h&s assignment

7/24/2019 H&S Assignment

1/20

0

2015

12/4/2015

HEALTH AND SAFETY

AJS240

EK451

QP218

YM365


2/20

1

CONTENTS

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................... 2

II. REPORT ..................................................................................................................... 3

PART I-CURRENTHEALTHANDSAFETYABRIEFREVIEW ..................................................... 3

PART II-THELAST10YEARSACCIDENTSANDFATALITIES .................................................... 6

PART III-THEKEYCURRENTPREVENTATIVE MEASURES ......................................................... 9

PART IV-THEFUTUREOFCONSTRUCTION HEALTHANDSAFETY.......................................... 12

III. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................... 17

IV. BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................ 18


3/20

2

Executive Summary

Part I - CURRENT HEALTH AND SAFETYA BRIEF REVIEW

A quick review of the CDM 2015, along with some other key health and safety legislation.

Part II - THE LAST 10 YEARSACCIDENTS AND FATALITIES

Identifying the trends in accidents and fatalities in the last 10-years so were better placed to address them in

the future.

Part III - THE KEY CURRENT PREVENTATIVE MEASURES

The third part looks at how current accidents and injuries can be avoided on construction sites. Measures for

risks caused by falls, mobile plant, falling materials and collapses, electrical accidents and trips are identified

individually. Five other general safety precautions are also mentioned: PPE, management of work equipment,

risk assessment, supervision and safety training.

Part IV - THE FUTURE OF CONSTRUCTION HEALTH AND SAFETY

How does health and safety align with the the governments 2025 vision for the construciton sector? The

sector is increasingly placing importance on comptence, a blanket term for knowledge, skills and human

factors. How is the advent of BIM going to enhance HASs capabilities, and provide highly innovative safety

processes?


4/20

3

PART I

CURRENT HEALTH AND SAFETYA BRIEF REVIEW

This part is a brief introduction of commonly used health and safety legislations during the

construction process, and a summary of the CDM Regulations 2015the primary frame of

reference in the UK.

To guarantee safety and health during the construction phase, there are a variety of

regulations such as Management of Health and Safety at Work Act 1974, Temporary and

Mobile Construction Sites Directive, Managing Health and Safety in Construction Approved

Code of Practice etc. Especially the Act of 1974 one of the first health and safety

legislations.

Act 1974 was passed by the government and it includes an extensive system of provisions for

different industries, disciplines and risks. Although this regulation came out very early, it still

appears in latest CDM 2015.

In this year 2015, the newest version of the law came out which is The Construction (Design

and Management) Regulations 2015 (CDM 2015), replacing the last version CDM 2007. This

law represents what each duty holder has responsibility to do to secure healthy and safety

lifetime of a project, from pre-construction, right through the end of the building phase.

In the CDM 2015, there are 5 parts. The first part is an introduction that includes 3 regulations

which are commencement, interpretation and application.

It takes a lot of pages for regulation 2, which explains and defines some significant nouns in this

document CDM 2015. For example, it tells people what is the 1974 Act and who is contractor and

client etc. so they know what and who they are looking for.

Regulation 3 shows how would CDM 2015 applies outside of GB.


5/20

4

Part 2 of this law identifies the duties of the client. There are 4 regulations in this part:

Regulation 4 and 5 show that appropriate arrangement is needed for a project, and under what

situation, appointment is required with principle designer and principal contractor. Also, they give out

some bullet points to explain what client should do when appointment is failed.

Regulation 6 is about notification, and regulation 7 is telling some provisions and duties about domestic

client.

Eight regulations which are regulations 8 to 15 are obtained in part 3. This part calls Health

and safety duties and roles:

Regulation 8 is explanation for general duties within different people, and have a guide about

appointment and cooperation.

Regulation 9 and 10 represent duties designers have to decrease safety risks in design process. It also

speaks about difference if design process is outside GB.

Regulation 11 is introducing that principle designer has responsibility to keep contact with principal

contractor and provide relative evidence for planning, management and monitoring that contractor are

needed during construction phase.

Regulation 12 says one of the principal designer and contractor has to prepare, check, updateconstruction phase plans and health and safety file.

Regulation 13 is about duties of principal contractor has during the construction phase.

Regulation 14 places duties on the principal contractor to communicate and check with workers or their

legislatures.

Regulation 15 mentions main responsibility of contractors is that they have to make sure work is under

control. And they also have duties to follow the instructions from principal designer or principal

contractor. Construction phases is needed if they are the only contractor.

Part 4 of this CDM regulation is about general requirement for all construction sites. This part

includes 20 different regulations from 16 to 35. This part introduces a series of provisions

apply to varies risky situations and dangerous materials.

Regulation 16 introduces basic application information of this part like who is related.

Regulation 17 and 20 are basically tell people construction site has to be safe and practicable; should

has enough place for people work there; should remove or replace unstable structure and this act

should be arranged, carefully carried out and recorded in a proper way.

Regulation 21 to 23 claim measures and suggestions for explosives storage, excavations and cofferdams

that something could cause man-made disaster.

Regulation 24 define what kind of person can do inspections.

Regulation 25 is presenting solution of energy distribution installations, another factor might causes

man-made disaster. Regulation 26 introduces the necessity of sufficient and safe method to protect worker from drowning

when the construction site is located near to or surrounded by water.

Regulation 27 and 28 are transportation problem. This include the safety of vehicles and people who

drive them.

Regulation 29 to 32 are talking about detection, reaction procedures, and evacuation solution of some

emergent conditions.

The last three regulations 33 to 35 are more about working environment like fresh air, suitable

temperature and sufficient lighting.


6/20

5

Part 5 includes the last four regulations with some more detailed information:

Regulation 36 gives more details about regulations 30 to 32, introducing difference of the enforcing

authority of fire between England, Wales and Scotland.

Regulation 37 has the title Transitional and saving provisions. It informs that what was in CDM 2007

and what has changed in this new version.

Regulation 38 says the 2007 Regulations are revoked, and the amendments in Schedule 5 have effect.

The last regulation 39 just mentions review of this regulation, telling people how to do it and what they

should do with review.

After part 5, there are five schedules, which are more details, explanations and reference of

regulations above.


7/20

6

PART II

THE LAST 10 YEARSACCIDENTS AND FATALITIES

Each year about 3 percent of all construction workers sustain a work-related injury and

contributes to 0.5 million working days lost. Even though fatal injuries in construction

workplace has dropped in last 10 years, the construction sector is still in second place with

the most reported fatal injuries (39 last year) after the services sector (156 last year).

Therefore, it is important to inform bothemployers and employees with trending rates of

injury kind, providing sufficient examples.

The least common fatality in construction sector during last 10 years was CONTACT WITH

ELECTRICITY. There are known 16 cases from year 2010 to 2015. One of them was reported

and dated on June 2013 by Electrical Work Company (Notice of incident: 2013157530227).

Summary A crane operator and two workers were installing a street lighting pole under a high-

voltage distribution conductor. While the crane operator lifted the pole into place, the two workers

positioned it over the four studs of the concrete base onto which the pole was to be bolted. The pole's

davit arm contacted the conductor, and both workers suffered electrical burns. Cause Arm of street lighting pole contacted high-voltage conductor . Two workers sustained

serious burn injuries.

Underlying factors Incorrect conductor location on design drawings ; health and safety of

workers not ensured. (Work Safe BC, 2015)


8/20

7

Slightly more common fatality was STRUCK BY MOVING VEHICLE and there are 21 cases

registered during last 5 years. One of them was dated on January 2013 by a Painting Company

(Notice of incident number: 2013124710035).

Summary A painter was in a low-ceilinged area within a parkade, painting piping . As he was

painting, the controller (joystick) became caught in his clothing. When he leaned forward, the controllerwas pushed forward, causing the platform to lift. Worker died from his injuries.

CauseInadvertent movement of joystick after it caught in clothing, causing the scissor lift to elevate

and then trap the painter between the guardrail and the ceiling.

Underlying factors Replaced and damaged switches and controls in a live position; inadequate

inspection and maintenance of equipment; equipment failed to meet requirements of the

manufacturer and the applicable standard; workers were not adequately informed of the hazards; lack

of a current operating procedure; inadequate supervision; inadequate training and instruction of

workers. (Work Safe BC, 2015)

STRUCK BY AN OBJECTwas also one of the injury kinds during last 10 years and contributedwith 21 cases during last 5 years. One incident was stated on January 2014 by a Construction

Company (Notice of incident number: 2014140710013).

SummaryThree workers were dismantling an old de-barker inside a sawmill as a part of an upgrade.

The job required the removal of a chain weighing 700 pounds (318 kilograms). the weight of the

chain caused it to start falling to the ground below. One worker was caught by the falling chain and fell

22 feet (6.7 metres) to the concrete floor, sustaining severe injuries.

CauseChain was not secured from inadvertent movement.

Underlying factorsNot using fall protection; weight of chain created unforeseen hazard. (Work Safe

BC, 2015)

Even more common injury in Construction sector was TRAPPED BY SOMETHING

COLLAPSING. There are 28 cases registered from year 2010 to 2015 and one of them took

place in central London on Monday 20 April 2015.

SummaryHundreds of people were cleared from an area of central London and at least one person

was injured after a building collapsed at a construction site.

CauseThe six storey building is under demolition and part of the building's structure, as well as the

scaffolding surrounding it, has collapsed, the fire service said. (Evening Standard, 2015)

The most common type of injury in a Construction site was FALL FROM HEIGHT. There has

been 97 official cases during last 5 years registered and one of them was reported by a

Painting and Restoration Company on July 2013 (Notice of incident number:

2013162000244).

SummaryA painter was painting the fascia boards on a house, while standing on a 24-foot extension

ladder. The painter had extended the ladder to 17 feet, and he was working about 13 feet above the

driveway with the ladder placed on uneven ground. The painter fell off the ladder onto the driveway

and suffered serious injuries. He was airlifted to the hospital.

CauseImproper use of ladder

Underlying factorsLack of training; failure to identify workplace hazards. (Work Safe BC, 2015)


9/20

8

There has been 34 OTHER CASES of fatal workplace injury on a Construction site during last 5

years, which cannot be classified to the ones above. Taking an extreme example from out of

United Kingdom it will be shown an importance of leaving the construction site safe. The

accident happened recently - 27 July 2015 in Jingzhou, Hubei province, China, when

woman was killed after falling into escalator in a shopping centre in central China

According to BBC woman managed to push her child to safety when being pulled in. It took

about 4 hours for rescuers to retrieve her body. Unconfirmed reports said that maintenanceworks had been carried out on the escalator recently, and workmen had replaced the metal

panel but forgotten to secure it with screws, Wuhan Evening News said. (BBC, 2015)

These 6 examples above indicate the importance of Health and Safety at the construction site,

highlighting the critical nature of monitoring and supervision during and after the

construction phase.

Figure 1. HSE 2015


10/20

9

PART III

THE KEY CURRENT PREVENTATIVE MEASURES

This section identifies key current measures used to prevent accidents and injuries on

construction sites. The key measures are those focusing on most frequent causes of

workplace injury: falls, mobile plant, falling materials and collapses, electrical accidents and

trips (Health and safety in construction). The general prevention of risks is also discussed in

this section.

Falls

According to the Work at Height Regulations 2005 and Health and safety in construction,

when working at a certain height is unavoidable, the following measures should be taken to

prevent people falling in the workplace:

Using an existing safe workplace where no additional equipment is needed to avoid falls;

Where the last measure is not reasonably practicable, providing sufficient collective work equipment,

including general access scaffolds, guard rails, toe boards, tower scaffolds, mobile access equipment

and suspended access equipment; and

Where the last measure is not reasonably practicable, providing sufficient individual work equipment

such as harnesses.

