how much does drug policy matter?: comparing drug use data, netherlands-usa
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How Much Does Drug Policy Matter?: Comparing drug use data, Netherlands-USA. Manja Abraham * Kohnstamm Institute., Universiteit van Amsterdam Peter Cohen * Centruum voor Drugsonderzoek, Universiteit van Amsterdam Gerard Gmell Universite de Lausanne - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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How Much Does Drug Policy Matter?:Comparing drug use data, Netherlands-USAManja Abraham* Kohnstamm Institute., Universiteit van AmsterdamPeter Cohen* Centruum voor Drugsonderzoek, Universiteit van AmsterdamGerard Gmell Universite de Lausanne Lana Harrison University of DelawareCraig Reinarman University of California, Santa Cruz
Sources:Abraham, M.D., Cohen, P.D.A, De Winter, M.A.L, Van Til, R.J. (1999) Licit and illicit drug use in the Netherlands, 1997. Amsterdam: CEDRO/Mets&SchiltAbraham, M.D., Kaal, H.L., Cohen, P.D.A (2002) Licit and illicit drug use in the Netherlands, 2001. Amsterdam: CEDRO/Mets&SchiltOffice of Applied Studies, SAMSHSA (1998) 1997 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services AdministrationOffice of Applied Studies, SAMSHSA (2002) 2001 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services AdministrationReinarman, Cohen and Kaal, The Limited Relevance of Drug Policy: Cannabis in Amsterdam and San Francisco, American Journal of Public Health 94:836-842, 2004]
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Cannabis -- life time prevalenceUSA and NL, 1997 and 2001, by age group
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Cannabis -- age of first useUSA and NL, 1997 and 2001, by age group
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Ecstacy -- life time prevalenceUSA and NL, 1997 and 2001, by age group
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Ecstacy -- age of first useUSA and NL, 1997 and 2001, by age group
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Heroin -- life time prevalenceUSA and NL, 1997 and 2001, by age group
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Heroin -- age of first useUSA and NL, 1997 and 2001, by age group
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Ages at first cannabis use, first regular use, and at start of heaviest use among experienced cannabis users (25x>)
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Experienced user samples: Frequency of cannabis use in 4 periods, by city (% of all respondents)
Chart1
7.407407407449.53703703743.05555555560
49.074074074140.277777777810.64814814810
10.185185185218.981481481532.407407407438.4259259259
9.259259259319.907407407421.296296296349.537037037
3.773584905735.094339622661.13207547170
39.245283018940.377358490620.37735849060
7.169811320814.339622641546.037735849132.4528301887
5.283018867915.094339622633.584905660446.0377358491
Daily
1x a week or more
< 1x a week
Not at all
Crosstabs
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
n%n%n%
Daily1671041018
> 1x a week572650191324
1x a week502343161222
=> 1x a month602882311425
< 1x a month33158030611
Total21610026510055100
F=14.66; df = 535; p=.000; Tukey Post Hoc: A-S p=.000; S-B p=.000.
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
n%n%n%
Daily10649104392240
> 1x a week572681312036
1x a week30142610815
=> 1x a month199421647
< 1x a month4212512
Total21610026510055100
A-S: t = -2.66; df = 477; p=.008, sign.
S-B: t = -1.37; df = 91; p=.174, not sign.
A-B: t = .413; df = 269; p=.680, not sign.
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
n%n%n%
Daily22171911619
> 1x a week29222715722
1x a week12911626
=> 1x a month201542231031
< 1x a month50388045722
Total13310017910032100
A-S: t = -2.39; df = 269; p=.017, sign.
S-B: t = -2.22; df = 209; p=.028, sign.
A-B: t = -.648; df = 163; p=.518, not sign.
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
n%n%n%
Daily20181410623
> 1x a week30282618623
1x a week1312141028
=> 1x a month17163927727
< 1x a month29275035519
Total10910014310026100
F = 5.38; df = 277; p=.005; Tukey Post-hoc: A-S p=.008.
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
n%n%n%
Morning3111411
Afternoon321254191216
Evening18568108394561
Night4516100361216
All day837345
Total27310028010074100
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
n%n%n%
Morning7211422
Afternoon491629101922
Evening16553105363743
Night521787301619
All day371256191214
Total31010028810086100
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
n%n%n%
Morning32
Afternoon127148718
Evening1227474402667
Night30188445615
All day11105
Total16510018510039100
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
n%n%n%
Morning1175
Afternoon139139720
Evening977060402366
Night26196443514
All day1164
Total13810015010035100
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
n%n%n%
Yes312967422142
Maybe363439241122
No403755341836
Total10710016110050100
2 = 5.94; df = 4; p=.204, not sign.
