vaccination

)against diphteria! tetan$s and pert$ssis*,t-s recommanded at a'e 3! 4! 5

monts! then

Ra""el 6 at the a'e of 63 monthsand

Ra""el 3 between 7/75 months.

8erocon#ersion is hi'h after

minimum 7 doses of #accine! and


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7T &accination)against diphteria and tetan$s*

Its done 'ith biva%ent vaccine 'hich containpurified diphteria anatoxin and purified tetanusanatoxin.

7 vaccine is administered either as rappe%dose at big chi%d( after 7iePer primevaccination from the ear% ears of %ife( or asprime vaccination to big chi%dren and

unvaccinated adu%ts and 'ith uncertainvaccination histor.

:or the rappe%s at adu%ts previous% prper%vaccinated 7 vaccines are used('hich contain

a &uantit of diphteria anatoxin %o'er then 7


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o pregnant 'omen( is administered a dose of7 vaccine in the 8thmonth of pregnanc."accination is done in order to ensure one

measure of materna% antibodies to conferpassive immunit for the ne'born and sma%%infant( ti%% the age in 'hich can be vaccinated

) months.Its not necesar revaccination in furtherpregnancies( but according to the adu%tscheme d rappe%s ever14 ears.


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3ntihepatitis &accine

In -om/nia ?7? 0t%anta considersthat the infection 'ith hepatitis # virusis practica% endemic( being present ina%% groups of age.

@an studies have demonstrated thatanti*# vaccine( administered to

chi%dren 'ith positive 0g*#s mothers(has an effectiveness of 6)9)Adepending on the dose( dosing interva%

( vaccine tpe and state of materna%


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)against "easles!"$"ps andr$(ella* Was introdused in immuni>ation scheme from

-om/nia since )44< (rep%acing the simp%emeas%es vaccination.

Its administered one first dose at age of 1)15months( fo%%o'ed b a rappe% at age of 6! 1stgrade.

here are used trivaccines 'ith %ive reducedviruses.

0 sing%e dose of vaccine is ver effective againstmeas%es(mumps and rube%%a( its use %eading to

significant decrease of this 2 disease incidence.


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Immuni>ation fai%s appear in approximate% 5A ofthe cases('hen the prime vaccination is beingadministered after the age of 15 months.

-evaccination prevents the appearance ofmeas%es( even to those 'hom the seroconversion'as not done at the first vaccination.

3ecundar effects are in genera% mi%d(at hea%thpersons.

-are% can appear thromboctopenia( hives or

anaph%axis 4(15 per 144.444 in cases. 0t chi%dren 'ith compromise immunitar sistem

immunodeficienc sindroms( using vaccines 'ith%ive reduced viruses presents a ris+ of death

caused b vira% infection 'ith the virus from the


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8olio &accination +he first #accination is done at the a'e of 3!4!5

months ! followed by ra""el 6 at the a'e of 63months and the second ra""el at a'e of 9 %7th'rade&.

For the national "ro'ram of immuni)ation it-sused VPO%oral "olio #accine!with li#e reduced"olio #iruses &! V>?+ mixture.

+hree doses of V>? offers a "rotection of 9


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,isks associated #ith orally

ad"inistered polio &accine #ithli&e red$ced &ir$ses

he ris+ of post immuni>ation po%io para%sisafter administration of "PB is estimated at1C)(5 mi%ion doses aproximate% 15

casesCear in -om/nia. #eside the after immuni>ation po%io para%tic (

"PB can be responsab%e even for the

apparience of Dui%%ain#arrE sndrome. In persons 'ith immunodeficiencies for

examp%e 0I73( the virus from "PB can cause

invasive infections and death.


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"PB presents a ris+ of environment

contamination 'ith po%iovirus(because of excretion in environmentand circu%ation of po%ivirus derived

from the vaccine. here 'ere cases reported of po%io

'ith po%iovirus derived from the

vaccine in immuni>ed sub=ects. #ecause of that chi%dren recent%

vaccinated 'ith "PB must be


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3ct$al trends in polio

&accination In deve%oped countries ora%% vaccination 'ith"PB 'hich contain reduced %ive viruses 'asrep%aced b in=ectab%e vaccination 'ith VPI'hichcontain inactivated po%io viruses( 'ith simi%ar

immunogenicit and minima% side effects. In case of "PI( administered b in=ection( its

avoided digestive passage of viruses from vaccineand their excretion in environment b feces. In this

'a its decrease the ris+ of environmentcontamination 'ith po%ioviruses derived fromvaccine( %imiting transmition of 'i%d po%iovirusespartia%% inactivated derived from "PB tosusceptib%e persons.


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Wor%d 'ide there is a trend to rep%ace "PB vaccine'ith "PI( in the nationa% scheme.

In -om/nia( "PI is being used in naFiona% programof immuni>ation on% for instituFiona%i>ed chi%drenfrom maternit( hospita%s and foster care.

:or chi%dren raised in fami% there is the posibi%it tochoose for variants vaccines 'ith "PI component.

hese vaccines can be obtain('ith mone(frompharmac.

Its administered according to the nationa% vaccineca%endar(after the same scheme as "PB.


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"accination b in=ection 'ith VPIits administeredintramuscu%ar or subcutaneous.

Its not administered if there is an a%ergic reaction theactive substance( excipients( neomcin(streptomcin( po%mxin #( or if there is afever(infectious disease or evo%utive chronic disease

0s adverse reactions can appear %oca% reactions atthe administration p%ace pain( redness( edema 'hichcan appear in the first


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96-,3:;

how important is the child vaccination

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