Human A&P

Unit 3 – Integumentary System

I. ___________________________- skin & structures derived from it, including: _____________________________________

A. Four main physiological features of the integumentary system

1. _____________ the body from the

environment.2. ________________________ via sweating

Integumentary System

Hair, nails, sweat & oils

PROTECTS

Regulates BODY TEMP

3. ________________________ (helps body absorb calcium).

4. ____________________ such as pressure, temperature & pain.

Makes VITAMIN D

Detects SENSATIONS

B. Anatomy of Skin & Subcutaneous Layer1. Features of the skin:

a. also called the ________________

________________

b. largest ___________ of the body (22 square feet, about ____ lbs, 16% of ______________)

cutaneous membrane

organ10

Body weight

2. Major Parts of the Skin & subcutaneous layer

_______________- superficial, thinner portion made of 4-5 layers of stratified squamous epithelium

Epidermis

___________ - deeper, thicker, connective tissue

Dermis

- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - -

Cutaneous membrane = dermis + SKIN epidermis

________________________- below the dermis; ____ a part of the skin; contains:___________tissue (to connect to skin), ____________ (fat for insulation) & large _______________ to supply the skin.

Subcutaneous Layer

NOT

aerolar

Adipose tissue

Blood vessels

C. Details of the Epidermis1. __________ major types of cells

_________________ - (keroTINosite) produces keratin (tough __________ that protects from heat, _________ and chemicals.

keratinocyte

protein

microbes

Four

_________________ - involved with __________ responses to fight microbes on the skin

Langerhans cells

immune

_________________ - attached to a ___________ nerve cell at a flat spot called a tactile disc that helps detect __________.

Merkel Cell

sensory

Tactile disc of a sensory neuron

touch

_________________ - produce melanin (black-brown pigment that absorbs _______ light)

Melanocytes

UV

2. Layers or _____________ of the epidermisstratum

_________________ - (“horn layer”) – 25-30 layers of ___________ keratinocytes which are _________ continuously.

Stratum Corneum

dead

shed

_________________ - (“clear layer”) – 3-5 layers of flattened _________, clear keratinocytes. ONLY found in the thick skin of:______________________________________

Stratum Lucidum

dead

Fingertips, palms & soles of feet

___________________- (“little grains layer”) – 3-5 layers of keratinocytes that are in the process of ___________ (dying). These cells contain granules which release __________, lipid secretions to prevent ___________ loss and entry of ____________ materials.

Stratum Granulosum

apoptosis

waterproof

waterforeign

___________________- (“thornlike layer”) – 8-10 layers of keratinocytes that create extensions into the dermis layer. Also the site of ______________ cells.

Stratum Spinosum

Langerhans

___________________- (“base layer”) – ______ layer of cuboidal or ___________ keratinocytes. Some of these are ____________ that will make new keratinocytes in the skin. (New skin will NOT form if this is damaged and a ___________ is required. Also contains _____________ & _____________.

Stratum Basalesingle

columnar

Stem cells

Skin graftmelanocytes

Merkel cells

3. ________________ are modified, tightly packed, hard ____________ of the epidermis.Nails

keratinocytes

a. Anatomy of a nail (dorsal view)

_______________- the white that extends past the finger

free edge

a. Anatomy of a nail (dorsal view)

_______________- the part that is visiblenail body

a. Anatomy of a nail (dorsal view)

_______________- white part of the nail near the root.

lunula

a. Anatomy of a nail (dorsal view)

_______________- protects the nail matrix.

cuticle

a. Anatomy of a nail (dorsal view)

_______________- not visible on normal nail. It is the true end of the nail.

Nail Root

b. Anatomy of a nail (sagittal section)

Nail Root cuticle lunula nail body

free edge

epidermisdermis

fingerbone

_______________- surrounds the root and produces the new nail cells. nail matrix

D. Details of the Dermis1. Two parts of the dermis:

a. _________________- areolar tissue

with fine elastic fibers.

Superficial Part

i. anatomy of the superficial part of the dermis:

epidermis

dermis

subcutaneous layer

_______________- (“nipples”) bumps that increase the surface area of the dermis. Contain either ___________________________________________

Dermal Papillae

capillariestactile receptors or free nerve endings

_______________ or _____________________________-detects light touch.

Corpuscle of Touch Meissner Corpuscle

_______________ - detects temperature, pain, tickle and itch.

Free nerve ending

_______________ - (NOT part of dermis or epidermis……) thread of fused, __________ keratinized cells.

Hair Shaft

dead

b. _______________________- attached to the subcutaneous layer. Contains __________________________________ with bundles of collagen and elastic fibers.

Deeper Part dense irregular connective tissue

i. anatomy of deep part of the dermis:

_______________ - oil glandSebaceous Gland

_______________ - extends into the dermis & sometimes the subcutaneous layer

hair root

_______________ - bulb that produces new hair cells

hair follicle

__________________ or ________________ sense deeper touch like:_________________________________

Lamellated CorpusclePacinian Corpuscle

a squeeze or a push

_________________________Adipose Cells (Fat)

________________________-sweat gland. The ears contain ________________ glands that produce ear wax.

SuDORiferousgland

CERUMinous

_______________-muscle that connects to dermis at one side of the hair follicle. When it ___________, the hair straightens & creates ________________________.