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
n%n%n%
Yes399879481983
No138552417
Total4010016410023100
2 = 38.00; df = 2; p=.000
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
n%n%n%
Yes382254291133
No113659149824
Dont know241440221442
Total17510018510033100
2 = 24.54; df = 4; p=.000
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
n%n%n%
Weekends only823882311427
More in weekends703289342242
Equally weekdays/weekends502368261325
More/only on weekdays146261036
Total21610026510052100
2 =6.03; df = 6; p=.420, not sign.
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
n%n%n%
Weekends only12622848
More in weekends683177291528
Equally weekdays/weekends12558151573158
More/only on weekdays11515636
Total21610026510053100
2 = 1.67; df = 6; p=.948, not sign.
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
n%n%n%
Weekends only26205632826
More in weekends372846261135
Equally weekdays/weekends58445732929
More/only on weekdays1181710310
Total13210017610031100
2 = 8.46; df = 6; p=.206, not sign.
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
n%n%n%
Weekends only17163626520
More in weekends31293928832
Equally weekdays/weekends51475136832
More/only on weekdays981511416
Total10810014110025100
2 =6.47; df = 6; p=.373, not sign.
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
n%n%n%
1: Light buzz241110436
2331532121019
3512469261120
4542562231324
530145220815
6: Very high22103915917
Total21410026410054100
Average3.53.93.7
F = 5.03; df = 531; p=.007, sign. Tukey Post-hoc: A-S p=.004.
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
n%n%n%
1: Light buzz1261012
220911459
34823421647
4622983311324
5512482311731
6: Very high20945171426
Total21310026410054100
Average3.94.44.5
F = 14.62; df = 530; p=.000, sign. Tukey Post-hoc: A-S p=.000, A-B p=.001.
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
n%n%n%
1: Light buzz13109539
228213218516
344335732619
4282142231031
516122715619
6: Very high4312726
Total13310017910032100
Average3.13.53.5
F = 2.84; df = 343; p=.060, not sign.
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
n%n%n%
1: Light buzz8713914
227253122623
331283726727
423213927727
516151611312
6: Very high447528
Total10910014310026100
Average3.23.23.4
F = .26; df = 277; p=.769, not sign.
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
n%n%n%
Only an hour452173281630
2-3 hrs12257150572547
4+ hrs482240151223
Total21510026310053100
2 = 7.20; df = 4; p=.126, not sign.
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
n%n%n%
Only an hour45213814815
2-3 hrs8439151572751
4+ hrs874074281834
Total21610026310053100
2 = 16.46; df = 4; p=.002, sign.
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
n%n%n%
Only an hour52396737619
2-3 hrs665095531856
4+ hrs1411179825
Total13210017910032100
2 = 9.21; df = 4; p=.056, not sign.
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
n%n%n%
Only an hour42395841519
2-3 hrs545074521558
4+ hrs1211118623
Total10810014310026100
2 = 7.97; df = 4; p=.093, not sign.
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
n%n%n%
< 2 gr773884351531
2-4 gr562858241122
4-7 gr25123414816
7-11 gr201015648
11-14 gr4211524
14-18 gr52167510
18-21 gr521012
21-28 gr317312
>28 gr7313524
Total20210023910049100
F = 1.85; df = 489; p=.158, not sign.
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
n%n%n%
< 2 gr (1/16 oz.)773884351531
2-4 gr (1/16 - 1/8 oz.)562858241122
4-14 gr (1/8 - 1/2 oz.)492460251429
14-28 gr (1/2 - 1 oz.)1362410714
>28 gr (> 1oz.)7313524
Total20210023910049100
F = 1.85; df = 489; p=.158, not sign.
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
n%n%n%
< 2 gr3115241024
2-4 gr35173816816
4-7 gr27133013612
7-11 gr38193615816
11-14 gr105261136
14-18 gr73229714
18-21 gr105104612
21-28 gr7310424
>28 gr37184318714
Total20210023910049100
F = 1.55; df = 489; p=.213, not sign.
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
n%n%n%
< 2 gr (1/16 oz.)3115241024
2-4 gr (1/16 - 1/8 oz.)35173816816
4-14 gr (1/8 - 1/2 oz.)753792381735
14-28 gr (1/2 - 1 oz.)241242181531
>28 gr (> 1oz.)37184318714
Total20210023910049100
F = 1.55; df = 489; p=.213, not sign.
