how prevalent is cardiovascular disease (cvd) in the u.s.?

Preventing Cardiovascular Disease

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How Prevalent is Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) in the U.S.?

• #1 cause of death in the U.S.

• Accounts for nearly one out of every two deaths

• Approximately 1 million people die annually from CVD

• More than 60 million people have some form of CVD

• Leading cause of death for men between ages the of 35-44; rates in women are rising

• Economic costs related to CVD exceed $400 billion per year


Economic Costs of CVD Compared to Other Diseases

Figure 9.1


Types of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

Arteriosclerosis: A group of diseases• “Hardening” or narrowing of the arteries• Blocks blood flow to vital organsAtherosclerosis: A type of arteriosclerosis• Blockage from buildup of fatty deposits in blood vessels (“plaque”)• Progressive disease, beginning in childhood, symptoms appear laterCoronary Heart Disease (CHD): The result of atherosclerotic plaque• Angina pectoris (chest pain): often occurs with stress or exercise• Heart attack: “kills” certain heart muscle cells/ severity can varyStroke• Blood Supply to the brain is reduced or blocked• Results in brain damage from death of brain cells• Effects can be short- or long-term/ severity variesHypertension• Abnormally high blood pressure (>140/90 )• If long-term or acute, it is a significant health problem


Plaque Buildup in Arteries

Figure 9.2


Coronary Artery Blockage

Figure 9.3


Blocked Artery Leading to Stroke

Figure 9.4


Major Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

Directly related to developing CHD & stroke

Smoking• More than 2x the risk of getting CHD than non-smokers• Biggest risk factor for sudden death from cardiac arrestHypertension• Both a disease and a risk factor for stroke• Diets high in sodium increase risk High Blood Cholesterol • Lipid consumed in foods or synthesized in the body/ two kinds• Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)/“bad cholesterol”

(optimal level < 100 mg/dl.)• High-density lipoprotein (HDL)/ “good cholesterol”

( optimal level > 60 mg/dl.)




Physical Inactivity• Link to CHD has been well established for years• Regular exercise counteracts many CHD risk factorsDiabetes Mellitus• Previously linked mainly with middle age and overweight, but is

now spreading more widely • More than 80% of diabetes patients die from some form of CHDObesity and Overweight• More likely to develop CHD, even with no other risk factors• Fat distribution also affects CHD risk: higher waist-to-hip ratio

has greater risk




Heredity• Children of parents with CHD are more likely to get it• People with hereditary risk can still avoid CHD, but must worker

harder at a healthy lifestyle• Family risk may be linked to cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes

and obesityGender• Up to age 55, men have higher risk from CHD• After menopause, women’s risk is as high as for menAge• Risk of developing CHD and stroke increases with age


Contributory Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

Increase the risk of developing CHD

Stress• Contributes to multiple risk factors, including smoking,

hypertension and cholesterol• Can release hormones that elevate blood pressure

Alcohol Consumption• Excessive drinking increases risk of CHD, high blood sugar

levels, cancer, and other diseases• AHA recommends abstinence or moderation


Hypertension and Genetics

Figure 9.5


CHD Risk Factors

Figure 9.6


Reducing Your Risk of Heart Disease

• Don’t smoke

• Lower your blood pressure

• Eat a healthy, balanced diet

• Be physically active

• Reduce your stress level

how prevalent is cardiovascular disease (cvd) in the u.s.?

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