Arrector Pilli

contracts

goose bumps

E. The process of new skin production1. All new skin is produced in the ______________________ layer.

2. The process:a. _________________ in the stratum basale produce new keratinocytes.

b. the new keratinocytes are pushed _______________ through the layers of the epidermis.

epidermis

STEM CELLS

upward

c. The cells accumulate more and more _________________ as they move up (a process called keratinization).

d. Finally, the cells ____________ and are sloughed off.

e. The whole process takes _________________.

keratin

die

4 weeks total!

newest cells (but in 4 weeks, they will be dead & on the top layer)

oldest cells (already dead & have been around for 4 weeks)

F. Skin & Hair Color1. Skin color:a. due to the amount of ____________ being produced by the melanocytes of stratum __________ in the _________________.

b. the melanin is passed through ____________ of the melanocytes to the keratinocytes.

melanin

basale

epidermis

projections

c. _______________ skin makes more melanin but does _________ have skin with more _______________. (We all have the same number of melanocytes).

DarkerNOT

melanocytes

2. Hair Color:a. Due to _________________ made by melanocytes in the ____________ of the hair follicle.

b. Different hair colors:i. _________________- has melanin only.ii. __________________- has melanin with ___________ & ___________.

melanin

bulb

Brown or Black hair

Blond & Red hairiron

sulfur

iii. ______________- due to the reduction of melanin.

Gray Hair

G. Skin Conditions & Ailments1. _________________- branch of medicine that diagnosis and treats skin diseases & conditions.

2. Coloring of the skin that are __________ of an underlying problem or condition:

i. ______________- ____________ skin, nail beds and mucous membranes due to lack of ______________.

Dermatology

signs

Cyanosis blueish

oxygen

FIND PICK OF CYANOSIS SKIN

ii. ____________________- ______________ skin and whites of the eyes indicating liver disease (due to the build up of the pigment, bilirubin).

Jaundice yellowish

FIND PIC OF JAUNDICE SKIN

iii. ____________________ - ______________ of the skin due to exposure of ____________

__________________________________________________________________________.

Erythema (ery THEE ma) Redness exposure to heat, skin injury, infection, inflammation, or allergic reaction.

3. ______________________- skin disorder in which keratinocytes of the epidermis _____________________________________________.

i. physiology of what is happening:a. an _____________ form of keratin is made which is ___________________.

b. causes _________________ and flaking of the skin at the ____________ ____________________.

Psoriasis divide and move upwards too quickly

abnormal

Flaky & silvery

dandruff

Knees and elbows

c. instead of skin shedding every 4 weeks, it now sheds every

_____________________.

ii. Effective treatments ________________________ or __________________________________.

7-10 days

Slows cell division rateInhibits keratinization

4. _______________________ - caused by an accumulation of melanin that remains deep in the epidermis.

Freckles & Age Spots

5. ________________________- caused by UVA (Ultraviolet A-longer wavelength radiation) we get from the sun that produces oxygen free radicals that disrupt ________________ and elastin fibers.

wrinkles

collagen

6. ___________________- is due to UV (ultraviolet) exposure that causes an _______________ of melanin production that actually is _______________ than the normal melanin produced.

i. A tan is ________________ when the melanin containing keratinocytes are shed from the stratum _______________ of the epidermis.

Tanning

increasedarker

lost

corneum

ii. _____________________ - could lead to __________________. HOW?

a. _________________________ - (shorter wavelength radiation) damages

_________ and causes genetic mutations in the ________________.

Overexposure to sun/UVSkin cancer

UVB (ultraviolet B radiation)

DNAmelanocytes

7. ______________________ - a neoplastic disease that can be caused by overexposure to sun &/or genetic predisposition.

Skin Cancer

i. Type of Skin Cancer:

Cancer Type: Where it arises from:

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Arises from the stratum ____________ of the epidermis.basale

Ability to Metastisize (spread throughout the

body)

Rate of occurrence:

____________ metastisizes.

rarely~78% of cases

Cancer Type: Where it arises from:

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Arises from ______________ cells.sqaumous

Ability to Metastisize (spread throughout the

body)

Rate of occurrence:

____________ metastisizes.

sometimes~20% of cases

Cancer Type: Where it arises from:

Malignant Melanoma

Arises from ______________ cells.melanocytes

Ability to Metastisize (spread throughout the

body)

Rate of occurrence:

Metastisizes __________ and can kill within _____________.

rapidly~2% of cases

months

pic of patient with malignant melanoma

ii. Five Warning Signs of A Malignant Melanoma Growth.

a. It looks like a ________ or __________ BUT has the following features: (THINK

“A- B-C-D-E”)

mole freckle

1.

_____________________________

Asymmetrical shape (not circular)

2.

_____________________________

Border is irregular

3.

_____________________________

Coloration is uneven or multicolored

4.

_____________________________

Diameter is larger than a pencil eraser

5.

_____________________________

Elevated Mole

iii. Risk Factors for Malignant Melanoma:a. __________________ colored skin that tends to burn.b. HIGH ________________________.c. ___________________ of skin cancer.d. _______________ due to prolonged sun exposure.e. _______________________________.

Light

Sun exposureFamily historyOlder age

Weakened immune system