how to build a photometer. building a photometer at the heart of any of these devices is a...
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How to Build a Photometer
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Building A Photometer
• At the heart of any of these devices is a PHOTORESISTOR.
• It’s a resistor which changes because of the amount of light striking it.
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How does a photoresistor
work?
• A photoresistor is a resistor whose resistance decreases with increasing incident light intensity.
• A photoresistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor.
• If light falling on the device is of high enough frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band.
• The resulting free electron (and its hole partner) conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance.
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So, to measure LIGHT, you can measure RESISTANCE
• A common way to measure resistance is with a multimeter.
• Notice it’s set to Ω. That’s ohms, the unit of resistance.
• See the probes? We’ll connect the leads of the photoresistor to them.
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Here it is connected to the multimeter
• We used alligator clips, but you could use ordinary wire, or even connect the leads of the photoresistor directly to the multimeter probes.
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Covering the photoresistor will
change the multimeter
reading
• This is a fancy autoranging multimeter, so although the numbers displayed look about the same, it’s actually gone from 1026 ohms to 16340 ohms.
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Our sample will be in a test tube, so a test tube rack might
be a good holder.
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Here’s a way to get the photoresistor in position
• We’ve used tape to attach it to an empty test tube next to the space where we’ll put our test tube with liquid sample.
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Let’s make a light source
• 9 volt battery• LED (light
emitting diode)• 100 to 300 ohm
resistor (this limits current flow to the LED)
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Here’s the LED connected and
working
• Battery > resistor > LED > back to Battery
• We used alligator clips, but we could have just twisted wires together.
• We used a battery clip to attach to the battery, but we could have just taped wires to the battery terminals.
• The LED is polarized (current only goes one way). So if it doesn’t light up, reverse the connections.
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Here’s the LED mounted to our test tube rack
• Potential issues to experiment with:
• Is the light pointing at the photoresistor?
• Is the light going to go through (vs above) the liquid sample?
• For the color of the sample you’re using, is there a best choice for the LED color?
• How much does ambient room light affect your measurements?
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And we insert a test tube for measurement
• In it goes, between the photoresistor and the LED
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We could build a holder from a small cardboard box
• Good: the box can block out ambient room light.
• Bad: we have to be sure we’re measuring through the sample, rather than around it, since we can’t see it directly.
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A hole for the photoresistor
(taped in place),
another for the LED,
and another for the sample
tube
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If you’ve got probes, you could of course use them
• We’ve done this same work with Vernier light sensors instead of photoresistors.
• Of course, the probe is really just a photoresistor inside !
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You could also use a spectrometer probe
• These have their own light source, and can measure light intensity across the entire spectrum of visible light. You have to make a decision then, about what wavelength of light you want to focus on.
• This Vernier spectrometer accepts cuvettes and works very nicely.
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You could also use a photometer designed and built
at ISB.• Whatever you use, you
have to work with it to make sure it consistently says
• “different” when 2 samples are different
• “same” when 2 samples are the same
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Whatever you use, you should be able to make a “calibration
curve”• Put in known
amounts of milk• Measure the output• Create a graph
showing the relationship (don’t expect it to be linear, necessarily).
• This graph can be used to determine the amount of milk in unknown samples.