Human body science: anatomy and physiology4 types of tissue epithelial: body covering and produce secretions, doesnt have its own blood supply connective: connects different structures of the body muscle: produces movement, 3 kinds: skeletal(voluntary movement), cardiac(heart) and smooth(involuntary) nervous: brain, spinal cord and brain

Organ systems Circulatory or cardiovascular: circulation and distribution of various substances throughout the body Digestive:processing of food, manufactures enzymes for breakdown of food Endocrine: control body functions, hormone secretion Integumentary: protects internal tissues from injury, waterproofs the body and helps regulate body temperature Lymphatic: supports immune system housing and transporting white blood cells Muscular: consists of skeletal muscles and tendons that connect muscles to bones and ligaments that attach bones to form joints Nervous systems: serves as the bodys control system, reflexes Reproductive: to produce offspring, houses hormones that encourage or suppress activities w/in the body Respiratory: keeps cells supplied w oxygen and removes carbon dioxide Skeletal: provides protecgtion for the body and organs and provide framework for the body, houses minerals like calcium and phosphorus Urinary or excretory: maintain water and electrolyte balance w/in the body, regulates acid-base balance of the blood and removes all nitrogen containing waste from the body *nitrogen containing waste are by-products of the breakdown os protein and nucleic acids Anatomical terms Anatomical position: body facing forward, feet are parallel to each other, arms at the sides w palms facing forward Superior: upper end of the body Inferior: lower end of the body Anterior: front of the body Posterior: back of the body Medial: middle of the body Lateral: towards the outer side Intermediate: between medial and lateral Proximal: closes Distal: furthest Superficial: at the body surface Deep: below body surface Sagittal: longitudinal plane Midsagittal: sagittal made down the median of the body Transverse: horizontal dividing body into upper and lower Frontal or coronal: horizontal dividing body into front and back Dorsal body cavity: contains cranial and spinal column Ventral body cavity: structures w/in the chest and abdomenFunctions of the body Adaptation, circulation,elimination,locomotion,nutrition,oxygenation,regulation and self duplicationArteries: take blood away from the heartVeins: take blood back to the heartCapillaries: transport blood from arteries to veins, and is the location for the exchange of oxygen, co2, fluid and nutrients w/in the body

Circulatory systemDeoxygenated blood enters the heart through the superior and inferior vena cava, goes to the right atrium, contracts and moves down passing the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. Right ventricle contracts and pushes blood to the pulmonary artery and lungs passing the pulmonary valve. Blood gets oxygenated and carried back to the heart through pulmonary veins. Goes into left atrium, through the mitral valve and into the left ventricle. Contraction of left ventricle pushes blood through the aorta and out into the body.

Respiratory system

inspiration: diaphragm contracts and inhalesexpiration: diaphragm relaxes and exhales

Nervous systemProvide sensory, motor and integrative functions w/in the bodyHomeostasis:property of a system that regulates its environment and maintain a stable, constant conditon

2 parts: Central nervous system(brain) and peripheral nervous systemPNS: autonomic nervous system(heartbeat, digestion),sympathetic nerves(excited), parasympathetic(rest) : sensory-somatic nervous system consist of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves and ganglia(collections of nerve cell bodies). Controls voluntary actions

Dendrites: receive stimuli and brings to neuron: interpretes

Digestive system

Peristalsis: rhythmic contractions that propel foodSalivary amylase: begins chemical digestion in the mouthChyme: mixture of food, chemicals and enzymesDuodenum releases 2 hormones: secretin and cholecystokinin(cck)Secretin goes to pancreas to trigger release of bicarbonate which neutralizes the stomach acidCck initiates bile release from gallbladder Villi and microvilli- where absorption of nutrients occurNucleic acids: DNA AND RNA, consists of a pentose, phosphate group and nitrogenous basePentose: sugarPhosphate group: molecule in the backbone of dna and rna that links adjoining bases togetherNitrogenous base: molecule found in dna and rna that encodes genetic info in cells5 types of nitrogenous base: adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracilAdenine, cytosine, guanine are found in both dna and rnaThymine: unique in dna Uracil: unique in rnaIn dna: adenine always pairs w thymine (AT), guanine always pairs w cytosine (GC)Purines: if adenine and guanine have 2 ringsPyrimidines: thymine and cytosine have 1 ringIn rna pyrimidine base of uracil is used instead of thymine base found in dnaPentose component in rna: ribose dna: deoxyribose

Dna: blueprint of the cellRna: messenger of the cell

Parts of a cell

Parts of Prokaryotic cells:Cell wall: separates the inside and outside of the cellCytoplasm: houses organellesOrganelles: tiny organs w/in the cellNucleoid: condensed dna of the cellPlasmids: small, circular potitons of dna not associated w nucleoidRibosomes: manufactures protein for the cellFlagella: for cell movement Parts of eukaryotic (bigger than prokaryotic) cells: Plasma membrane: envelopes the cell, semipermeableEndoplasmic reticulum: tubular transport w/in the cellSmooth er: metabolic processRough er: studded w ribosomesGolgi apparatus: packaging and transport of proteins in cells: refines proteins, sorts and prepares them for transport and works w er in protein movementVesicles: small membrane bounded sacs w/in cytoplasm3 common types of vesicles: Vacuole: basic storage unit of the cellLysosome: contains digestive enzymes that are capable of disposing worn cell partsPeroxisome: rid body of toxic components like hydrogen peroxide, major site of oxygen use and energy productionsMitochondria: powerhouse of the cell, stores adenosine triphosphate(atp), large kidney shape organelle surrounded by membranesCristae: membranes inside mitochondria where enxymes are found. Enzymes help convert sugar into atp to power up the cellMicrotubules: cellular tracks that form mitotic spindle during mitosisCentrosomes: microtubule organizing center that helps form and organize mitotic spindleMitotic spindle: organize and segregate chromosomes during cell division(mitosis)Nucleus: control center of the cell, where dna is located in animalsNucleolus:small body w in nucleus that produces ribosomesCilia: whip like projections that are larger than flagellaPlant cells: Almost the same as animal cells except forChloroplast: organelles that contain chlorophyllChlorophyll: captures sunlight to be used for production of glucose during photosynthesisLarger vacuoles: contains water to maintain proper cell pressureCell wall: acts as a barrier to the outside and gives structures to the cellPlants need both mitochondria and chloroplast

Zygote: fertilize egg begins to divide and becomes a mass of cellsGastrulation: most critical stage when tissue layers begin to form3 types of stem cells: totipotent, pluripotent, multipotentEmbryo: early stages of development after fertilization

Mitosis: process of cell duplication to replace old and dying onesMeiosis: forming a new organism through sexual reproduction, halve the number of chromosomesGametes: cells that are formed via sexual reproductionChromosomes: individual units of dnaDiploid cells: contains 2 sets of chromosomesHaploid single unit of chromosomesHomologous chromosome: the twin chromosome on diploid cells

Process of mitosis: