ESTONIAN IN

PICT

URESHISTORY

Tools of the Stone Age

hunters from Pulli

camp site

People have lived in this part of the world for more than 10 000 years. The reindeer-hunting ancestors of present-day Estonians were probably the first humans to move to the pristine land exposed by the retreating glaciers. Arguably, it is hard to find in Europe another nation who has stayed as long in one place.

8000 BC8000 BC

Standing next to the crater made by the only meteorite to fall on the densely inhabited region during human history – in the Bronze Age of the Mediterranean – it is hard not to think that for hundreds of years, our ancestors might have been asking the gods for clemency at this very spot.

1000 BCto

1000 AD

ERGO IAM DEXTRO SUEBICI MARIS LITORE AESTIORUM GENTES ADLUUNTUR, QUIBUS RITUS HABITUSQUE SUEBORUM, LINGUA BRITANICAE PROPRIOR

1154In 1154, Estonia was depicted on a world map for the first time. However, as early as the 1st century AD, the Roman historian Publius Cornelius Tacitus mentions people called Aestii – a collective name that prob-ably included the forebears of the Estonians.

1000 BC to 1000 AD 1154

The map by an Arab

geographer al-Idrisi who

worked in the court of the

Norman kings of Sicily

The Holy Lake in the

Kaali meteorite crater

in Saaremaa: a major

place of worship

for the ancients of

Northern Europe?

From the start of seafaring on the Baltic, Estonia has been en route between East and West. In early 13th century, traders from Gotland and North German towns, members of the newly formed merchants’ league – Hanse – strove to take over the lucrative trade with Russia and beyond from the pagan peoples of the Eastern Baltic littoral.

National Romanticist portrayal

of ancient Estonian seafaring.

Lennuk, tempera by Nikolai Triik,

1910

Silver penannular

brooch from the

Kostivere trove,

13th century1100

s

The siege of Muhu stronghold

painting by Ott Kangilaski

Interest in profit­able commerce was soon followed by the desire to gain control over the hinterlands of the trading outposts. Typically for the times, bringing Christian faith to heathens served as a handy justification for a ‘mercantile’ conquest.

1100s

1200s

early1200s

The Battle of Lyndanise

1219 by Kræsten Iversen

The crusade against the Estonians left its mark on the history of several other nations. According to legend, the only thing that saved Valdemar II, King of Denmark, from defeat by the Estonians at their stronghold Lyndanise (the Toompea castle of modern Tallinn) on 15 June 1219 was a red banner with a white cross, the Dannebrog, which fell from the sky as a revelation.

1219The miracle is

commemorated

on Tallinn’s small

coat of arms

Teutonic knight – woodcut

from Sebastian Münster’s

Cosmagraphia Universalis

1219

13th

-16t

h c

13th–16th c

Estonia, conquered by the mid-13th century, was divided between several feudal powers, the Teutonic Order being the mightiest among them. Although the appropriated lands were associated with the Virgin Mary, there was not much love lost either among the newcomers or towards them. Fierce and frequent revolts by the indigenous people left the outcome of the crusade undecided for many more decades. At least until the failed uprising of St George’s Night in 1343– 4 and the incorporation of Estonia’s northern provinces into the realm of the Order two years later.

Signal of the St George’s Night by Richard Sagrits, 1943.

Pseudo-heroic depictions of the uprising were utilised for the

purposes of anti-German Soviet propaganda during WWII

Despite the perpetual feuding among local petty sovereigns, as well as frequent threats of foreign invasion and piracy, commerce flourished and agriculture throve. Old Livonia became to be known as the granary of Northern Europe, trading corn for cloth from Flanders, herring from Scotland and salt from Poitou.

The terracotta sculptures of the redbrick St John’s

church, as well as the 13th century Venetian glass beakers

unearthed in the Old Town display the welfare of the

citizenry of Tartu, the first Estonian Hanse-town

14th-15th c

An ink drawing of a Hanse

holk from a manuscript of

the Town Council of Tallinn

With their feudal economy and military strength starting to wane in the era of centralised nation states, the German rulers

of Estonia became increasingly worried about their eastern neighbour, Muscovy, whose attention gradually shifted west-

wards in the late 15th century. In comparison with the ‘merchant democracies’ of Novgorod and Pskov, the emerging despotism of

their conqueror posed a threat in a league of its own.

