how to write a paper compiled from many sources; revised by l. thornton, made into powerpoint by j....
TRANSCRIPT
How to Write a Paper
Compiled from many sources; revised by L. Thornton, made into powerpoint by J. Pound, and shamlessly made “pretty”
by C. Murphy
The Title
Vital because it is the reader’s first impression. CLARITY IS ESSENTIAL
Three to avoidThe title of the work: “Hamlet” or
“Shakespeare’s Hamlet”“An Analysis (or Discussion or Interpretation,
etc.) of Hamlet”The creative title that means something to you
but not to the reader: “She Loves Him, She Loves Him Not”
How to develop a good Title
Think about the title while working on the paper
Brainstorm and generate a list of possibilities
It MUST contain:AuthorWorkTopic
Examples of Effective titles
Fathers and Sons in Shakespeare’s Hamlet Fate vs. Choice in Shakespeare’s Romeo and
Juliet Use a phrase from the work that is related to
your topic or that appears in a key passage and add a subtitle with the required author/title/topic “A Little More than Kin”: Fathers and Sons in Hamlet
Be creative AND keep the required elementsShe Loves Him, She Loves Him Not: Dido’s Changing
Love for Aeneas in Virgil’s The Aeneid
The Introduction
Yes, they are hard to writeHow do you introduce something you have
not written yet when you do not know what it is you are going to say?
It can either draw the reader in or turn the reader off
The IntroductionDO NOT
Make the mistake of trying to write it firstTurn the reader off by making a general,
sweeping, trite openingBegin with a “since the beginning of time”
openingExample: “Throughout history, fathers and sons
have had complicated relationships.”
Begin with the thesis. (The thesis is the LAST SENTENCE!)
The Introduction: How to BeginEasiest:1-3 sentences of summary about the play,
novel, passageOne sentence thesis at the end
Harder: Quotation
“A little more than kin, and less than kind.” Hamlet’s first words immediately draw attention to the nature of his relationship with his step-father, Claudius.
The Introduction: How to Begin
Hardest: A Brief Example or Anecdote (BE CAREFUL!! THIS MAY LEAD TO PLOT SUMMARY)
Having only recently seen off Laertes with his blessing and with advice about the virtues of honesty, Polonius hires one of his sons friends to spread false rumors about Laertes’ behavior that he might “by indirections find directions out” (3.2.72). Such deception, however, is common to the father-son relationships in Hamlet.”
The Thesis
Last sentence of your introductory paragraph (my preference)
One sentence (my preference)
Stated with enough clarity and economy that the reader knows EXACTLY what the paper will argue
Do not confuse the topic with the thesisTopic: The paper’s subject Thesis: The paper’s argument about the
subject
Bad Example #1: “Hamlet contains many father-son relationships.” Yeah, SO?Ask: “Is this a statement with which someone
could reasonably disagree?
Bad Example #2: “By examining the various father-son relationships in Hamlet, we can determine Shakespeare’s views about them.”What ARE Shakespeare’s views? What will your examination of the play’s
father-son relationships reveal?
It is not necessary to announce your thesis with such expressions as “This paper will argue” or “In this paper I will show that”.
Three characteristics of a good thesis Non-trivial, something that must be PROVENClearly expressed so that the reader knows
exactly what you are trying to proveFairly specific
A road map of the body of the paper
The Body Paragraphs
Your excellent thesis provided a road map
The body MUST FOLLOW the map
Lead the reader through your argument, step by step
Body Paragraphs
Four features of body paragraphs
Paragraph unity
Paragraph transitions
Paragraph coherence or “flow”
Paragraph development
Paragraph Unity
Each paragraph must make a single, main point
DO NOT shift topicsDisunity frustrates readers
What am I supposed to be getting out of this?What point is the writer making?What am I supposed to be looking for?
Since your teacher is your reader, it is best to avoid frustrating him or her.
Paragraph UnityThe expression of that single, main point is
made in the topic sentence, which is the first sentence of the paragraph (my rule)Work at writing an explicit topic sentence for
every paragraphAsk “What is the point that I want to make in
this paragraph? What is it, exactly, that I am trying to say?”
During revision, make sure that EVERY sentence in the paragraph relates to the single, main point made in the topic sentence
Paragraph Transitions
The topic sentence must establish a transition from the previous paragraph
Relate main point of the new paragraph relate to the main point of the previous one
Chronological structureGood idea for your paperBad idea for your transitions/argumentReview transitional words/phrases
Paragraph Transitions
Each paragraph relates to thesisEach paragraph relates to other
paragraphsTransitions make it possible for your
READER (me ) to follow your ideas and argument
Paragraph Coherence or “Flow”
How you move from sentence to sentence within a paragraph
ClarityGrammatical
Sentence StructureVerb Tense
IdeasRelated to the topic sentenceRelated to sentences before and after
Paragraph Coherence or “Flow”
Avoid the machine gun styleEach sentence fires a new but self-contained
bullet of informationRelationship between each bullet unclear to
the reader“Choppy”Turns into plot summaryArgument is lostReader must become “mind reader”
Paragraph Development
Main point spelled out clearly and thoroughlyWithin the topic sentence—first sentence of the
paragraph
Main point supported with good textual evidenceQuotesParaphrasing (if directed by your teacherChoose the best evidence: that which most directly
proves your pointCut ALL text evidence that does NOT support your
point
Paragraph Development
How many quotes? It depends!You must examine your CLAIM (thesis)
If you claim that something is true throughout the work, then your proof must come from several places
Seldom will one quote sufficiently prove your point (except for TAKS)
Generally more is better (I like three)
Paragraph Development
Incorporating quotesGive adequate context for the quotation
Where within the story the quote occursWho is speakingWhat, exactly, is happening at this point
Paragraph DevelopmentIntegrate the quotation smoothly into your
own prose (words)Grammatically correct
Commas
Quotation mark
Syntactically correct No fragments or run-ons
Stylistically correctMLA format
Author and page number after the sentence, before the period.