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How Our Cities Can Planfor Driverless CarsApril 2016

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The state of autonomous vehicle technology seemslikely to advance with or without legislative andagency actions at the federal level. However, themanner in which autonomous vehicle technologiesprogress and will eventually be implemented dependsheavily on these efforts. Intelligent planning,meaningful vision, and regulatory action and reformare required.

- “Preparing a Nation for Autonomous Vehicles: Opportunities,Barriers, and Policy Recommendations,” Eno Center for

Transportation

They’re coming …

• Driverless Vehicles 101• Our Driverless Future• Current Status of Government

with Driverless Vehicles• Proposed Actions for State and

Local Governments RegardingDriverless Vehicles

Discussion Topics

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Driverless Vehicles 101

NHTSA defines “Full Self-Driving Automation” as:“designed to perform all safety-critical driving functions and monitor roadway conditions foran entire trip. Such a design anticipates that the driver will provide destination or navigationinput, but is not expected to be available for control at any time during the trip.”

Driverless Vehicles Definition

Source: http://www.internationaltransportforum.org/Pub/pdf/15CPB_AutonomousDriving.pdf

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Level 4 (Full Self-Driving Automation)The vehicle is designed to perform all safety-critical driving functions and monitor roadway conditions for an entire trip. Such a design

anticipates that the driver will provide destination or navigation input, but is not expected to be available for control at any timeduring the trip.

Level 3 (Limited Self-Driving Automation)Automation enable the driver to cede full control of all safety-critical functions under certain traffic or environmental conditions. The

driver is expected to be available for occasional control, but with sufficiently comfortable transition time.

Level 2 (Combined Function Automation)Automation of at least two primary control functions designed to work in unison to relieve the driver of control of

those functions.

Level 1 (Function-Specific Automation)

Automation at this level involves one or more specific control functions.

Level 0 (Non-Automation)The driver is in complete and sole control of the primary vehicle controls – brake, steering, throttle, and motive power

– at all times.

NHTSA’s Definition of Vehicle Automation

Definitions:Driverless vs Connected Vehicles

DriverlessVehicles

ConnectedVehicles

(CV)

Automated Vehicles

Best of BothWorlds!

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• Safety improvements• Improved mobility for youth,

elderly, and disabled• Improved traffic circulation• Reduced need for parking• Improved travel time reliability• Reduced GHG emissions• Reduced need for private car

ownership and private autoinsurance

Potential Impact of Driverless Cars onSociety

Positives Negatives• Increased “VMT”• Insurance policy disruption• Increased urban sprawl• Job loss

Driverless Vehicles Adoption Timeline

Source: Morgan Stanley

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• Technology developmentcontinues to be the mainfocus; however, otherconsiderations are beingresearched as well

• Governments around theworld are developingpartnerships andconducting research todetermine how theyshould regulate theindustry in order toensure public safety

Driverless Vehicles Today

IndustryStandards

Text here

SocietyIntegration

HumanFactorsTechnologyTechnology

Privacy &Security

InfrastructureRequirements

Insurance

Our Driverless Future

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Level of Vehicle and Ride Sharing

Scenario 1:Driverless Nightmare

0% of Society 100% of Society

Scenario 2:Driverless Utopia

Potential Future Scenarios

Changes from Today’s Society

Driverless Nightmare Driverless Utopia

Safety

VMT

GHG Emissions

Urban Sprawl

Parking Req’ts No Change

RoadwayMaintenance Req’ts

Low Income Mobility

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Current Status of Governmentwith Driverless Vehicles

Federal

• Established classification system for various levels of automation ofcars

• Research and funding focused on connected vehicles (minimalautonomous)

• Rule-making is delegated to state-level

State• State roles vary significantly. Some have enacted legislation allowing

testing and, in some cases, requiring licensing or safety guidance

Local• Some cities, transit agencies, and other local government organizations

are partnering with technology developers to support testing

Current Role of U.S. Government

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Federal Response

U.S. States’ Driverless Vehicles LegislativeUpdate

As of March 2016, California, Michigan, Florida, Nevada, Tennessee, and Washington D.C.have enacted legislation allowing driverless vehicle testing on public roadways.

Source: http://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/wiki/index.php/Automated_Driving:_Legislative_and_Regulatory_Action

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Driverless Vehicle Test Sites Involving LocalGov’t (Sampling)

Proposed Actions for State andLocal Governments Regarding

Driverless Vehicles

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Update, Establishand Enforce Policies

and Regulations

Safety

Privacy/Data Sharing

Cyber Security

Establish andEnforce Standards

Manufacturing

Vehicle Design

Infrastructure

Data/Communications

Proposed Government Role in DriverlessVehicles

Update, Establish, andEnforce Policies and

Plans

Mobility

Infrastructure

Transit

Financial

Federal Role State and Local Role

Stay educated ondriverless vehicles

progress

Stay educated ondriverless vehicles

progress

Incorporate driverlessvehicles into city goalsIncorporate driverlessvehicles into city goals

Establishcommunications and/orcoalition with driverlesstechnology stakeholders

Establishcommunications and/orcoalition with driverlesstechnology stakeholders

Support testing activitiesSupport testing activitiesEstablish policies and

plans with considerationfor the future

Establish policies andplans with consideration

for the future

Encourage open datasharing

Encourage open datasharing

Local Government Recommendations

What can be done now?

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Local Government Recommendations

PlanningPlanningUpdate travel demand modelEvaluate road capacity needsAssess transit requirementsForecast financial implications

Infrastructure ModificationsInfrastructure ModificationsUpdate traffic signs and markingsReduce lane widthAlter speed limitsAdjust traffic signal locations and timingEliminate/reduce parking and add more “drop-off/pick-up” locationsAdd electric vehicle charging infrastructureDevelop new predictive models for pavementmaintenanceCertify roads for driverless and/or manual usage

MiscellaneousMiscellaneousUpdate enforcement function within thegovernmentUpdate incident management function withinthe governmentIncorporate driverless vehicle technology intogovernment servicesUpdate government workforce to match needs

What can be done in the medium (1-2 years) to long-term (3-5 years)?

Update roadway policiesand infrastructure to

manage the VMT impact

Adjust land use policiesto reduce urban sprawl

Adjust the tax/feestructure to dis-incentivize car

ownership and/orparking

Alter parking policies toreduce the need for

private parkingChange transit pricing

Local Government Recommendations

What policy changes can be made by local governments to influencepotential AV impacts in our cities?

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• Email: isaac@pbworld.com• Phone: 415-815-8200• Guide: http://www.wsp-pb.com/en/WSP-USA/What-we-do-

USA/Services/All-Services-A-Z/Driverless-Vehicles/• Blog: www.drivingtowardsdriverless.com• Twitter: @DriverlessLau

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