human excretory system composed of kidney-functional unit of a kidney- nephron) lungs (alveoli) skin...
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Human Excretory System
composed ofkidney-functional unit of a kidney- nephron) lungs (alveoli)skin (sweat glands) liver
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types of metabolic wastesWaste Produced from
Carbon Dioxide Aerobic Respiration
Water Aerobic Respiration
Salts Metabolic activities
Nitrogenous wastes Breakdown of excess Amino Acids & Proteins
types of nitrogenous wastes toxicity
Ammonia (NH3) Highly Toxic
Urea Moderately Toxic
Uric Acid Crystals Minimally Toxic
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human excretory system
waste and what its removed by
– carbon dioxide- lungs – water - skin, kidney, lungs – salts - skin, kidney – ammonia - liver – urea - kidney
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primary organs of excretion
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blood and urine flow
blood enters the kidneys via renal arteries, and leaves the kidneys via the renal veins
wastes removed from the blood leave the kidneys by the ureter
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kidney
Learn the parts
Functions of the kidneys1. excrete toxins and
nitrogenous wastes2. regulate chemical
levels in blood 3. maintain water
balance4. helps regulate blood
pressure (renin)
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label the partson a model
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label the partson a model1. Renal Vein
2. Renal Artery
3. Renal Calyx
4. Medullary Pyramid
5. Renal Cortex
12. Renal Column
13. Renal Papillae14. Renal Pelvis15. Ureter
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cross section of human kidney
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structures
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formation of urine
occurs by a series of three processes that take place in successive parts of the nephron
•filtration•reabsorption•secretion
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wastes - urine
The remaining wastes, now called urine are transported out through the collecting tubule to an area known as the renal pelvis (a collecting area) where the urine then passes into the ureter
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urinalysis physical, chemical, microscopic examination of urine
color•pale yellow (straw) •light yellow •yellow •green-yellow (olive) •red-yellow •red •red-brown •brown-black •black •milky
turbidity (cloudiness)
Normally, freshly voided urine is clear and transparent. It may be cloudy due to crystals and cells will centrifuge out; bacteria will not.
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urinalysis physical, chemical, microscopic examination of urine
odor
Strong odors of urine need to be identified because many can give clues to the origin of diseases.
specific gravity (density)
The refractometer measures the refractive index of the total soluble solids. When a beam of light passes through one substance into another, the beam is refracted so that it travels in another direction. The extent to which the beam is refracted depends on the concentration of the total soluble solids.
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urinalysis - urine odor• Ammoniacal-Occurs especially during decomposition or urine on
standing ("alkaline fermentation") or retention within urinary bladder; may be related to some bacterial infections.
• Effects of drugs and diet-Many ingested substances will give the urine a distinct odor as ingested asparagus giving urine its characteristic odor.
• Fecal-Due to contamination with feces or E. coli; often related to bladder-GI tract fistula.
• Fetid or Putrid-May be caused by diseases of the GU tract. Decomposition of urine containing cystine or pus will have the odor of rotten eggs (H2S).
• Fruity or Sweetish-Usually due to acetone in diabetic acidosis, starvation or dieting.
• Urinoid or Faintly Aromatic; Normal Attributed to volatile organic acids most marked in "concentrated" urine specimens.
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control of nephron Nephron control is hormonal, with water
reabsorption controlled by ADH from the posterior pituitary and sodium chloride reabsorption controlled by aldosterone from the adrenal medulla. Sodium chloride transport is monitored by the juxtaglomerular complex. The arteriolar cells secrete renin, which stimulates the adrenal cortex to secret aldosterone.
Aldosterone increases the absorption of sodium chloride and the excretion of potassium.
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a few disorders of the excretory system
Obstructive disorderskidney stones kidney cancer
Renal failure - (kidney failure)UTIs - urinary tract infections, often caused
by gram-negative bacteriacystitis-bladder infectionsurethritis-inflammation of the urethrapyelonephritis- inflammation of the
kidneys
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kidney stones • Cause - metabolic disorder involving
calcium, proteins and uric acid the build up of these substances into a large deposit (stone)
• Symptoms - irritation of the urinary tract, bleeding in the urinary tract, in cases with large stones there can be extreme pain as
the stone(s) try to pass through the tract • Treatments - removal by surgical means,
breakdown of stones by either physical (ultrasound) or chemical means, dietary changes to reduce chances of stones
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renal (kidney) failure
• Causes - infections, trauma,
diabetes, tumors • Symptoms - build up of toxins in the
blood stream (urea), jaundice, fatigue
• Treatments - dialysis, drug therapy, transplants
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Chronic Renal Failure Treatment
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Dialysis
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bladder infections
• Causes - infection of the urinary tract • Symptoms - burning sensation in the
flanks that can move down from the middle of the back towards the front of the groin, burning sensation while urinating
• treatments - antibiotics
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Lungs and Respiration
C6H12O6 + O2 H2O + CO2
Respiration
H2O + CO2 C6H12O6 + O2
Photosynthesis
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The Respiratory
System
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• Pulmonary ventilation– Air moves in and out of lungs– Continuous replacement of gases in alveoli (air sacs)
• External respiration– Gas exchange between blood and air at alveoli– O2 (oxygen) in air diffuses into blood– CO2 (carbon dioxide) in blood diffuses into air
• Transport of respiratory gases– Between the lungs and the cells of the body– Performed by the cardiovascular system– Blood is the transporting fluid
• Internal respiration– Gas exchange in capillaries between blood and tissue cells– O2 in blood diffuses into tissues– CO2 waste in tissues diffuses into blood
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Alveoli surrounded by fine elastic fibersAlveoli interconnect via alveolar pores
Alveolar macrophages – free floating “dust cells”Note type I and type II cells and joint membrane
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• Breathing = “pulmonary ventilation”– Pulmonary means related to the lungs
• Two phases– Inspiration (inhalation) – air in– Expiration (exhalation) – air out
• Mechanical forces cause the movement of air– Gases always flow from higher pressure to lower– For air to enter the thorax, the pressure of the air in it has to
be lower than atmospheric pressure• Making the volume of the thorax larger means the air inside it is
under less pressure(the air has more space for as many gas particles, therefore it is under less pressure)
• The diaphragm and intercostal muscles accomplish this
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Gas Laws
P1 V1 = P2 V2
T1 T2
36
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Liver Function
• Weighs 3 pounds• filters the blood from
the digestive tract• detoxifies chemicals
and metabolizes drugs.
• makes proteins for blood clotting
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cirrhosis of the liver
• Causes - excessive intake of alcohol or other disease such as hepatitis
• Symptoms - elevated temp., weight loss, indigestion
• Treatments - drug therapy, blood transfusion, transplants