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
n%n%n%
< 2 gr53408953930
2-4 gr30233219827
4-7 gr2217161027
7-11 gr129127310
11-14 gr118513
14-18 gr222127
18-21 gr1127
21-28 gr2113
>28 gr1186427
Total13110016810030100
A-S: t = 1.52; df = 297; p=.131, not sign.
S-B: t = 2.65; df = 196; p=.009, sign.
A-B: 1.53; df = 159; p=.128, not sign.
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
n%n%n%
< 2 gr (1/16 oz.)53408953930
2-4 gr (1/16 - 1/8 oz.)30233219827
4-14 gr (1/8 - 1/2 oz.)35273621620
14-28 gr (1/2 - 1 oz.)2253517
>28 gr (> 1oz.)1186427
Total13110016810030100
A-S: t = 1.52; df = 297; p=.131, not sign.
S-B: t = 2.65; df = 196; p=.009, sign.
A-B: 1.53; df = 159; p=.128, not sign.
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
n%n%n%
< 2 gr44417052832
2-4 gr23212317624
4-7 gr1716151114
7-11 gr111097312
11-14 gr1164
14-18 gr115428
18-21 gr21312
21-28 gr2114
>28 gr1093214
Total10710013510025100
A-S: t = 1.26 df = 240; p=.208, not sign.
S-B: t = 1.96; df = 29; p=.060, not sign.
A-B: t = 1.38; df = 130; p=.171, not sign.
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
n%n%n%
< 2 gr (1/16 oz.)44417052832
2-4 gr (1/16 - 1/8 oz.)23212317624
4-14 gr (1/8 - 1/2 oz.)29273022416
14-28 gr (1/2 - 1 oz.)1197624
>28 gr (> 1oz.)1093214
Total10710013510025100
A-S: t = 1.26 df = 240; p=.208, not sign.
S-B: t = 1.96; df = 29; p=.060, not sign.
A-B: t = 1.38; df = 130; p=.171, not sign.
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
n%n%n%
< 2 gr41383742728
2-4 gr23211618832
4-7 gr14131113520
7-11 gr1110910
11-14 gr1145
14-18 gr761128
18-21 gr45
21-28 gr111114
>28 gr1095628
Total1081008810025100
F = .161; df = 220; p=.851, not sign.
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
n%n%n%
< 2 gr (1/16 oz.)41383742728
2-4 gr (1/16 - 1/8 oz.)23211618832
4-14 gr (1/8 - 1/2 oz.)26242427520
14-28 gr (1/2 - 1 oz.)8767312
>28 gr (> 1oz.)1095628
Total1081008810025100
F = .161; df = 220; p=.851, not sign.
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
n%n%n%
Pattern 1178187
Pattern 2136176611
Pattern 324115259
Pattern 410448133502444
Pattern 57325924
Pattern 6512466251833
Total21610026410055100
2 = 32.31; df = 10; p=.000
AmsterdamSan Francisco
n%n%
Until certain level of effect944512246
Specific amount813910841
Continue to maintain level34163413
Total209100264100
2 = 1.11; df = 2; p=.575, not sign.
*Not asked in Bremen
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
n%n%n%
yes9343103392851
no12357162612749
Total21610026510055100
2 = 2.95; df = 2; p=.228, not sign.
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
n%n%n%
1950-19591010
1960-19692713441747
1970-1979622991351120
1980-1989994676292749
1990-1995/9251250191324
Total21410026210055100
Average198019801982
A-S: t = -.134; df = 472; p=.894, not sign.
S-B: t = 2.32; df = 88; p=.023, sign.
A-B: t = 2.37; df = 267; p=.018, sign.
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
n%n%n%
1950-195910
1960-1969157251024
1970-1979532573281018
1980-1989994683322647
1990-1995/9462281311731
Total21310026310055100
Average198219831985
A-S: t = -1.15; df = 474; p=.253, not sign.
S-B: t = 1.12; df = 87; p=.267, not sign.
A-B: t = 1.92; df = 266; p=.056, not sign.
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
n%n%n%
=< 5 years522431121222
6-10 years562665251120
11-15 years48225220917
16-20 years211039151426
21-25 years2311331336
>= 26 years147441759
Total21410026410054100
Average (years)121513
F = 8.91; df = 531; p=.000, sign. Tukey Post-hoc: A-S p=.000.
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
n%n%n%
=< 5 years323599519
6-10 years23253130830
11-15 years23252221519
16-20 years671616726
21-25 years67111114
>= 26 years22141414
Total9210010310027100
Average (years)101512
F = 10.42; df = 221; p=.000, sign. Tukey Post-hoc: A-S p=.000.