Mobile plant

Health and safety in constructionmentions that risks of accidents due to moving plant or its

overturning can be reduced by:

Selecting the right type of mobile plant;

Minimising the number of plant movements;

Reducing the need for mobile plant to reverse;

keeping pedestrians and mobile plant apart;

Providing standard road signs and instructions; Regular inspection and maintenance of mobile plant; and

Only allowing competent drivers with training certificates to operate mobile plant.


11/20

10

Falling materials and collapses

Health and safety in constructionoutlines preventative measures for injuries caused by falling

materials, either from hoists or from collapses in excavations:

For hoists:

Avoiding to carry loose loads. Instead, putting them in proper containers or using a hoist with an

enclosed platform;

Not overloading the platform; and

Enclosing the hoistway.

Ways to prevent accidents in excavations are:

Using trenchless techniques to replace the need for excavation;

Carrying out sufficient foundation surveys before work starts;

Supporting the sides or roof of an excavation with sheeting or proprietary support systems unless it is

in sound rock or unless the sides are battered back sufficiently;

Avoiding plant and vehicles parked close to the sides of excavation;

Not storing excavated materials close to the sides of excavation;

Providing edge protection and individual head protection; and

Providing a safe means of getting into and out of an excavation.

Electrical accidents

According to Health and safety in construction and Avoidance of danger from overhead

electric power lines, precautions to reduce electrical accidents are:

Using cordless tools or tools operating from 110V supply;

Proper installation of residual current devices (RCDs) for protection;

Protecting mains equipment from damages;

Taking damaged equipment out of service immediately without provisional repairs;

Regular checking and maintenance of electrical systems, as well as equipment;

Using specially designed electrical equipment in areas with a risk of flammable vapours;

Avoiding working near an overhead line. Where it is not feasible, the line should be diverted or made

dead; and

Erecting ground-level barriers which should be made as visible as possible at areas with overhead lines.

Trips

Health and safety in constructionindicates that accidents and injuries caused by trips on site

can be prevented by:

Keeping the work and storage areas tidy and adequately lit;

Minimising the amount of materials on site;

Minimising cable runs.

Keeping areas used by pedestrians clear and with good conditions underfoot;

Providing safe access where small changes of level are unavoidable;

Arranging the disposal of waste materials properly; and

Providing people on site with footwear that provides good grip.


12/20

11

Besides the particular precautions identified above, some general measures are also currently

used to protect against accidents and injuries on construction sites:

Providing workers with general personal protective equipment (PPE) when needed, including hard hats,

footwear, googles and safety spectacles, outdoor clothing, high-visibility clothing and gloves. (Health

and safety in construction)

When work equipment is required, deciding suitable equipment to be used, delivering it to the site in

good time, ensuring it is set up and operated only by competent workers, and also inspecting and

examining the equipment regularly. (Health and safety in construction)

Carrying out a risk assessment and then planning to eliminate the risks before operation. ( Health and

safety in construction)

Supervision of operation by competent supervisors to give workers clear instructions. ( Health and

safety in construction)

Safety training and meeting for workers, especially for those going to work on site for the first time.

(Health and safety in construction)


13/20

12

PART IV

THE FUTURE OF CONSTRUCTION HEALTH AND SAFETY

As outlined in the governments vision for the construction sector in 2025, their primary

objectives are (HM Government, 2013):

1. 33% Lower Costs

2. 50% Faster Delivery

3. 50% Lower Emissions

4.

50% Improvement in Exports

Out of these 4, it is the reduction in costs and delivery time that is likely to foster the biggest

cultural change in health and safety. One of the trends we are going to start seeing is a

widening of the focus of health and safety to include job roles and human factors, falling

under the umbrella of competence.

Within the construction sector, competence this comprises (Pye Tait, 2014):

Job related skills and knowledge

Relevant health and safety skills and knowledge Human factors

Continuous improvement

Positively received experience


14/20

13

Figure 2. What is competence? (Pye Tait, 2014, pp.75)

The main areas where focused change is required is in: Training and education

Tackling occupational ill health

BIM advances

Training and Education

Maintaining, refreshing and updating competence

Health and safety competence, and by extension competence is a long term issue - it isnt

fixed over time but needs to be continuously worked on and improved year on year. The

industry is steadily focusing on worker retention so maintaining the core competencies of the

workers will become essential to accomplishing the governments industrial strategy.

Human Factors Assessment

Although tests and examinations can certify knowledge and skills, human factors play a largerole in competence, and health and safety falls within that. Therefore, we could see additional

mandatory forms of assessment being introduced, such as undercover/anonymous

observationin order to measure the following: situational awareness

self-awareness

risk-awareness

communication

These have been identified by HSE, in their Competence in Construction (2014) as key

components of what makes a competent worker, and are better measured through

observation rather than tests.


15/20

14

Regulated and Non-Regulated Training Courses

The CDM 2015 moves away from a contractors sole reliance on cards and certification

schemes, so SMEs and larger companies will have to start focusing more on independent

assessment of qualifications and training. This again aligns itself with developing

competence rather than a worker being just H&S qualified.

Figure 3. Evidencing competence (Pye Tait, 2014, pp.90)

Product Specific Training

Innovations in technology and offsite pre fabrication means new machinery and methodsbeing introduced on site (Experian 2008), so manufacturers will have to start providing

training for their products. This could involve off-site training, or on-site mentoring with their

own health and safety advisor (Premier Construction, 2015).

Additionally, there may be an increase in training specialisation and qualifications, based on

sector-specific manufacturers qualifications.

BIM impact and integration

The implementation of BIM, and aligning it with the health and safety management system is

going to help develop safer construction methods and procedures, while designing out riskand reducing injuries and fatalities on site (Mordue 2014). As outlined by Lewis (2015):

Simulation of construction scenarios before getting on site, enabling any potential risk to be

addressed and managed safely.

Similarly, any unforeseen risks that have already occurred can be recreated virtually so as to manage

them more effectively in the future, creating a robust approach to safety.

Automatic hazard detection, with sophisticated warning systems to alert users

Although not a replacement, it can help fill part of the gap left by CDM-C being replaced by the Principal

Designer

Could see BIM Level 3 becoming mandatory on all large projects, while smaller projects will require a

BIM consultancy focusing on health and safety.


16/20

15

Training contractors on small projects using BIM, with the aid of health and safety advisors (GE Plus,

2014).

However, the integration of BIM doesnt mean health and safety advisors become redundant,

instead H&S standards and methods can improve vastly with HASs using BIM as a vessel for

communication and creating innovative safety management systems. This is where we can

learn from methods adopted on London 2012.

Learning from London 2012

As the safest games, delivered on time and on budget with no fatalities, it stands as a

benchmark for the industry in terms of competence, particularly health and safety.

The health and safety management system focused on three things:

Communications

Behavioural Training

Safe culture(Pye Tait, 2014)

Supervisor Competence and Communication

The management team focused on developing effective communication skills, while engaging

with the workforce on site, and this was widely recognised as key to the delivery of effective

daily briefings to the workforce and encouragement of feedback from the work force (Pye

Tait 2014, pp.30). Clearly, human interaction plays a major role in fostering a healthy H&S

culture, so future legislation could start implementing such methods to compliment the more

formal aspects of training and qualifications.

Up and DownDialogue

A collaborative communications matrix was set up, where the operative workforce were

given daily briefings about procedures, standards and health and safety messages.

Additionally, the framework allowed messages and feedback to be sent up and down the

chain.

Inductions, daily oral briefings, toolbox talks, meetings, posters, safety alerts, anonymous near miss

reporting, and constant reinforcement as being of prime importance

Informal communication (Face to face, oral, pre-start meetings, informal conversations with

management) rather than written or more formal methods (feedback cards and suggestion forms) (Pye

Tait, 2014)

Worker Involvement

Part of what this communications system highlighted was the engagement of managers in

cultivating an engaging health and safety culture. London 2012 highlighted the need to

make health and safety personal to the workers, through dialogue and discussions about

accidents. Other ways they implemented behavioural safety measures were:

A mandatory behavioural safety course for supervisors designed to improve their communication skills

and ability to engage the workforce

Behaviour based safety orientation for new starts and schemes to recognise positive health and safety

behaviour through low cost incentives (Pye Tait, 2014)


17/20

16

These working methods helped with safety but can also go some way to help tackle some of

the issues of occupational ill health, something that the industry will need to start focusing

on in the future.

Tackling Occupational Ill-Health

Adding to the excellent safety measures in place the regulations in the coming years mightstart looking at diseases caused by dust, back pain, unsafe working environments and mental

well-being (Arewa, 2014). Stress, and mental well-being will become more important as the

industry gears up and places increasingly greater demands on workers.

This will have to entail the introduction of flexible working patterns while redesigning jobs

and workplaces using ergonomic principles to ensure a good fit between person and job (HSE

2015).


18/20

17

Conclusion

The UK construction industry is well placed in terms of safety and risk management - fatalities

and injuries in the UK are relatively low. The management system within larger companies is

excellent with sophisticated health and safety measures in place, however it is the smaller

projects and SMEs that require more help as this is where accidents are the most prevalent.

The domestic repair and maintenance market especially, where health and safety measuresare still seen as a hindrance/cost rather than an investment.

Although the advent of BIM on projects of all sizes is going to greatly reduce workplace risk,

human factors and interaction/communication are going to be key to creating a healthy

culture of safety. Smaller projects/companies especially, contractors will have to place

greater emphasis on the pre-assessment of their workers, ensuring competency.

Furthermore, the increase in life expectancy, with an ageing workforce means greater

emphasis will have to be places on occupational ill health, and mental well being. The

underlying factor for spearheading change will be a change in culture, rather than being

pulled by regulation (Pye Tait 2014).


19/20

18

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Competence in Construction. (2015). 1st ed. [ebook] HSE. Available at:

http://www.hse.gov.uk/aboutus/meetings/iacs/coniac/191114/pye-tait-competence-con-

report-2014.pdf [Accessed 3 Dec. 2015].

Construction 2025. (2013). 1st ed. [ebook] HM Government. Available at:

https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/210099/b

is-13-955-construction-2025-industrial-strategy.pdf [Accessed 3 Dec. 2015].

Construction Workers. 2015. Web. 2 Dec. 2015.

Geplus.co.uk, (2014).Risk reducers: Digital engineering meets health and safety. [online]

Available at: http://www.geplus.co.uk/features/risk-reducers-digital-engineering-meets-

health-and-safety/8678893.article [Accessed 3 Dec. 2015].

HSE,.Avoidance Of Danger From Overhead Electric Powerlines. 3rd ed. 1997. Web. 3 Dec.

2015.

HSE,.Health And Safety In Construction. 3rd ed. 2006. Web. 3 Dec. 2015.

Lewis, G. (2015).BIM and health and safety in the construction sector - SHP Online.

[online] SHP Online. Available at: http://www.shponline.co.uk/bim-health-safety-

construction-sector/ [Accessed 3 Dec. 2015].

Managing health and safety in construction Construction (Design and Management)

Regulations 2015. Guidance on Regulations. (2015). 1st ed. [ebook] Great Britain:

Health and Safety Executive. Available at: http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/priced/l153.pdf

[Accessed 3 Dec. 2015].

Mordue, S. and Finch, R. (n.d.).BIM for Construction Health and Safety.

PSBJ, (2015). [online] Available at: http://www.psbj.co.uk/features/from-the-

magazine/product-innovation/item/478-forecasting-the-final-cdm-regulations [Accessed

3 Dec. 2015].

The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015. (2015). 1st ed. [ebook] Great

Britain. Available at:

http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2015/51/pdfs/uksi_20150051_en.pdf [Accessed 3

Dec. 2015].


20/20

19

The Stationery Office,. Work At Height Regulations 2005. 1st ed. 2005. Web. 3 Dec. 2015.

h&s assignment

Documents