cardiovascular disease (cvd) = disease of the heart and blood vessels cvd is the leading cause of...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 11
Cardiovascular Health
Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) = disease of the heart and blood vessels
CVD is the leading cause of death among Americans
Some CVD risk factors are controllable; others are not
There are many things individuals can do to reduce their risk of CVD
Major CVD Risk Factors That Can Be Changed
Tobacco use and exposure to ETS› Causes about 1 in 5 deaths from CVD› Damages artery linings› Reduces HDL› Raises LDL and triglycerides › Causes platelets to stick together› Raises heart rate and blood pressure› Displaces oxygen in the blood› Increases the rate of the accumulation of
fatty deposits in arteries
Major CVD Risk Factors That Can Be Changed
High blood pressure (hypertension) = sustained abnormally high blood pressure› Systole = pressure when heart contracts› Diastole = pressure when heart relaxes
High blood pressure strains the heart, damages the arteries, and increases risk of heart attack, stroke, kidney failure, and blindness
CVD can be reduced with regular exercise, healthy diet (reduced salt, increased potassium and fiber), and moderation of alcohol intake
Blood Pressure Classification
CategorySystolic (mm Hg)
Diastolic (mm Hg)
Normal Below 120 and Below 80
Prehypertension
120–139 or 80–89
Hypertension Stage 1 Stage 2
140–159160 and above
oror
90-99100 and above
Major CVD Risk Factors That Can Be Changed
Unhealthy Cholesterol Levels› Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) = unhealthy
(“bad”) cholesterol; excess amounts are deposited in artery walls
› High-density lipoprotein (HDL) = healthy (“good”) cholesterol; shuttle unused cholesterol back to the liver for recycling
› Levels can be improved by quitting smoking, exercising, and improving diet (less saturated and trans fat, more fruits, vegetables, fiber, and whole grains)
Cholesterol GuidelinesLDL cholesterol (mg/dl)
Less than 100 Optimal
100–129 Near optimal/above optimal
130–159 Borderline high
160-189 High
190 or more Very high
Total cholesterol (mg/dl)
Less than 200 Desirable
200–239 Borderline high
240 or more High
HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)
Less than 40 Low (undesirable)
60 or more High (desirable)
Travels with Cholesterol
Cholesterol Checked Among Americans
Source
: Cente
rs for D
isease
Contro
l and P
reventio
n
Major CVD Risk Factors That Can Be Changed
Physical inactivity› Exercise decreases blood pressure and resting
heart rate, improves cholesterol, improves the condition of blood vessels, and helps prevent obesity and diabetes
Obesity› Strains the heart, especially excess fat in the
torso Diabetes
› Increases CVD risk even when controlled
Contributing CVD Risk Factors That Can Be Changed
High triglyceride levels› Lower with exercise, healthy diet, quitting
smoking, reducing alcohol intake
Triglycerides (mg/dl)
Less than 150 Normal
150–199 Borderline high
200–499 High
500 or more Very high
Contributing CVD Risk Factors That Can Be Changed
Psychological and social factors› Stress› Chronic hostility and anger› Suppressing psychological distress› Depression and anxiety› Social isolation› Low socioeconomic status
Alcohol and drug use
Major CVD Risk Factors That Cannot Be Changed
Family history/heredity› Multiple genes contribute to CVD risk
Aging› CVD risk goes up with age
Being male› Men face a higher risk, especially earlier in life
Ethnicity› African Americans have higher rates of
hypertension and stroke
Annual Incidence of Heart Attack
Women and CVD Women underestimate their CVD risk
› Nearly 1 in 2 women dies from CVD› About 1 in 30 women dies from breast cancer
Women are protected from CVD at younger ages by natural estrogen
After menopause, women are more likely than men to die after a heart attack
Women are more likely to have a heart attack without chest pain
Major Forms of Cardiovascular Disease
Hypertension (a risk factor and a form of CVD)
Atherosclerosis Heart disease and heart attacks Stroke Congestive heart failure
Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis: Arteries are narrowed by
deposits of fat, cholesterol, and other substances called plaques
Once narrowed by a plaque, an artery is vulnerable to blockage by blood clots
Blockage in the coronary arteries (coronary heart disease) can lead to a heart attack
Blockage in the brain can cause a stroke
Atherosclerosis
Heart Disease and Heart Attacks
Heart attack = Damage to, or death of, heart muscle, sometimes resulting in a failure of the heart to deliver enough blood to the body; myocardial infarction.
Angina pectoris = A condition in which the heart muscle does not receive enough blood, causing severe pain in the chest and often in the left arm and shoulder.
Arrhythmia = An irregularity in the force or rhythm of the heartbeat.
Sudden cardiac death = A nontraumatic, unexpected death from sudden cardiac arrest, most often due to arrhythmia (in association with underlying heart disease).
Heart AttackSymptoms of heart attack require immediate action.
Diagnosis and Treatment for Heart Disease Diagnosis
› Exercise stress test› MRI, echocardiogram, angiogram
Treatment› Lifestyle changes (diet and
exercise)› Low-dose aspirin therapy› Prescription medications› Balloon angioplasty› Coronary bypass surgery
Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kY5gKdFWT3k&feature=related
Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=veP5R-pzJVk&NR=1
Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Nf6Q2skGOM
Treatment of Heart Disease
Surgery is one possible treatment for heart disease.
Stroke Stroke = An impeded blood supply to some
part of the brain resulting in the destruction of brain cells› Ischemic stroke = caused by stroke› Hemorrhagic stroke = caused by ruptured blood
vessel Strokes may cause paralysis, walking
disability, speech impairment, or memory loss Treatment may include clot-dissolving and
antihypertensive drugs
Types of Stroke
Stroke
Congestive Heart Failure Congestive heart failure = condition resulting
from the heart’s inability to pump out all the blood that returns to it
Blood backs up in the veins leading to the heart, causing an accumulation of fluid in various parts of the body
Caused by high blood pressure, heart attack, atherosclerosis, birth defects, rheumatic fever (delayed complication of upper respiratory streptococcus infection)
Protecting Yourself Against Cardiovascular Disease
Eat heart-healthy› Decrease fat and
cholesterol intake Especially limit saturated
and trans fats› Increase fiber intake› Alcohol intake—moderate, if
at all› DASH (Dietary Approaches
to Stop Hypertension) Exercise regularly Avoid tobacco http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/
heart/hbp/dash/new_dash.pdf
Protecting Yourself Against Cardiovascular Disease (cont’d)
Know and manage your blood pressure Know and manage your cholesterol levels Develop ways to handle stress and anger Know your risk factors
sphygmomanometer
Reducing Your Risk of CVD
Mitral Valve
Mitral valve prolapse is the most common cause of heart murmur.
When the ventricles contract, the redundant leaflets prolapse (flop backwards) into the left atrium, sometimes allowing leakage of blood through the valve opening (mitral regurgitation).
Wellness Worksheet Assignment
Connect Chapter 11 Worksheet is due on Monday, October 1st, no later than 11:59PM.
Reminders Study guide for Exam I will be posted
on instructor’s website. Review for Exam I on Wednesday,
September 26th. Exam I (Chapters 1, 2, 3 and 11) on
Monday, October 1st. Please bring a pencil and Scantron 882-
E for Exam I on Exam day. As indicated in the course syllabus, no
late or make-up exams given