1500s

1500s

The fortresses of Narva, Estonia, and Ivangorod,

Russia, facing each other across the River Narva

14th–15th c

A woodcut depicting the Muscovites’ terror in Livonia.

From the Horrifying, gruesome and unheard-of tyranny of Ivan Vasilyevich… by Georg von Hoff

The Lutheran Reformation, arriving in the towns of Estonia in 1523–4, shook the country to its foundations. Apart from political upheavals and cases of iconoclastic pillage, it encouraged the spread of the new art of printing which, in turn, led to the publication of the first books in Estonian. The earliest notion of printed Estonian text, reference to a Lutheran compendium published in Lübeck, dates from 1525.

The austere

interior of

many an

Estonian

1523-4

Fragment of

the Wanradt-Koell

catechism (1535),

the earliest book

printed in

Estonian still

extant

parish church derives from the time of sermon-

friendly and effigy-hostile Reformation

late 1500s1523–4

Viljandi Castle was a central strong-

hold of the Order in Estonia and

one of the mightiest fortifications

in Northern Europe at the time

1500sFrom 1558 to 1581 the devastating Livonian War was fought between Russia, Sweden, Denmark and Poland-Lithuania, the main prize being Estonia. All castles and fortified centres apart from Tallinn were sacked and several towns wiped out altogether.

The rural population was hit the hardest – more than half perished, and with the destruction of ancient peasant lineages many of the Estonians’ traditional privileges and rights were lost.Warfare between the two most committed combatants – Catholic Poland and Lutheran Sweden – continued into 1620s, the latter emerging as the winner.

Monumental tablet by

the burghers of Tallinn

to mark the incorpora-

tion of the province of

Estonia to the Kingdom

of Sweden in 1561

Although the living standards of the Estonian peasantry did not improve much under Swedish rule, progress in the spheres of education and land tenancy and, most especially, the harshness of the era that followed, ensured that this period became imprinted as ‘the good old Swedish time’ in the Estonian collective memory.

1600sTallinn in 1634.

Print by Adam

Olearius

Trading on the Baltic – the main basis of wealth for Estonia – soon recovered from the ebb caused by the war, Tallinn and Narva gaining prominence as the centres of Sweden’s eastern trade.

In 1632, the second university of the

Kingdom of Sweden was founded in Tartu.

King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia of

Sweden at the reopening of the monument

to Gustaf II Adolf, founder of the University

The Battle of Narva

in 1700. Unknown

painter, early 18th c

Despite a promising start for the Swedes, the result of the Great Northern War (1700–21) was predictable. Left alone to fight against all the great powers around the Baltic, Sweden could not defend its overseas provinces against their combined onslaught. With plague-ridden Pärnu and Tallinn capitulating in 1710, Estonia was devastated to the extent that a Russian Field Marshal could declare bluntly to Peter the Great: "My Lord, there is nothing left to destroy."

1600s 1700s

The country, however, recovered quickly and witnessed a boom in construction of grand palaces in the late 18th century. The Golden Age of the local landlords whose privileges were even broadened by the Tsars, meant the aggravation of corvée and institution of serfdom for the Estonian peasants.

Rogosi manor

in 1795, water-

colour by Johann

Wilhelm Krause

(1757–1828)

1700s

Although more than two thirds of Estonian peasants were literate by the early 19th century, they were still virtually

excluded from political decision-making – for any upward mobility in society one had to be, or become, German. In

1818, the poet Kristjan Jaak Peterson, one of the first univer-sity-educated Estonians, could only sigh: "Shall our tongue

ever be equal to other languages..."

However, with the spread of the Enlightenment ideas of liberty, equality and fraternity, the local Baltic German version of the Ancient Régime also started to crumble. In the first decades of the 19th century Estonian peasants were freed from serfdom and given family names and limited self-government – steps that provided the native people with an incentive and readiness to become involved in what is nowadays called nation-building.

An embroidery

by Elgi Reemets

depicting

the poet and

visionary

To mark a vowel that

occurs neither in Latin

nor in German, Masing

added a novel character

to the Estonian alpha-

bet and popularised its

use in his primers

A leading Estophile,

Reverend Otto

Wilhelm Masing,

father of Estonian ‘õ’

early 1800s

Climbers’

detachment

of the Viljandi

Voluntary

Fire Fighting

Brigade

Encouraged by a rich folklore and by the example of their

northern neighbours and close linguistic relatives, the

Finns, another cornerstone for nation-building was set: on

the model of Elias Lönnrot’s Kalevala, the

Estonians’ own epic was published in

1857.

