how to learn the catheter skill techniques
DESCRIPTION
Invited Lecture at Euro PCR on the issue of how surgeons can be prepared for the future by learning the catheter techniquesTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
How to learn the techniquesHow to learn the techniques
Francesco Maisano
San Raffaele Scientific Institute
and University Hospital
Milano
![Page 2: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Speaker’s name: Francesco Maisano
I have the following potential conflicts of interest to report:
Consulting for Edwards Lifesciences LLC, Micardia Corp, Medtronic Inc, Nycomed
Honoraria from St Jude Medical
Royalties from Edwards Lifesciences LLC
2
![Page 3: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
![Page 4: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
I. Complementary skills
II. Availability of resources
III. Crossfertilization
IV. Seamless patient-oriented care
4
![Page 5: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
I. … percutaneous heart valve treatment requires skill sets independent of the operator’s base discipline
II. … specific training should be required …
III. Those individuals eligible for the procedural training should be confined to experienced interventionalists and surgeons
IV. … most interventionalists are likely to be cardiologists …
V. …surgeons with appropriate training in percutaneous procedures may directely participate…
![Page 6: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Surgery Hwy
Cardio
logy
Hwy
TAVI H
wy
![Page 7: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Leadership Team management Patient oriented
approach
Risk managementComorbidities assessmentBiological age determinationQuality of life based decisionsUnbiased treatment choiceHybrid approaches
Less invasive interventionsMinimally invasive surgery Catheter based interventions
ImagingTimingScreening processImage-guided interventions
![Page 8: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
I. Accredited postgraduate residency or fellowship training program
II. Alternative pathways for practicing physicians
A. IC with extensive structural heart disease experience
B. Surgeons with valve disease and high risk patients experience
![Page 9: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
AssociationsPost-graduate courses
UniversitiesFellowships
MeetingsPCR, EACTS, AATS,
TCT, etc Industry supported opportunities
General endovascular training
Device-specific trainingImplantationPatient selectionPerioperative
management
![Page 11: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
I. Decision makingII. Periprocedural care
A. Focus on comorbidity and ageing
B. Management of complicationsIII. Imaging training
A. Patient selectionB. Procedural planningC. Procedural guidance
IV. Learning the basics of catheter skills
A. Cathlab tutorshipB. Simulator training
V. Learning the basics of surgeryA. OR visitsB. Learn the basic surgical skills
![Page 12: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
No major aircraft company today launches a new aircraft without simultaneously contracting for a suite of simulation devices.
![Page 13: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Simulation: learning the basics – Hands-on simulators and bench models
![Page 14: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
The Simulated Patient - The Simulated Patient - SimanthaSimantha™™
•Clinical scenario and ‘talking head’
•Real patient images
•Responsive hemodynamics
•Exchangeable catheters
•Adverse event scenarios
•Performance Metrics
![Page 15: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
“real world” experience
1. visiting, 2. proctoring, 3. exchanging ideas4. mutual support,5. Taking decisions 6. sharing
responsibility…
Visiting centers with experience in Structural heart disease, High risk valve surgery,Transcatheter program
![Page 17: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Hibrid approach using the skills from Hibrid approach using the skills from Surgery and ICSurgery and IC
![Page 22: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Toghether we can
I. TEAM work is the winning strategy
II. Cross-training facilitates collaboration and seamless multidisciplinary care
III. Close collaboration is enabling cross-fertilization and development of hybrid strategies
IV. It is time to reconsider the role of and relationship among surgeons and interventional cardiologists
![Page 23: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Aortic valve implant
OPENOPEN MIS MIS PORT ACCESS PORT ACCESS TRANSCATHETER TRANSCATHETER
Invasiveness
![Page 24: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Current surgical approach
I. Minimization of invasiveness
A. To mitigate risks
B. Increase acceptanceII. Tailored treatment
A. Anatomical substrate
B. Underlying disease
C. Patient needs
•Perioperative care•Pain management•Best prosthetic material
•Perioperative care•Pain management•Best prosthetic material
![Page 25: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
CHANGE REQUIRES ENERGY
![Page 26: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
MIS PORT ACCESS MIS PORT ACCESS Right Thoracotomy With NecklinesRight Thoracotomy With Necklines
![Page 27: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Evolving scenario of valve disese
I. Aging / Increased life expectancy
II. Changing style of lifeA. Quality of life over longevityB. ProductivityC. Esthetic appearance
III. Circulation of informationA. Patients awarenessB. Referral pattern
IV. Limited resources / cost containment
![Page 28: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
I. New indicationsA. Include the new technologies
in the surgical portfolio
II. AdaptationA. Learn new skillsB. Renovate the surgical facilityC. Revise inhospital pathways
III. Competition with cardiologistsA. CE mark – device availabilityB. Collaboration and teamwork
![Page 29: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
6 Cardiac Surgeons who adapted for the future
Francesco MaisanoMilano
Michael DavidsonBoston
Eric RoselliCleveland
Mat WilliamsNew York
Grayson WheatleyPhoenix
Thomas WaltherLeipzig
![Page 30: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
The new skillsI. Catheter skillsII. ImagingIII. Research oriented
A. Tracking resultsB. Comparing surgical vs
interventional outcomesC. Participating/designing Clinical
TrialsIV. Additional knowledge
A. Intellectual propertyB. Research and developmentC. EngineeringD. Regulatory
![Page 31: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
The training from Industry
I. Edwards, Medtronic and St Jude are actively involved in training surgeons on the new skills
A. EDGE
B. BEST
C. ….II. Start-up companies are not structured to offer this
opportunity
A. E-valve, Corevalve
![Page 32: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Collaboration is possibleCollaboration is possible
Surgeon: We do not reject anybody !!
