Human Growth & Development

Basic Health Care; HCE100

Overview

1. Life stages

2. Death & dying

3. Human needs

4. Communication

Life Stagespsychosocial development

• 7 stages 1. Infancy ---------------------- birth to 1 year

2. Early childhood ---------- 1 to 6

3. Late childhood ----------- 6 to 12

4. Adolescence -------------- 12 to 20

5. Early adulthood --------- 20 to 40

6. Middle adulthood -------- 40 to 65

7. Late adulthood ----------- > 65

• 4 areas of concern within each stage1. Physical

2. Mental

3. Emotional

4. Social

Erikson’s 8 stages of

psychosocial development

• Difference from the “7” stages:– Early childhood -------into--------- toddler & preschool

(1-6 yrs) (1-3 yrs) (3-6 yrs)

key event

1. Infancy ------------------ oral-sensory ------------ feeding

2. Toddler ------------------ muscular-anal ---------- toilet training

3. Preschool -------------- locomotor ----------------- independence

4. School-age ----------- latency --------------------- school

5. Adolescence ---------------------------------------- peer relationships

6. Early adulthood -------------------------------------- love relationships

7. Middle adulthood ------------------------------------- parenting

8. Late adulthood ------------------------------------- reflection/ acceptance

Infancy

• Physical – Key reflexes develop

• Moro • Rooting• Sucking• Grasp

• Mental – As needs met they become aware of surroundings

• Emotional– 6-12 months they get all emotions:

» Like, dislike, anger, distress, elation• Social

– Key = shift from self-centered to recognition of others

Early Childhood

• Physical – Between 2-4 they learn bowel & bladder control

• Mental – Rapid growth especially verbal development

• Emotional– Self-awareness

– Temper tantrums early in this stage since can’t do what they want to do

– Right & wrong develops late in this stage

• Social– From self-centered to very social

Late Childhood

• Physical– Slow but steady

• Mental – Increases rapidly since school

• Emotional – Learn to cope & control emotions

• Social – Become group oriented

– Make friends easier

Adolescence• Physical

– Puberty

• Mental– Decision making

– Learns responsibility for own actions

• Emotional– Turmoil in early adolescence

– Maturity in late adolescence

• Social– Peer groups

Note: Because of much turmoil in this stage, and feelings of insecurity & inadequacy may problems can occur--- e.g. substance abuse, eating disorders, & suicide

Early Adulthood

• Physical – Most productive physical time

• Mental– Finishes schooling

– Forming opinions

• Emotional– Status depends on development to date

– Learns constructive criticism

• Social – Away from peers & into people with similar likes

Middle Adulthood

• Physical– Old-age changes begin

• Mental– Continues to increase

• Emotional– Can achieve emotional satisfaction/ emotional stress

– Job success

– Financial success

– Children success

– Marital success

• Social– Varies depending on past (loner vs. groupie)

Late Adulthood

• Physical– On the decline

• Mental– Usually OK till 70 -80’s

– First to go = short term memory

• Emotional– Much emotional adjustment necessary

• Social– Much social adjustment necessary

TestName the life stage associated with the following activities

• Menopause• Puberty• Learn to walk• Most permanent teeth erupt• Develop interest in opposite sex• High rate of chemical abuse• Death of spouse• Suicide• Rapid physical growth• Close association with peer group• Male climacteric

Death & Dying

• Dr. Elizabeth Kubler- Ross– 5 stages of grieving

1. Denial

2. Anger

3. Bargaining

4. Depression

5. Acceptance

• Philosophy is allowing death with dignity– Hospice care

• Provides palliation (support & comfort)

• “Right to die”– Uses advance directives to withhold treatments that

might prolong life

Human Needs

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

• Abraham Maslow is known for establishing the theory of a hierarchy of needs, writing that human beings are motivated by unsatisfied needs, and that certain lower needs need to be satisfied before higher needs can be satisfied

Physiological Needs

Physiological needs are the very basic needs such as air, water, food, sleep, sex, etc. When these are not satisfied we

may feel sickness, irritation, pain, discomfort, etc. These feelings motivate us to alleviate them as soon as possible to

establish homeostasis. Once they are alleviated, we may think about other things.