With the rise of self-conscious-ness and improvement in eco-nomic conditions, the hitherto peasant nation – maarahvas (‘people of the country’) –

became Estonians. The sense of unity was further strengthened by the foundation of numerous societies as well as the tradition of nation-wide song festivals in 1869.

18691800s

Bookbinding

of the national

epic by Eduard

Taska

The coronation

of Kalevipoeg

by Kristian Raud

1869

1857

Several important national sym-bols of Estonia date from late 19th century: e.g. the blue-black-and-white tricolor, introduced as the banner of the Estonian Students’ Society in 1884. The original flag has almost miraculously survived the turmoil of the 20th century, and is again publicly displayed on festive occasions.

Founded by Johann Voldemar Jannsen in 1857, the first Estonian-language newspaper Perno Postimees heralded a novel form of action that remained central to Estonian national awakening until the beginning of the 20th century. Most future statesmen acquired their initial skills from the press and by the turn of the century the editorial staffs of news-papers had become the main foci of party politics.

The 50th and 120th

anniversaries of the Estonian

national colours in Otepää

1884

Departure of recruits

to the WW I

1884 1905–18

The 1905 revolution in Estonia involved bloody clashes between demonstrators and military in towns, as well as the destruction of landlords’ property in the countryside. The inept reaction by the Tsarist government – harsh repression and heightened Russification – only resulted in the growing radicalisation of Estonian nationalism. Military losses in the WW I caused constant social unrest in the whole Russian Empire. For Estonians of whom about 100 000 fought and about 10 000 fell in the War, the final impetus towards full independence was the Bolsheviks’ establishment of dictatorship in late 1917.

Seizing the opportunity offered by the withdrawal of red militia ahead of the

advancing German troops, the National Salvation Committee of the Estonian Diet

proclaimed Estonian independence on 24 February 1918

Maximilian Maksolly’s

24th of February 1918

24 February 1918

A picket by pro-

independence actors

in front of the Estonia

theatre,1917

Estonia had to defend its independence against both the Red Army and the Landeswehr, a militia formed by Baltic German reactionaries.

Nationalist troops loyal to the new government were joined by volunteers from Finland and Denmark, as well as a number of local Germans who supported the Republic. Essential military aid was provided by the British fleet, which arrived in Tallinn at the most crucial moment of the war, the end of December 1918.

1918-20

1918

In parallel with the fighting on several fronts, the newly established republic was preparing one of the most radical land reforms in post-WW I Europe. 874 baronial estates were expropriated and re-allotted to volunteers fighting on the front. Severely criticised in the West, this measure proved absolutely crucial in terms of uniting the nation for the defence of its independence.

1920

Livestock of a newly established farm

1919

Having failed to subdue its small neigh-bour by military force, Soviet Russia

finally recognised the independence of Estonia, and renounced forever all rights

of sovereignty formerly held over its people and territory. The Tartu Peace Treaty was

signed on 2 February 1920

2 February 1920

In contrast to the previous and subsequent colonial periods, the two decades of inde-

pendence offered enormous possibilities to the Estonian public and cultural life.

Virtually within one generation a cultural space based on Estonian language and

mentality was created – higher education and police force, literature and legal system, scientific and sporting administrations and

many more essential facets of a modern nation state; the basis for the national self-

consciousness that has survived, despite everything, to this day.

Holiday-makers in Haapsalu

1920-30s

Students in the psychology lab of the University of Tartu

Ski-jump

competition

in Viljandi

1920s

The political system, typically for the era, showed less stability, its vulnerability becoming

apparent in the 1934 bloodless coup d’etat by the ‘Founding Fathers’ of the young democracy,

president Konstantin Päts and general Johan Laidoner. The following six years were dubbed the ‘Era of Silence’ by a critical public opinion.

1930s

State Elder Päts with happy inhabitants of the Isle of Muhu

Modern buses in Tallinn, 1930s

1920-30s

Many were surprised by the rapid developments in the young republic’s economy. The re-orientation of the economy from the Russian to the European markets was successfully accomplished and despite the backlash of the Depression in 1929–32, the standard of life in Estonia in late 1930s was comparable to that of the Scandinavia.

