human anatomy manual

Human Anatomy ManualThe Skeleton

Laerdal TexasP.O. Box38.226 EM. 116Gatesville,Texas U.S.A.76528U.S.A.1-800-433-5539IntemationaI1-254-865-722124 Hour Fax 254-865-8011 ~ Laerdal'

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 Introduction

2 Skeleton

3 Skull

4 Vertebral Column

5-6 Vertebrae

7 Thorax

Clavicle

8 Scapula

9 Humerus

Radius and Ulna

10 Hand

11 Pelvis

Innominate

12 Femur

Tibia and Fibula

13 Patella

Foot


INTRODUCTION

Osteology (from the Greek "Osteon", meaning bone) Is tha branch ofanatomy that describes the structure and functions of the skeletalsystem.

Bones provide a firm framework that gives shape to the body,supports Its parts, and protects vital organs such as the brain, heart,lungs, etc., from Injury.

The bones also facilitate body movement by acting In cooperationwith numerous muscles attached to the bones by tendons.

Bone growth and development continues from birth to about twentyyears of age.

Cartilage furnishes elastic, supporting connective tissues whichprotect the bones at the joints from shock and give the skeleton moreflexibility.

Infants have approximately three hundred fifty bones, many of whichfuse during the process of growth. Adults vary somewhat In the numberof bones, but a total of two hundred six bones Is considered normal ortypical.

The skeletal system consists of two divisions: the axial skeleton andthe appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton, the main framework of thebody, consists of the spine, skull, and chest. The appendicular skeletonconsists of the bones of the upper and lower extermltles.

The skull Is defined as the bony framework of the head. The 29 bonesof the skull include those of the cranium and face, the hyoid bone, andthe ear osslcles. The 8 cranial bones enclose a cavity within which arethe brain, 3 layers of protective membranes (pia mater, arachnoid, anddura mater), and numerous blood vessels. Fourteen Irregular bones,including the lower and upper Jaw bones, nasal bones, and cheek bones,form the bony framework of the face.

The human skull, compared with the skulls of other animals, displaysa relative decrease In the size of the face and a relative Increase In thesize of the cranium. There are actually 5 great cavities of the skull: twocavities, or orbits, enclosing the eyes; the nasal cavity, with Its twochambers separated by the septum; the oral cavity, with the Jaw bonesand maxillae, platlne, and sphenoid bones; and the cranial cavity.

There are Important cavities, called paranasal sinuses, In the walls ofsome df the skull bones adjacent to the nasal cavity. These sinuses havea lining of ciliated mucous membrane which is continuous with that ofthe nasal cavity, and they drain into the nasal passageways and help tomoisten them. The paranasal sinuses are useful resonating chambers forthe voice, but the continuity of the membrane with that of the nose andmouth permits infectious material to spread rapidly through the variouspassageways, as in the common coid.

The U-shaped bone In the neck, the hyoid bone, is the only bone thatdoes not meet with other bones to form a joint; ligaments connect itwith an extension of the temporal bone. Some of the muscles of thetongue and mouth Insert In the hyoid.

A word about the quality of our MPL skeletons. These are not modelsin the usual context of the word since models are first sculpted or carvedand then copied. Our skeletons are cast by hand from molds taken froma 5' 2" Human (male) skeleton and thus are not models but authenticanatomical reproductlons--wlth all the advantages of a human skeletonandnoneof thedisadvantages.


Cervical

Body of sternum

Humerus

Xiphoid processof sternum

Lumbar vertebrae (5)

Sacrum

CoccyxPubis

Ischium

2

IlIum

Calcaneus

SKELETON

Frontal

Temporal

Nasal Zygomatic

MaxillaMandible

Coracoid process

Scapula

Ribs

Thoracic vertebrae (12)

Radius

Ulna

Carpals

Metacarpals

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Flbuiu

Talus

~Tarsals,~~ ..