Cardiologist: But we do not send them !
![Page 33: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Retraining the trained
I. AssociationsA. Post-graduate
coursesB. Training
opportunities during main meetings
II. UniversitiesA. Fellowships
III. MeetingsA. EACTS, AATS, TCT,
PCR, etcIV. Industry
A. General endovascular training
B. Device-specific training
![Page 34: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Team up all experts
![Page 35: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Voyeuristic attitude
vs
Active position
![Page 36: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
The future of mitral valve surgery
I. Minimally invasive and transcatheter approach
II. Image guidance and computer aided decision making
III. Devices will beA. ethiology-specific
B. Adjustable
C. Implantable with no or minimal conventional suturing
IV. Early repair
V. Stepwise and combined strategies
![Page 37: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
The cardiac surgeon of the future
Tailored approach – the best option for the patient
![Page 38: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
The new “interventional” The new “interventional” cardiac surgeoncardiac surgeon
Francesco MaisanoFrancesco Maisano
San Raffaele University HospitalSan Raffaele University Hospital
Milano - ItalyMilano - Italy
![Page 39: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Cross trainingCross trainingre-training the trainedre-training the trained
I. Is cross training necessary?II. Is it feasible?III. How to do it?IV. What are the interventional technical and
cognitive skills needed to run a transcatheter vave procedure?
V. How to renovate the OR facility and train the Team?
VI. How should be the optimal training program?
![Page 40: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
DISCLOSURESDISCLOSURES
I. Consulting agreement with Edwards Lifesciences LLC for endovascular mitral valve repair
II. Acknowledge relationship with several interventional cardiologists including Maurice Buchbinder, Antonio Colombo, Alec Vahanian, John Webb.
![Page 41: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
The backgroundThe background
1998 The concept1999 Milano I
1. Open chest2. Closed heart
2001 Milano II1. Transcatheter2. Percutaneou
s2004 Crosstraining2005 First in Man
1. endovascular E2E in the OR
![Page 42: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Percutaneous Valve Interventions (PVI) Percutaneous Valve Interventions (PVI)
DIFFERENT POINTS OF VIEW• Will never work / will never
impact my practice• Another chapter of cardiac
surgery at risk of extinction / Another reason to fight with the Cardiologists
• An opportunity to offer a better treatment to our patients / to widen indications / to get more surgical candidates
• The official position….
![Page 43: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
I. … percutaneous heart valve treatment requires skill sets independent of the operator’s base discipline
II. … specific training should be required …
III. Those individuals eligible for the procedural training should be confined to experienced interventionalists and surgeons
IV. … most interventionalists are likely to be cardiologists …
V. …surgeons with appropriate training in percutaneous procedures may directely participate…
![Page 44: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
SURGERY CARDIOLOGY
INVASIVENESS
Off pump
Port
access
E
ndoscopic
Robotic
s
Percutaneous
Valve d
iseas
e
Per
iphera
l sten
ting
C
PS
Sep
tal abla
tion
A
SD/VSD cl
osur
e
Overlapping targets
PVI
![Page 45: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
The ideal Transcatheter The ideal Transcatheter Valve InterventionalistValve Interventionalist
I. Anatomy
II. Physiology
III. Pathology
IV. Natural history
V. Risk Assessment
VI. Engineering
VII. Research
I. Surgical skills
II. Endovascular skills
III. Knowledge of the materials
IV. Echocardiography
V. Fluoroscopy
VI. Anesthesiology
![Page 46: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
CrosstrainingCrosstraining a personal experience a personal experience
I. 2003 Design the strategy with Ottavio AlfieriII. 2003 Internal agreement and authorizations
I. Identification of common strategies with Antonio Colombo II. Institution of a study group (TEAM WORK)III. Authorization from Hospital managementIV. Acquisition of the Fluoroscopy equipment / Radioprotection courses
III. 2004 3 months of cath-lab full immersion (3 days/week) I. Basic endovascular skillsII. First operating diagnostic proceduresIII. First assisting in complex procedures
IV. -2005 Continuing training (at least 2 half days/week)I. Interesting cases (mainly non coronary)II. Percutaneous aortic valve implantation
V. 2002–2005 “parallel training”I. Selected readings (manuals and journals)II. Animal labIII. Bench simulatorsIV. Computer simulatorsV. Interventional meetings (TCT, PCR, JIM)
Conflicting interests (cardiac surgeons, interventionalists, vascular surgeons, electrophysiology)Hospital management not ready – lack of clinical application Time consuming and difficult to reproduce
Clinical activity at risk / troubles with referralsNeed for backup from colleguesSome skills easier to achieve (imaging, decision making, etc)Manipulation skills more intuitive than expectedNew material, instruments, devices to know
Time consuming / need planningVery informative Difficult to get involved activelyMeeting new friends /referrals
No time limitationsNo risk for the patientsDevice specific
![Page 47: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Cath labCath lab
I. Vascular access II. CatheterizationIII. AngiographyIV. PTCAV. Non coronary
interventionsVI. Material inventoryVII. Simple diagnostics
done in the OR
![Page 48: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Computer simulatorsComputer simulators
I. Highly realistic simulation based endovascular training using realistic 3D patient anatomies, simulating real tools, tactile feedback, different cases, scenarios and complications.