Safety Needs

Safety needs have to do with establishing stability and consistency in a chaotic world. These needs are mostly

psychological in nature. We need the security of a home and family. However, if a family is dysfunction, i.e., an abusive husband, the wife cannot move to the next level because she is constantly concerned for her safety. Love and belongingness have to wait until she is no

longer cringing in fear. Many in our society cry out for law and order because they do not feel safe enough to go for a walk in their

neighborhood. Many people, particularly those in the inner cities, unfortunately, are stuck at this level. In addition, safety needs

sometimes motivate people to be religious. Religions comfort us with the promise of a safe secure place after we die and leave the

insecurity of this world

Love Needs

Love and belongingness are next on the ladder. Humans have a desire to belong to groups: clubs, work groups,

religious groups, family, gangs, etc. We need to feel loved (non-sexual) by others, to be accepted by others.

Performers appreciate applause. We need to be needed. Beer commercials, in addition to playing on sex, also often show how beer makes for camaraderie. When was the last

time you saw a beer commercial with someone drinking beer alone?

Esteem Needs

There are two types of esteem needs. First is self-esteem which results from competence or mastery of a task. Second, there's the

attention and recognition that comes from others. This is similar to the belongingness level, however, wanting admiration has

to do with the need for power. People who have all of their lower needs satisfied, often drive very expensive cars because doing so

raises their level of esteem. "Hey, look what I can afford

KEY = feel important & worthwhile

Self-Actualization

The need for self-actualization is "the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming." People

who have everything can maximize their potential. They can seek knowledge, peace, esthetic experiences, self-fulfillment, oneness with God,

etc. It is usually middle-class to upper-class students who take up environmental causes, join the Peace Corps, go off to a monastery, etc.

• To meet these needs:

• First -------- become motivated

– If need met ---------- then satisfaction

– If need not met ----- then tension

• Ways to satisfy human needs

– Direct ways

• deal with getting satisfaction by satisfying the need

– Indirect ways

• deal with decreasing the tension even though you don’t satisfy the need

• Direct Ways

• Hard work

• Realistic goals

• Situation evaluation

• Cooperation with others

Use as an example the desire to pass this course

• Indirect ways» Remember that these ways are ones dealing with the

fact that you have not met your needs» Thus these are “defense mechanisms” to keep you ego

(self) intact » Key is maintaining self esteem

– Repression • Transfer anxiety provoking needs into unconscious

– Need to study for a test – one forgets one has a test

• Suppression = transfer to conscious mind, but table it till a later time

– Regression• Return of behavior from an earlier stage of

development• Example is withdrawal

– Rationalization • Use of self-deceiving justifications for unacceptable

behavior– Cheat on test because teacher left the room– Don’t study for test because material too hard in the first place

– Projection• Project blame on someone or something else

– Failing a course is teacher’s fault– “jack story”– No job since unemployment high

• Allows one to not admit their mistakes

– Displacement• Transfer feelings toward someone to somebody else

– One thinks this somebody else is less threatening– Redirect anger from boss to wife

– Denial• Refusal to accept true nature of situation

– “smoker” who won’t quit

– Sublimation• Turning unmet needs into positive constructive efforts• Same as compensation

– Student who wants to be MD but ends up as a medical assistant

• Again 7 defense mechanisms– Repression regression rationalization

– Projection displacement denial

– Sublimation

Communication• The Communication Cycle

• 5 C’s of communication» Cohesive = understanding» Clear = OK language, no interruptions, no distractions

A Good Listener = key to good communication

Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication

• Nonverbal communication called ----- “body language”

• Factors involved in body language:• Facial expression• Territoriality (personal space)

» Personal = to 4 feet» Social = 4 – 12 feet» Public = 12 – 15 feet

• Posture» Legs crossed = closed/ opinionated

• Position» Face to face at same level = good !!

• Gestures & mannerisms» Pay attention --- listen !!!

• Tone of voice

Barriers to effective communication

• Psychological barriers• Being prejudice, thus moralizing & preaching• Requesting explanations concerning statements made• Ridiculing & shaming• Shifting subjects – pay attention & listen• Criticizing and arguing• Threatening

• Physical barriers• Deaf, blind, aphasic, etc

• Cultural diversity