Why no use cannabis in future?
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
n%n%n%
Don't like it, not sociable anymore, no m15252220310
No need for it12201110517
Different lifestyle, different friends9151514310
Negative feelings, bad experiences2344931
I was addicted, I used too much, I am cl231312
It makes you feel stuffy, slow, lethargic, fall asleep5876
Legal issues, drug testing98
Unhealthy1266
Want to set good example for children122227
Religious reasons3522
Paranoia, anxiety55
More pleasant experiences with other drugs1233
I quit smoking1222
More control1211
It leads to others drug use23
Cannot take it anymore27
Want to remain clearheaded27
Pregnancy12
It makes you very passive12
Other4776310
Total responses6110010910029100
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
MeanStd.Dev.MeanStd.Dev.MeanStd.Dev.
Age first regular use19.15.018.84.818.54.8F = 0.41; p=.665, not sign.
Age heaviest use21.56.022.06.720.35.8F = 1.69; p=.185, not sign.
Age of last use if quit33.39.334.810.233.310.4F = 0.86; p=.423, not sign.
time between first and second use (categories)
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
n%n%n%
< 1 week462146181018
1 week532546181222
< 1 month432042161120
< 6 months421971281629
6+ months32155321611
Total21610025810055100
F = 3.48; p=.032, sign. Tukey Post-Hoc: A-S: p=.025.
duration period heaviest use (categories)
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
n%n%n%
< 1 year28134316611
1 year371764241425
=< 2 years622977291222
= 1x a week262613141931101024361311
1x a week231466161045221544
=> 1x a month28998311616152571813
< 1x a month15223133053019112139
Not at all003850003246004253
Total100100100100100100100100100100100100
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
FYTPLYL3mFYTPLYL3mFYTPLYL3m
Daily7491094397518401111
1x a week or more504019203540141545511615
< 1x a week43113221612046343693122
Not at all003850003246004253
Total100100100100100100100100100100100100
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
FYTPLYL3mFYTPLYL3mFYTPLYL3m
Morning121442512
Afternoon12167919108916221820
Evening685374703936404061436766
Night161718193630454316191514
All day3121131954514
Total100100100100100100100100100100100100
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
FYTPLYL3mFYTPLYL3mFYTPLYL3m
Weekends only386201631832262782620
More in weekends323128293429262842283532
Equally weekdays/weekends235844472657323625582932
More/only on weekdays65881061011661016
Total100100100100100100100100100100100100
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
FYTPLYL3mFYTPLYL3mFYTPLYL3m
6: Very high10934151775172668
5142412152031151115311912
4252921212331232724243127
324233328261632262071927
2159212512418221991623
1: Light buzz11610740596294
Total100100100100100100100100100100100100
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
FYTPLYL3mFYTPLYL3mFYTPLYL3m
4+ hrs2240111115289823342523
2-3 hrs573950505757535247515658
Only an hour212139392814374130151919
Total100100100100100100100100100100100100
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
FYTPLYL3mLMFYTPLYL3mLMFYTPLYL3mLM
>28 gr (> 1oz.)318899518426414748
14-28 gr (1/2 - 1 oz.)61221710183771431172412
4-14 gr (1/8 - 1/2 oz.)243727272425382122272935201620
2-4 gr (1/16 - 1/8 oz.)281723212124161917182216272432
< 2 gr (1/16 oz.)38154041383510535242314303228
Total100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100
Daily
1x a week or more
< 1x a week
Not at all
Morning
Afternoon
Evening
Night
All day
Weekends only
More in weekends
Equally weekdays/weekends
More/only on weekdays
6: Very high
5
4
3
2
1: Light buzz
4+ hrs
2-3 hrs
Only an hour
>28 gr (> 1oz.)
14-28 gr (1/2 - 1 oz.)
4-14 gr (1/8 - 1/2 oz.)
2-4 gr (1/16 - 1/8 oz.)
< 2 gr (1/16 oz.)
