human biology welcome to your first day of class
TRANSCRIPT
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Human Biology
Welcome To Your First Day of Class
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Anatomy The study of form
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Physiology is… The study of the function of
all plants and animals in their normal state.
An integrative science
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Key Themes in Physiology:
HomeostasisThe ability of the body to
survive in a challenging and changing environment by keeping the internal environment relatively stable
“The Wisdom of the Body”
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Homeostasis Negative Feedback Loops are
Homeostatic Negative feedback loops can restore the
normal state but can’t prevent the initial disturbance.
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Negative Feedback The body maintains a set point until
there is a perturbation.
The change in the environment signals a response by the body
The response is to bring the body back to homeostasis If possible!
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Positive Feedback Positive Feedback is NOT homeostatic
Positive Feedback reinforces the initial stimulus rather than decreasing or removing it.
The response sends the variable being regulated even farther from its normal value
This triggers a vicious cycle of ever-increasing response sending the system out of control temporarily
Must have a “shut off” switch or it becomes pathological.
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Flow Diagram of the Scientific Method (know for
test)
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Basic Steps of Scientific Method: Observation (and/or study of prior
knowledge)/Question
Hypothesis
Experimentation
Collection and analysis of data (can you replicate results?)
Conclusion: reject or accept hypothesis
theory
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Scientific Theory A scientific theory is a concept supported by
a broad range of observations, experiments, and conclusions.
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Example:
What makes up human scent
Prior knowledge: Mice smell each other
using urine MHC
Hypothesis: ?
Experiments: ?
Collect and analyze data
Conclusion
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The Process of Science
A Controlled Study Experiments in controlled studies have two
types of groups:
Control Group (for comparison)
Experimental Group ( 1 variable manipulated)
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The Process of Science
A Controlled Study
Variables
The experimental variable (independent variable) is manipulated by the investigator. All other factors remain identical.
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The Process of Science
A Controlled Study Variables
The experimental variable (independent variable) is manipulated by the investigator. All other factors remain identical.
The response variable (dependent variable) represents the result of the manipulation of the experimental variable. (what we are testing for and hope to “quantify” mathematically)
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An Experiment HYPOTHESIS: Bloodhounds are able to
trail people because of their unique smell, which is genetically controlled.
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An Experiment HYPOTHESIS: Bloodhounds are able to
trail people because of their unique smell, which is genetically controlled.
PREDICTION: Bloodhounds will be able to trail identical twins, but the dog will not be able to tell the difference between the twins.
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An Experiment
Conclusion: The hypothesis was supported. When scent was taken from one twin the bloodhounds were able to trail the twins, but could not tell the difference between the genetically identical twins.
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Animal vs. Human Experimentation
In Physiology most knowledge is derived from _______ experimentation.
Sometime human experimentation is necessary.
Difficulties of Human Experimentation: Very dissimilar test subjects Psychological aspects (placebo and nocebo
effects) Ethical questions (is it ok to withhold potential
drug from seriously ill?)
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Animal Research
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Science and Social Responsibility
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Science and Social Responsibility
• Technology is the application of knowledge for a practical purpose.
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Science and Social Responsibility
• Technology is the application of knowledge for a practical purpose.
• Technology has both benefits and drawbacks.
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Science and Social Responsibility
• Technology is the application of knowledge for a practical purpose.
• Technology has both benefits and drawbacks.
• Ethical and moral issues surrounding the use of technology must be decided by everyone.