The policy of non-involvement of the democratic West in the 1930s left Estonia between the devil and the deep sea.Berlin and Moscow wasted no time: with the Hitler-Stalin Pact of August 1939, Estonia became one of many nations the Nazis and Soviets ‘shared’ between themselves. A couple of weeks later, openly threatened with invasion by the Soviet Union, Estonia had to accept the establishment of Red Army and Navy bases on its territory.

Local and immigrant communists (in spring 1940 the Estonian CP had

only 133 members!), installed in power by overtly farcical elections,

promptly ‘asked’ for Estonia’s attachment to the Soviet Union.

In June 1940, a de facto military take-over ensued. At a time when the bewildered eyes of the world were focused on the Nazis’ entry to Paris, few took any notice of the beginning of Soviet occupation in the Baltic countries.

1940

The Soviets did not even bother to

hide the role of their military in the

‘democratic decision-making’ pro-

cesses of the Estonian people

Red Navy in the Bay of Tallinn

On 14 June 1941 it was the turn of the families and relatives of ‘elements hostile to Soviet power’: without discrimination according to gender or age, over 10 000 Estonians were deported without trial to prison camps and exile. Many perished.

Orders from Moscow decreed that the foundations of Estonian civic society were to be destroyed along with the Estonian state. Repression targeted a large part of the intelligentsia, and nearly all civil servants, from heads of state to office clerks.

A typical example of Stalinist

terror tactics can be seen in the

fate of one of the best-known

Estonian columnists, Eduard

Laamann – execution in a Russian

prison following the ‘verdict’ by a

three-member NKVD tribunal

19411940

A covert photo of livestock

carriages that were ‘provided’

for several weeks’ journey

1941

Estonian national flowers –

laid in remembrance of

those deported

A year of Soviet rule was followed by the Nazi invasion in 1941. Recent memories of Communists’ atrocities caused a great number of Estonians to fight against the retreating Soviets and cheer the advance by the troops of Wehrmacht.

Members of the Mõniste squad of

the Estonian Home Guard, 1941

24

1941-4The sense of relief was short-

lived. It became evident that the Nazis would not countenance

any attempt at restoring Estonia’s independence. Instead, they initiated repression against Jews and Romani,

Communists, and also against pro-Western Estonian Nationalists.

To avoid being forced to fight Communists with the Nazis, many

opted for ‘a decent uniform’ and fled to serve in the Finnish Army.

Estonian volunteers in

the Finnish Army on the

Karelian front and upon

their return to Estonia

1941

The baroque old town of Narva was

one of the most valuable architec-

tural ensembles in pre-war Estonia

In early 1944, war returned to Estonia. The battles of Narva and Vaivara in the North-East — the heaviest of the whole Soviet-German front at the time – raged on until August.

1944

Refugees leaving

for Sweden

1944

The heart of town after the Red

Army bombing raids and artillery

bombardments in March 1944

An Estonian nationalist government, formed amidst the chaos of the collapsing German defence, declared the restoration of inde-pendence and proclaimed neutrality in the war between Nazis and Soviets. Yet, the desperate efforts to organise Estonian mili-tary units (and obtain recognition from the Western Allies) were not sufficient to repeat the miracle of the War of Independence, and by late autumn the Red Army had re-occupied the whole of Estonia.

Ahead of the returning Bolsheviks, tens of thousands of Estonians, who were fortunate enough to get to the coast and find any kind of vessel, escaped overseas.

To eradicate the guerrillas’ main supply base as well as the staunchest pillar of Estonian national identity still intact – peasant smallholders – another mass deportation was carried out in 1949. In the period of 1940–49 altogether, Estonia lost almost one fifth of its population through killing, deportation, war and flight to exile.

Again, people who had often been given

only one hour to pack found themselves

in Siberia with virtually none of the

items essential for everyday life. Many

did not make it through the first winter

1944-53Thousands of Estonians resisted the second Soviet occupation: the guerrilla war of the forest brothers lasted until mid-1950s.

Guerrillas of Arnold

Leetsaare’s group, 1948

Deportation’s commemoration

in Ülemiste railway station

1949

Construction of the Baltic Power

Station near Narva, 1959

1944–53 1950s

For those lucky enough to escape the deportation, joining the kolkhozes under the watchful eye of omnipresent Stalin became imperative.

Members of the

first Estonian

collective farm,

the Red Meadow,

in Petserimaa

The main instrument for maintaining Soviet power was the re-population of Estonia that took place under the label of industrial development. Thousands of labourers were moved from the Soviet Union to work in the factories and mines of Northern Estonia; as a result, the portion of Estonians fell from the pre-war 88% to 61% in 1990.

The quality of the Soviet way of life

and its ‘remarkable progress’ was

demonstrated on every possible

occasion

The launching of the passenger boat Vanemuine in 1965 reopened the

traffic between Estonia and Finland that had been disrupted by WW II

The period following Stalin’s death – which marked the end of the brutal terror and the start of Nikita Khruchev’s reform plans – gave many a hope of building ‘humane socialism’.

Along with the return of the rehabilitated deportees, some communication with abroad resumed. A special role here belonged to relations at grass root level with the Finns, who are related to Estonians by a similar language: smuggled jeans and Western pop music, the ability to watch Finnish TV, and the ideas that permeated across the border turned Estonia into a ‘Soviet West’.

1956-68

The hugely popular TV programme Horoskoop presented the

same songs performed at Eurovision. The censors missed that.

1970

s

With the suppression of the 1968 popular revolt in Czechoslovakia the regime’s ideological pressure strengthened once again, as the Soviet central government strove to create a uniform Homo sovieticus. The covert campaign involved forced industrial development and residential building for new immigrants, the overt effort comprised routine parades and voting in support of the regime.

One of the best-loved

young poets of the time,

Paul-Eerik Rummo

1956–68 1970s

Culture became a refuge: people perfected their

protest by interpreting what was squeezed between the

lines. Hidden allusions were sought in theatre and art,

and meaningful lines of poetry were quoted by the

entire nation.

The early 1987 environmental movement against the planned development of massive phosphorite mines, coupled with the formation of national heritage societies that gathered momentum at the end of the same year developed into protest against the Soviet authorities. Valuing one’s history and Estonia as the country of Estonians provided the foundation for later, overtly political demands.

Phosphorite – thanks, but no thanks!

R.I.P. Brachiopoda of Kabala! Slogans at the

students’ protest marches in Tartu

Long queues and empty shop shelves were inevitable features of everyday life in the Soviet Union, which increasingly lagged behind the Western

world. This, of course, only increased the frustration and resentment felt towards ‘the most progressive country in the world’ and made a mockery

of the rhetoric employed by the local puppet leaders.

The Soviet regime increasingly resembled a cumbersome giant – feared for its strength, but increasingly ridiculed for its apparent incapacity.

1987

The culmination of the Estonian-Latvian-Lithuanian popular movements came on 23 August 1989 with the formation of the Baltic Chain, a 600 km human chain extending from Tallinn to Vilnius. Around two million people participated in this demonstration that brought the Baltic independence struggle to TV-screens all over the world.

Some communist die-hards kept fighting back despite the inevitable collapse of

the Soviet Empire…

A demonstration by the pro-

Soviet Interfront in Tallinn

... but their enthusiasm was curbed along with the failure of the plans of the hardliners in Moscow. During the attempted reactionary coup, Estonia declared the restoration of its independence on 20 August 1991.

Soviet troops leaving

Tallinn in August 1991

1980s 1991

1991

1989

A few days later, the new reality was acknowledged by the inter­national community – with Iceland leading the way, one country after another recognised Estonia’s regained independence.

The international recognition

of the re­established

Republic – formerly belonging

to the League of Nations – was

concluded with Estonia’s

acceptance as a member of the

United Nations’ Organisation

State borders and legislation awaited quick restoration, as did the citizenry. Hitherto Moscow­controlled or practically non­existent

areas of life — from border guards to estate development, from post­al service to banking — required speedy organisation.

First things first: 1992 saw the parliamentary and presidential elections.

Some of the Estonian state symbols are yet to be regained;

e.g. the Collar of the Order of the National Coat of Arms – badge

of office of the Estonian President – kept ever since being looted

by the Soviets in 1940 in the Armoury Chamber of the Moscow

Kremlin

1991

1991 1992

1992

As early as June 1992

Estonia became the

first of the post­

communist nations to

carry through a daring

currency reform

Due to its small size and the support it enjoyed from across the Gulf of Finland, Estonia made a flying start in rearranging its economy – regardless of political background, the subsequent governments of the early 1990s pursued a neo­liberal ‘shock therapy’ approach which brought rapid privatisation, liberalisation of prices, and the establishment of a free foreign trade regime whilst maintaining the stability of the currency.

Another addition to the new terms in

the everyday language of the Estonians

that arrived together with independent

nationhood, is ‘national carrier’ dating

from 1 December 1991.

The freedom of movement and action that belong to free society gradually returned to the Estonian landscape and to people’s minds. After half a century of rigidly guarded borders, bathers no lon-ger have to fear being dragged in their swimsuits to the border guard headquarters. Coastal fisherman and devotees of all kinds of water sports can now set out to sea with-out a special permit.

In 1994, after three years of arduous talks, the last Russian troops were withdrawn from Estonia leaving behind a range of ecological booby-traps, such as exten-sively polluted ground water around military airfields or nuclear waste in naval bases.

1993

-199

4

1994 2009

After 1991 Estonia remained on a steady course to join the EU and NATO. The almost idolatrous admira-tion for all things Western has nonetheless given way to a more critical approach, not least because the domestic bureaucracy has tended to cite ‘Euro-norms’ as justification for various imprudent decisions.

Having once learned the hard way about the dangers of international isolation, the majority of Estonians view international co-operation as offering the best guaran-tee for security. Nevertheless, not even the greatest optimists of the early 1990s could have predicted that in April 2004, even before joining the EU, Estonia would become a full member of NATO.

2004

PHOTO CREDITS[t – top, b – bottom, c – centre, l – left, r – right]

Margus Ansu: p 35 tl; Endel Grensmann: p 2 t; Jüri Kass ja Ülle Marks: p 35 tr; Henri Laupmaa: p 9 t; Lembit Michelson: p 26 b; Sigurd Roove (courtesy of Liina and Göte Ask): p 25 b; Jüri Rõõmus: p 32 c; Kalju Suur: p 30 br; Peeter Säre: pp 6 l, 8 l, c, 10 r, 11 r; Endel Tarkpea: p 30 c; Toomas Tuul: p 34 t; Tiit Veermäe: pp 29 tl, 30 t, 31 b, 31 tr; Kristel Vilbaste: p 30 bl; Academic Library of the Tallinn PedagogicalUniversity: p 12 b; Art Museum of Estonia: pp 7 c, 15 b; Centre of Archaeology of the Estonian Institute of History: p 1 (photo: Piia Ruber); Christiansborg Palace: p 6 c (photo: Flemming Rasmussen); Eesti Ekspress: p 21 b; Eesti Päevaleht (PressPhoto): pp 16 b, 35 a, 36 cr (Rauno Volmar); Estonian Air: p 33 b; Estonian Film Archive: pp 17 tl, 18 c, b, 20 tl, 22 c, 27 t, bl, 28 t, 29 tr, c, 31 tl, 32 t (photo: Albert Truuväärt); Estonian History Museum: pp 5 (photo: Toomas Kohv), 19 c, b, 22 t, 23 bc, 25 tr, 26 cr, 27 br, 33 tl, tr; Estonian Institute: p 4; Estonian Literary Museum: pp 14 c, 23 tc, 29 b; Estonian Museum of Applied Art and Design: pp 14 r, 15 tl (photo: Henri Laupmaa); Estonian National Museum: p 16 tl; Estonian State Archives: pp 24 t, 23 tr, 26 t; Estonian Television: p 28 c; Estonian Union of Finnish War Veterans: p 24 c, b; Museum of Occupations of Estonia: p 31 c; Museum of Viljandi: pp 11 l, 15 tr, 17 tr, 18 t, 19 t, 20 tr, 26 cl; National Library of Estonia: pp 9 b, 16 tc; Latvian Academic Library: p 13 b; Postimees (Scanpix Baltic): pp 23 br, 34 l, 34 br (photo: Albert Truuväärt), 36 tl (photo: Raigo Pajula), 36 cl (photo: Toomas Huik), Publishing House Avita: pp 22 b; Sven Karjahärm’s photo collection: p 25 tl; Tallinn City Archives: pp 8 r, 10 l; Tallinn City Museum: pp 13 t (photo: Piia Ruber), 17 b (photo: Piia Ruber); Tartu University Library: pp 3 b, 12 t (photo: Eduard Sakk), 20 b.

Reproductions:p 21 t – Eesti, 20 aastat iseseisvust, Tallinn 1939; p 4 l – Kalevipoeg kunstis, Tallinn 1962

Special thanks to Ants Hein, Tiina Kala, Juhan Kreem, Sulo Lembinen, Tiit Noormets, Peep Pillak, Ülle Tamla and Maruta Varrak

Text by Priit Raudkivi and the Estonian Institute Design by Angelika Schneider

ISBN 978-9985-9994-0-0