II. Already in use for training for angiography, angioplasty and coronary and carotid stenting
III. Training sessions available at major cardiology meetings
IV. Echo-based simulators needed
![Page 49: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Bench SimulatorsBench Simulators
I. Device specificII. Useful to explore the
device function by direct vision
III. Correlation between manipulations and effects
IV. No time limitationsV. Less expensive than
animal lab
![Page 50: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Animal LabAnimal Lab
I. Very realistic set-up to learn catheter manipulation and management
II. General endovascular training (e.g. transeptal)
III. Device-specific endovascular skills
IV. Excellent for team training
V. Expensive
![Page 51: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Transeptal punctureTranseptal puncture
I. “The” endovascular skill for mitral valve
II. Difficult and riskyIII. Echo guidance
A. SafetyB. Precision
IV. A surgeon invented it – so we can learn it
V. Few (<5%) interventional cardiology centers routinely perform this technique
![Page 52: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Imaging and other enabling Imaging and other enabling technologiestechnologies
I. ICE
II. 3D echo
III. Multislice CT
IV. MRI
V. Stereotaxis
VI. Combinations
![Page 53: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
The Renovation processThe Renovation process
I. The FacilityA. radiologic portable machine
B. The hybrid room
C. The materials
II. The TeamA. Multidisciplinary
TEAMWORK1. Cardiologist
2. Interventional cardiologist
3. Vascular surgeon
4. Echocardiographist
5. Clinical cardiology
6. Anesthesiologist
7. Nurses
![Page 54: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Surgery Hwy
Cardiology Hwy
Percutaneous
valve Hw
y
Impressions from “cross-training”Impressions from “cross-training”
I. Cross training is feasibleA. Time
B. Dedication
C. Humility – go back to school
D. Positive environment
• Opportunity of learning new stuff
• Broadening the view• Think as the cardiologists• Improve catheter skills for
everyday surgical practice
Standardization of training pathways
![Page 55: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
The future trainingThe future training
I. Accredited postgraduate residency or fellowship training program
A. Reduce the years spent in general surgery B. 3 years of “general cardiac surgery”C. One additional year for specialization in
1. Pediatric2. General cardiac / Thoracic surgery3. Interventional surgery
II. Alternative pathwayA. Cross trainingB. Bench training and SimulatorsC. Animal labD. EACTS sponsored postgraduate coursesE. Industry sponsored postgraduate courses
Cou
rtes
y of
C
ourt
esy
of
P.K
appe
tein
P.K
appe
tein
![Page 56: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
The future interventional The future interventional cardiac surgeoncardiac surgeon
I. Full trained in heart surgery(sub specialized?) and cross trained
II. Minimally invasive as a broad view
III. Patient and disease oriented – expert of the disease and mastering all possible technical solutions: conventional, minimally invasive (endoscopic and robotics) and endovascular treatment
IV. Scientific oriented - Tracking results, Comparing surgical vs interventional outcomes, Participating/designing Clinical Trials
V. Technology and Innovation oriented Intellectual property, Research and development, Engineering, Regulatory
![Page 57: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
…The Greatest Risk Is Not Taking One…
![Page 58: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsI. Ottavio Alfieri (inspiring and letting me doing it)II. My collegues (covering my duties)III. Antonio Colombo (teaching me a lot, and
demonstrating friendship)IV. David Zarbatany (who developed the device and
believed in me from the very beginning)V. Maurice Buchbinder (encouraging me and teaching
with open mind)VI. Edwards Lifesciences LLC (Don Bobo, Stan Rowe,
Marcello Conviti, Luigi Bertana) (understanding the role of surgeons in the catheter evolution)
VII. Pieter Kappetein (envisioning with me the future training requirements )
VIII. My Family (understanding me)
![Page 59: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
![Page 60: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
![Page 61: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
![Page 62: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
![Page 63: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Subclavian access (Corevalve TM)Subclavian access (Corevalve TM)
I. Short delivery distance
II. Painless
III. Local anesthesia
IV. Retrograde approach
![Page 64: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
![Page 65: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
![Page 66: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
![Page 67: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Subclavian access (Corevalve TM)Subclavian access (Corevalve TM)
I. Short delivery distance
II. Painless
III. Local anesthesia
IV. Retrograde approach
![Page 68: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
![Page 69: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
![Page 70: How to learn the catheter skill techniques](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102901/5549e27db4c90518488b488c/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)