~'s-- Metatarsals


SKULL

Coronal suture

Frontal

Temporal

Lambdoidal suture

Occipital

Maxilla

Mental foramen

Coronoid procell

Mandible

3


Cervical(7)

Thoracic(12\

Lumbar(5)

4

VERTEBRAL COLUMN

AxI8

Sacrum

Coccyx


VERTEBRAE

Atlas

Anterior tubercle

Superior articularfacet Transverse procell

Posterior tubercle

Axis

Body Superior articular facet

Tranlverse foramen

Transverse procell

LamIna

SplnOUI procell

Cervical Vertebra

Costotranlverse bar

Posterior tubercle

Body

Transverse jprocell t

Transverse foramen

Pedicle

Superior articular procell

Lamina

BIfId IplnOUI procell


6

-

Thoracic Vertebra

Superior vertebral Dotch\

Superior articular proces8

TraD8vene proce88 withtranaverH coat a) facet

Body

Inferior coatal facet

Lumbar Vertebra

(lateral view)

BodyTraD8vene proce88

Spmou8 proce..

(from above)

Spmou8proce..

Inferior articular proce88Mammary proces8

Superior articularproce..

TraD8vene proce88

Pedicle'Y


THORAX

First thoracic vertebra

Vertebrosternalor true ribs Stetnum

Manubrium

Manubriosternaljoint

Body

Xiphisternal Joint

Xiphoid process

Vertebrocostalor false ribs

Vertebralor fioating ribs

RIGHT CLAVICLE

(inferior view)

(superior view)Sternal articular facet

Acromial articular facet

Conoid tubercle

7


LEFT SCAPULA

(dorsal view)

Scapular notch

Acromion SupraBplnouB fOBBa

Spine

Medial border

Inferior angle

(costal view)

Coracoid procesB

SubBcapuiar fGlBa

Acromion

Glenoid cavity

8


RIGHT HUMERUS

(anterior view)

Greater tubercle

Surgical neck

~

II i

Radial fossa

Lateral epicondyle

Capitulum

Head

Lesser tubercle

Intertubercular groove

RIGHT RADIUS AND ULNA

(anterior view)

Radial tuberosity

Medial epicondyle

Radius

Styloid process

Head

Neck. adial notch

[II,

'j

~iI)I}

11(1\

~Ulna

i \\1I .I,

Head

Styloid proce88

Ulnar notch

9


10

LEFT HAND(dorsal view)

Proximal

f HamateCapitate

Carpals TriquetrumLunate


PELVIS

Ilium

Iliac crestSacrum

Sacral foramen

Pubic arch

RIGHT INNOMINATE

Iliac crest

Anterior superior Iliac spine

Posterior superior Iliac spine

Posterior inferior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine

Superior ramus of pubis

Tuberosity of Ischium inferior ramus of pubis

Obturator foramenRamus of Ischium 11


RIGHT FEMUR(posterior view)

Head

Greater trochanter

intertrochanteric line

Leller trochanter

RIGHT TIBIA AND FIBULA(anterior view)

\\ \l~i:i

,I Adductor tubercle

Lateral epicondyle

Lateral condyle

Medial condyleStyloid procell

Head

Neck.

Fibula

jI

! HI

Medial epicondyle.

Medial condyle Lateral condyle

TibiaIntercondylar

fOil a

Lateral malleolulMedial maBeolUI

12


(anterior view)

Calcaneus

Cuboid

Middle phalanx

Diltal phalanx

PATELLA

(posterior view)

~t.~ y-

, J.

""\

Medial articular facet Lateral articular facet

RIGHT FOOT(dorsal view)

Talu,

Navicular

J

-Lateral

}intermediate CUDelform,

.Medlal

~J}} _.~~. ",-

} Promoal phalanle,'\1.

,."...1

13


i!=1:1:

.l:I

.Q.

C Copyright Medical Plastics Laboratory, Inc. Gatesville, Texas 76528DocumenU1004860 rev B

September 2003


human anatomy manual

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