-
Experienced users: Average quantity of cannabis used per month [for last-year and last-3-months periods, percentages are of of respondents still using]
Chart1
3.46534653476.435643564424.257425742627.722772277238.1188118812
18.316831683211.881188118837.128712871317.326732673315.3465346535
8.39694656491.526717557326.717557251922.900763358840.4580152672
9.34579439250.934579439327.102803738321.495327102841.1214953271
5.439330543910.041841004225.104602510524.267782426835.1464435146
17.991631799217.573221757338.493723849415.8995815910.0418410042
3.57142857142.976190476221.428571428619.047619047652.9761904762
2.22222222226.666666666722.222222222217.03703703751.8518518519
>28 gr
14-28 gr
4-14 gr
2-4 gr
< 2 gr
draft bardiagrams
AmsterdamSan FranciscoBremen
FYTPLYL3mLMFYTPLYL3mLMFYTPLYL3mLM
>28 gr318899518426414748
14-28 gr61221710183771431172412
4-14 gr243727272425382122272935201620
2-4 gr281723212124161917182216272432
< 2 gr38154041383510535242314303228
Total100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100
draft bardiagrams
>28 gr
14-28 gr
4-14 gr
2-4 gr
< 2 gr
-
Experienced users: Intensity of intoxication at typical occasion of cannabis use [for last-year and last-3-months periods, percentages are of of respondents still using]
-
Experienced users: Duration of intoxication, typical occasion of cannabis use [for last-year and last-3-months periods, percentages are of of respondents still using]
-
Drug use prevalence Amsterdam and San Francisco (1998)
[source; Reinarman, Cohen and Kaal, The Limited Relevance of Drug Policy: Cannabis in Amsterdam and San Francisco, American Journal of Public Health 94:836-842, 2004]
Table 2: Lifetime and Last-3-Months Prevalence of Other Illicit Drug Use
Amsterdam
San Francisco
Significance
n=216
n=264
chi-square
LTP
L3MP
LTP
L3MP
LTP
L3MP
cocaine
48.1
9.3
73.2
7.5
***
n.s.
crack
3.7
0.5
18.1
1.1
***
1)
amphetamine
37.5
1.9
60.4
4.5
***
n.s.
ecstasy
25.5
9.3
40.0
6.4
***
n.s.
opiates
21.8
0.5
35.5
2.7
***
1)
*** p
-
Table 1: User rules for regulating cannabis use (% reporting)
n
%
n
%
Not during work, study
58
38.7
68
35.4
Not during the day
43
28.7
9
4.7
Not in traffic
10
6.7
28
14.6
Not in the morning
32
21.3
8
4.2
Never in presence of small children
4
2.7
33
17.2
Not with relatives
9
6.0
28
14.6
Not too often, in moderation
4
2.7
23
12.0
Only if I have no commitments
7
4.7
13
6.8
Not if I must be clear headed
10
6.7
9
4.7
Not in public
7
4.7
14
7.3
Not in combination with alcohol
5
3.3
8
4.2
Only with friends and partner
4
2.7
9
4.7
Other
51
34.1
76
40.2
Total
244(150)
162.7
326(192)
169.8
Amsterdam
San Francisco
-
How often to you stick to your rules?
n
%
n
%
All the time
97
65
134
70
Most of the time
50
33
55
29
Some of the time
1
1
3
2
Rarely or never
2
1
Total
150
100
192
100
A-S: t = 1.16; df = 296; p=.246, not sign.
Amsterdam
San Francisco
-
Figure 1: Locations of use, last three months of use [ mean frequency scores: never=0; seldom=1; sometimes=2; often=3; always=4]
-
Situations thought not suitable for cannabis use: Amsterdam San Francisco
Work (or study)69.3% 52.1%With Parents16.6% 16.9%In public or at events15.6% 15.9%While driving 8.0% 19.6%While concentrating11.1% 11.4%
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Emotional states thought suitable for cannabis use:Amsterdam San Francisco
Feeling good, happy, joyful 59.3% 58.7%Feeling relaxed 22.8% 41.4%Feeling sexual 13.8% 6.8%Feeling excited, euphoric 10.2% 5.3%Feeling down, depressed 9.6% 5.2%
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Emotional states thought unsuitable for cannabis use: Amsterdam San Francisco
Feeling down, depressed42.4% 29.1%Feeling sad, upset28.1% 16.2%Feeling anxious, paranoid11.4% 32.4%Feeling angry, aggressive, rageful12.1% 23.4%Feeling tense, stressed out15.9% 12.8%Feeling unsafe, insecure10.6% 16.2%
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Types of people with whom users would not want to consume cannabis: Amsterdam San Francisco
Parents 54.6% 50.8%Relatives 32.8% 18.3%Co-workers 19.5% 28.8%Strangers 8.6% 20.8%Children 9.8% 16.3%Non-users, people opposed 12.1% 10.0%
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Persons users persuaded to not try cannabis:
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Persons users persuaded to try cannabis: