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TRICHLOROETHYLENESynonym: trichloroethene ;CASRN: 79-01-6 ^For other data, click on the Table of Contents

Human Health Effects: SDMSDOCID 2066625

Evidence for Carcinogenicity: „ •

There is limited evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of trichloroethylene. There is sufficientevidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of trichloroethylene. OVERALLEVALUATION: Trichloroethylene is probably carcinogenic to humans Group 2A. In making theoverall evaluation, the working group considered the following evidence: (1) Although the hypothesislinking the formation of mouse liver tumors with peroxisome proliferation is plausible,trichloroethylene also induced tumors at other sites in mice and rats.[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research onCancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. 63 136 (1995)]**QC REVIEWED**

A5.A5= Not suspected as a human carcinogen. (1993)[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values(TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and BiologicalExposure Indices(BEIs) for 1995-1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1995.' 34]**QC REVIEWED**

Human Toxicity Excerpts:

IN ACUTE INHALATION EXPOSURES RAPID COMA MAY ENSUE WITH EVENTUAL DEATHFROM HEPATIC OR RENAL FAILURE. AN OCCASIONAL SUDDEN DEATH SUGGESTSVENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION. SEQUELAE, WHICH MAY BE MORE COMMON AFTERINHALATION THAN AFTER INGESTION, INCLUDE LIVER AND KIDNEY LESIONS,REVERSIBLE TRIGEMINAL (OR OTHER NERVE) DEGENERATION AND PSYCHICDISTURBANCES.[Gosselin, R . E . , H . C . Hodge, R . P . Smith, and M . N . Gleason. Clinical Toxicology ofCommercial Products. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilk'ins, 1976.,p. 11-112]**PEERREVIEWED**

... Workers exposed @ concn avg about 10 ppm ... complained of headache, dizziness and sleepiness....An epidemiology study on the hepatic tumor incidence in subjects working with trichloroethylene ...failed to show a correlation between liver /cancer/ and occupational exposure. ... Another ... studylooked at the mortality of 2117 workers exposed to trichloroethylene ... found no correlation betweencancer and occupational exposure.[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of theThreshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati,OH:American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1986. 596]**PEERREVIEWED** ' • •

TRICHLOROETHYLENE IS ONLY MILDLY IRRITATING TO THE SKIN IF ALLOWED TOEVAPORATE. FROM CONTINUED USE OF THE MATERIAL IN CONTACT WITH THE SKIN,DEFATTING CAN TAKE PLACE.[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds. ) . . Patty 's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology:

Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: ;John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982.3555]**PEER REVIEWED**

Fatal hepatic failure has been observed following the use of trichloroethylene as an anesthetic. Thiseffect has occurred in patients with complicating conditions such as malnutrition, toxemias, burns, orthose who have received transfusions.[Dafalque RJ; Clin Pharm Ther 2: 665 (1961) as cited in USEPA; Ambient Water QualityCriteria Document: Trichloroethylene p.C-17 (1980) EPA-440/5/80-007]**PEERREVIEWED**

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Prolonged occupational exposure to trichloroethylene has been associated with impairment ofperipheral nervous system function, persistent neuritis and temporary loss of tactile sense and paralysisof the fingers after direct contact with the solvent.[Bardodej Z, Vyskocil J; AMA Arch Ind Health 13: 581 (1956) as cited in USEPA;Ambient Water Quality Criteria Document: Trichloroethylene p.C-17 (1980) EPA440/5/80-007]**PEER REVIEWED**

A case of severe liver necrosis following a prolonged (4-1/2 hour) use of trichloroethylene as ananesthetic has been reported.[Herdman KM; Br Med J (3): 689-90 (1945) as cited in Health and Safety ExecutiveMonograph: Trichloroethylene #6 p.14 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Following chronic and acute overexposure to trichloroethylene during operation of a dry cleaning unit,symptoms included symmetrical bilateral VHIth cranial nerve deafness as well as cerebral corticaldysrhythmia and alterations in the electroencephalogram. The patient recovered after the exposurestopped.[Tomasini M, Sartorelli E; Med Lav 62: 277-80 (1971) as cited in USEPA; HealthAssessment Document: Trichloroethylene (Dra f t ) p.5-2 (1983) EPA-600/8-82-006B]**PEERREVIEWED**

Acute overexposure to trichloroethylene resulted in chronic involvement of the bulbar cranial nervesand esophageal and pharyngeal motility impairment.[Lawrence WH, Partyka EK; Ann Int Med 95 ( 6 ) : 710 (1981) as cited in USEPA; HealthAssessment Document: Trichloroethylene (Dra f t ) p.5-2 (1983) EPA-600/8-82-006B]**PEERREVIEWED**

Autopsy findings in a 16 yr old boy who died while sniffing plastic cement containing TCE indicatedsevere heart failure.... Liver failure is not the usual cause of death among solvent sniffers, but liverbiopsies often reveal toxic centrilobular necrosis.[Gosselin, R . E . , R.P . Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products.5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. 11-165]**PEER REVIEWED**

The behavioral effects of exposure to trichloroethylene /indicate that/ laboratory /and work-place/exposure to 540 or 1080 mg/cu m for 70 min, has no effect on reaction time or short-term memory.[Gamberale F et a'l; Scand J Work Environ Health 4: 220-4 (1976) as cited in WHO;Environ Health Criteria 50: Trichloroethylene p.83 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Chromosome analyses of cultured lymphocytes from 28 workers aged 23-67 who had been employed ondegreasing unit using trichloroethylene for 1-21 years showed high rates of hypodiploid cells (9 of 28).[Konietzko H et al; Arch Toxicol 40 (3): 201-6 (1978)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Evoked trigeminal potentials were studied in 104 subjects occupationally exposed to trichloroethylene.Subjects had an average exposure time of 8.23 yr and an average daily exposure of 7 hr (exposure levelswere not given). Controls were 52 healthy nonexposed subjects. Symptoms suffered by 49 of theexposed subjects included dizziness, headache, asthenia, insommnia, mood perturbation, and sexualproblems. Eighteen subjects had trigeminal nerve symptoms. These subjects were significantly older (p<0.001) than asymptomatic subjects. Forty subjects had a pathological trigeminal somatosensory evokedpotential. Of these, 28 had a normal trigeminal examination and 12 an abnormal one. For those withtrigeminal symptoms, an abnormal trigeminal somatosensory evoked potential was observed in subjectswho had the longest and most intense exposure periods.[Barret L et al; Arch Environ Health 42 ( 5 ) : 297-302 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Estimated human lifetime carcinogenic risk: 3.77X10-7 for male and 6.84X10-8 for female /From table,assuming a daily consumption of 1 liter of water containing trichloroethylene in a c'oncn of 1 ug/1/[National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health. Volume 5. Washington, D.C. :National Academy Press, 1983. 84]**PEER REVIEWED**

... Eye irritation: 160 ppm; supportable during 30 min: 379-372 ppm; full /SRP: CNS depression/:2,500-6,000 ppm; severe toxic effects: 2,000 ppm= 10,940 mg/cu m, 60 min; symptoms of illness: 800

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ppm= 4,376 mg/cu m; unsatisfactory /exposure level/: > 400 ppm= 2,188 mg/cu m[Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. NewYork, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 1135]*'*PEER REVIEWED**

... The estimated fatal oral dose in humans is 3-5 ml/kg. The lowest concn produce unconsciousness inadult humans is 16 mg/1 (3,000 ppm); the equivalent oral dose is 40-150 ml. '[Gosselin, R.E:, R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products.5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. 11-165]**PEER REVIEWED**

77 of 104 trichloroethylene workers showed abnormal electrocardiographic tracings, which mayprecede permanent heart damage.[Zenz, C. Occupational Medicine-Principles and Practical Applications. 2nd ed. St.Louis, MO: Mosby-Yearbook, Inc, 1988. 989]**PEER, REVIEWED**

Adverse psychological and behavioral abnormalities have been reported in industrial overexposures andinclude symptoms of headache, fatigue, lightheadedness, depression, insomnia, irritability, andconfusion. Cranial and peripheral neuropathies have been associated'with industrial and medical use.Selective trigeminal neuralgia has been diagnosed in one study in 20% of trichloroethylene workers bydemonstrating electrophysiological abnormalities.[Ellenhorn, M.J . and D:G. Barceloux. Medical .Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment ofHuman Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988.992]**PEER REVIEWED**

Skin: defatting action /of trichloroethylene/ can cause dermatitis. ;[U .S . Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data.Volume II. Washington, D . C . : U . S . Government Printing Office, 1984-5.]**PEERREVIEWED** " .

In anesthetic concn, trichloroethylene causes little or no irritation to the respiratory tract.Trichloroethylene causes increased respiratory rate (tachypnea) but decreased alveolar ventilatoryamplitude, which is associated with decreased blood oxygen tension and increased carbon dioxidetension.[Dobkin A, Byles P; Clin Anesth 1: 44-65 (1963) as cited in USEPA; Health AssessmentDocument: Trichloroethylene (Draf t ) p.5-11 (1983) : EPA-600/8-82-006B]**PEERREVIEWED** ' . . .

... In almost in all cases where a xenobiotic /incl trichloroethylene/ has a terminal carbon with twohalides attached, side-chain oxidation mediated by cytochrome p450 will produce a toxic, reactiveintermediate.. [Amdur, M.O., J. Doull, C.D. Klaasen (eds). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. 4th ed.New York, NY: Pergamon Press, 1991. 121]**PEER REVIEWED**

Eight men inhaled trichloroethylene at concentrations of 0, 100, 300, and 1000 ppm for 2 hr. Each manreceived the different concentrations in random order. Five tests of visualmotor performance wereadministered to each volunteer three times during each 2 hr session, and one additional test wasadministered immediately before and immediately after exposure. At a concentration of 1000 ppm, thecompound adversely affected performance in tests of depth perception, steadiness, and manual skill buthad no statistically significant effect on performance in three other standard tests.[Hayes, W.J., Jr., E.R. Laws, Jr., (eds.). Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. Volume2. Classes of Pesticides. New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991. 694]**PEERREVIEWED**

Six naive volunteers were exposed to trichloroethylene aerosol and vapor for 8 hr in one day (two 4 hrexposures separated by a 1.5 hr interval); the concentration varied from 90 to 130 ppm. A slight sense ofdizziness and transient eye irritation occurred during maximal fractuations in concentration. Althoughthere was no objective disturbance of motor function, coordination, equilibrium, or behavior, there was astatistically significant decrement in performance of standard tests of perception, memory, complexreaction time, and manual dexterity. Similar results were obtained when the study was repeated with sixworkers who were accustomed to the odor of the compound.[Hayes, W . J . , Jr., E .R . Laws, Jr., ( ed s . ) . Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. Volume

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2. Classes of Pesticides. New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991. 694]**PEERREVIEWED**

Three volunteers each placed one thumb in trichloroethylene for 30 min. They experienced a burningsensation on the dorsum of their thumbs within 3-18 min, and this burning became moderately severewithin 5 min after onset in two persons but remained mild in one. The pain became more intense forseveral minutes just after the thumbs were removed from the solvent, and tingling persisted for 30 min.Erythema subsided within 2 hr. The compound was measurable in the breath of some volunteers within10 min after exposure started and in all within 20 min. The mean peak breath concentration was 0.5ppm.[Hayes, W.J., Jr., E.R. Laws, Jr., (eds.). Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. Volume2. Classes of Pesticides. New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991. 694]**PEERREVIEWED**

Vapors of trichloroethylene are only slightly irritating to the respiratory tract. Premedication withatropine or scopolamine hydrobromide is recommended to eliminate possible mucus secretions. Theanesthetic typically accelerates respiratory rate. As the tachypnea progresses, respiratory activitybecomes more rapid and shallower. Sudden bursts of tachypnea are sometimes associated directly withsurgical stimulation.[Booth, N . H . , L . E . McDonald ( eds . ) . Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 5thed. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1982. 195]**PEER REVIEWED**

A retrospective cohort study of 14,457 workers at an aircraft maintenance facility was undertaken toevaluate mortality associated with exposures in their workplace. The purpose was to determine whetherworking with solvents, particularly trichloroethylene, posed any excess risk of mortality. The studygroup consisted of all civilian employees who worked for at least one year at Hill Air Force Base, Utah,between 1 January 1952 and 31 December 1956. Work histories were obtained from /official records/...and the cohort was followed up for ascertainment of vital state until 31 December 1982. Observed deathsamong white people were compared with the expected numbers of deaths, based on the Utah whitepopulation, and adjusted for age, sex and calendar period. Significant deficits occurred for mortalityfrom all causes (SMR 92, 95% CI 90-95), all malignant neoplasms (SMR 90, CI 83-97), ischemic heartdisease (SMR 93, 95% CI 88-98), nonmalignant respiratory disease (SMR 87, 95% CI 76-98) andaccidents (SMR 61, 95% CI 52-70). Mortality was raised for multiple myeloma in white women (SMR236, 95% CI 87-514), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in white women (SMR 212, 95% CI 102-390), andcancer of the biliary passages and liver of white men dying after 1980 (SMR 358, 95% CI 116-836).Detailed analysis of 6929 employees occupationally exposed to trichloroethylene, the most widely usedsolvent at the base during the 1950s and 1960s, did not show any significant or persuasive associationbetween several measures of exposure to trichloroethylene and any excess of cancer. Women employedin departments in which fabric cleaning and parachute repair operations were performed had more deathsthan expected from multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The inconsistent mortalitypatterns by sex, multiple and overlapping exposures, and small numbers made it difficult to ascribe theseexcesses to any particular substance....[Spirtas R et al; Br J Ind Med 48 ( 8 ) : 515-30 (1991)]**QC REVIEWED**

Human Toxicity Values:

Estimated fatal oral dose 3 to 5 mg/kg•[Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment ofHuman Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988.990]**PEER REVIEWED**

Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:

Exposure to trichloroethylene vapor may cause irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat.[Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 19'85. 2nd ed.Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1985. 884]**PEER REVIEWED**

Liquid: irritating to skin and eyes.[U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data.

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Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.]**PEERREVIEWED** ' . . •

Drug Warnings:

TRICHLOROETHYLENE HAS BEEN REPORTED TO CAUSE CONVULSIONS IN CHILDREN;THEREFORE, IT SHOULD NOT BE USED IN PT WITH CONVULSIVE DISORDERS.[Osol, A. (ed.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 16th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania:Mack Publishing Co., 1980. 986]**PEER REVIEWED**

Patients exposed to trichloroethylene should be warned of the potential adverse effects of ethanolingestion.[Hansten, P.O. Drug Interactions. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febig.er, 1979.219]**PEER REVIEWED** . '

Isopropanol and acetone ... cause enhanced hepatotoxicity with... trichloroethylene.[Amdur, M . O . , J. Doull,' C . D . Klaasen (eds) . Casarett and Doull' s Toxicology. 4th ed.

New .York, NY: Pergamon Press, 1991. 348]**PEER REVIEWED**

...Its anesthetic action is weak. Its low volatility appears in part to be responsible for this effect.Apparatus that employs bubbling oxygen assists in accelerating the volatilityappears in part to beresponsible for this effect. Apparatus«that employs bubbling oxygen assists in accelerating the volatilityof the anesthetic to increase its potency. Because of its inherent weakness as an anesthetic, induction ofanesthesia is slow: Cardiac arrhythmias produced by the anesthetic are unfavorable. Trichloroethylenecannot be used in a closed circuit with soda lime because of formation of a toxic product.[Booth, N . H . , L . E . McDonald ( eds . ) . Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 5thed. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1982. 195]**QC REVIEWED**

Relaxation of abdominal musculature is poor during trichloroethylene anesthesia. This effect is similarto other agents (eg, ketamine, alpha-chloralose) that do not induce Stage III anesthesia.Trichloroethylene is considered unsatisfactory for this type of surgery unless it is used in conjunctionwith a skeletal muscle relaxant. It has very little if any effect upon uterine function. It readly crosses theplacenta to reach the fetal circulation of sheep, goats, and probably other species.[Booth, N.H., L.E. McDonald (eds.). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 5thed. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1982. 195]**QC REVIEWED**

Trichloroethylene cannot be used with carbon dioxide absorbents such as soda lime. A toxic product,dichloroacetylene, forms and produces neurologic injury. Cranial nerves, such as the 5th and 7th, havebeen most commonly damaged in humans but the 3rd, 4th, 6th, 10th, and 12th may also be affected.Knowledge of this reaction precludes use of trichloroethylene in closed-circuit anesthesia apparatus.[Booth, N . H . , L .E . McDonald ( e d s . ) . Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 5thed. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1982. 195]**QC REVIEWED**

i .

Medical Surveillance:

Preplacement and periodic exam should incl the skin, resp, cardiac, central, and peripheral nervoussystems, as well as liver and kidney function. Alcohol intake should be evaluated.[Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 1985. 2nd ed.Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1985. 884]**PEER REVIEWED**

Effective medical supervision requires an adequate assessment of the level of exposure. This should beachieved by environmental monitoring ... as well as by biological monitoring.[International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols.I&II. Geneva,. Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983. 2216]**PEER REVIEWED**

/Protect/ from exposure those individuals with diseases of central nervous system, lung, liver, andkidneys.[ITII. Tpxic and Hazardous Industrial Chemicals Safety Manual. .Tokyo, Japan: TheInternational Technical Information Institute, 1988. 537]**PEER REVIEWED**

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PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Whenever medical surveillance is indicated, in particularwhen exposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad hoc decisions should be taken concerning .../cytogenetic and/or other/ tests that might become useful or mandatory. /Chemical Carcinogens/[Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Delia Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A1. Griesemer,A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in theLaboratory:Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France:International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979. 23]**PEER REVIEWED**

Probable Routes of Human Exposure:

High levels of exposure are possible for workers in degreasing plants due to inhalation of vapors oradsorption through the skin. Lower inhalation exposure is possible in persons living near degreasingplants or at spill sites. Broad population exposure to low levels from inhalation of contaminated ambientair and ingestion of contaminated drinking water is possible. (SRC) .**PEER REVIEWED** .,. '

* t

The number of US workers exposed to TCE is estimated to be 283,000(1). Operating room levels rangefrom 0.3-103 ppm, with an estimated 5000 medical, dental and hospital personnel being routinelyexposed(l): Levels at a dial assembly workshop in Japan measured 25-100 ppm; degreasing room levels,150-250 ppm(l). NIOSH (NOES survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 190,671 workers areexposed to trichloroethylene in the USA(2).[(1) IARC; Cadmium, Nickel, Some Epoxides, Miscellaneous Industrial Chemicals andGeneral Consideration on Volatile Anaethetics 11: 263 (1976) (2) NIOSH; The NationalOccupational Exposure Survey (NOES) (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

... HAS BEEN DETECTED IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF DRY-CLEANING PLANTS. LEVELS OF1076-43,000 MG/CU M ... WERE FOUND IN SMALL FACTORY ... CONCN ... OF VAPOR IN ADIAL ASSEMBLY WORKSHOP RANGED FROM ... 25-100 PM ... IN DECREASING ROOMWERE ... 150-250 PPM ... CONCN TO WHICH SURGEONS AND NURSES WERE EXPOSED INOPERATING-ROOMS VARIED FROM 1.6-554 MG/CU M ... ABOUT 5000 MEDICAL, DENTALAND HOSPITAL PERSONNEL ARE ROUTINELY EXPOSED TO TRICHLOROETHYLENE....WORKERS PRIMARILY EXPOSED ... ARE THOSE IN HOSPITALS, IN THE AIRCRAFT MFRINDUST, IN BLAST FURNACES AND IN STEEL MILLS ...[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research onCancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. V20 552 (1979)]**PEER REVIEWED**

ITRICHLOROETHYLENE WHEN PRESENT IN AIR NEAR OPEN ARC WELDING MAY BEDECOMP TO LEVELS OF PHOSGENE DANGEROUS TO HEALTH, WHEREAS THE HCL ANDCL2 FORMED SIMULTANEOUSLY MAY NOT ALWAYS PROVIDE AN ADEQUATE WARNINGAGAINST THE PRESENCE OF PHOSGENE.[RINZEMA LC; INT ARCH ARBEITSMED 28 (2): 151 (1971)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Many industrial workers, operating room personnel and dentists are regularly exposed to TCE, some tolarge doses. The general public encounters trichloroethylene in cleaning fluids, some decaffeinatedcoffees and spice extracts.[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products.5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. 11-165]**PEER REVIEWED**

Body Burden:

Mother's milk 4 US urban areas, 8 of 8 samples pos(l). Post-mortem wet tissue samples 1-32 ppb(2).Love Canal, Niagara Falls, NY - Breath - trace 4 of 9 samples pos, Blood - 0.09.50 ppb, 6 of 9 samplespos, urine - 40-550 parts/trillion, 9 of 9 samples pos(3). Whole blood specimens from 250 subjects, notdetected to 1.5 ppb, 0,4 ppb avg(4). (SRC)[(1) Pelldzzari ED ef al; Bull Contam Toxicol 28: 322-8 (1982) (2) IARC Monographson the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man 11: 263-76 (1976) (3)Barkley J et al; Biomed Mass Spectrom 7: 139-47 (1980) (4) Antoine SR et al; Bull.Environ Toxicol 36: 364-71 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

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Therapeutic or normal blood level 0.1-9 mg% ,[Winek, C.L. Drug and Chemical Blood-Level Data 1985. Pittsburgh, PA: Allied FischerScientific, 1985.]**PEER REVIEWED**

Average Daily Intake:

Air Intake: (assume typical concn of 100-500 parts/trillion(4-5)) -11-33 ug; Water Intake: (assume 2-7ppb) 2-20 ug; Food Intake - insufficient data(SRC).[(!)' Brass HJ et ad; Drinking Water Qual Enhancement Source Prot pp. 393-416 (1976)(2) Council .of Environmental Quality; Contmination of Groundwater by Toxic OrganicChemicals pp. 26-34 (1980) (4) Singh HB et al; Environ Sci Technol 16: 872-80 (1982) .(5) Singh HB et al; Atmos Environ 15: 601-12 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

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TRICHLOROETHYLENESynonym: trichloroetheneCASRN: 79-01-6For other data, click on the table of Contents '

Pharmacology:

Therapeutic Uses:

Anesthetics, Inhalation; Solvents[National Library of Medicine's Medical Subject Headings online file (MeSH,1999)]**QC REVIEWED**

Trichloroethylene ... is no longer, used /as anesthetic agent/.[Oilman, A.G., L.S.Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilmart's,ThePharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 7th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.,Inc., 1985. 292]**PEER REVIEWED**

MEDICATION (VET): INHALATION ANESTHETIC[Budavari, S. (ed.}. The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs andBiologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 1516]**PEER REVIEWED**

Dental anesthetic. /Former use in USA/[WHO; Environ Health Criteria 50: Trichloroethylene p.31 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**

INHALATION ANALGESIC. /Former use in USA/[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs andBiologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 1516]**QC REVIEWED**

Drug Warnings:

TRICHLOROETHYLENE HAS BEEN REPORTED TO CAUSE CONVULSIONS IN CHILDREN;THEREFORE, IT SHOULD NOT BE USED IN PT WITH CONVULSIVE DISORDERS.[Osol, A. ( e d . ) . Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 16th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania:Mack Publishing Co., 1980. 986]**PEER REVIEWED**

Patients exposed to trichloroethylene should be warned of the potential adverse1 effects of ethanolingestion.[•Hansten, P .O . Drug Interactions. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1979.219]**PEER REVIEWED**

Isopropanol and acetone ... cause enhanced hepatotoxicity with ... trichlorocthylene.[Amdur, M.O., J. Doull, C.D. Klaasen (eds). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. 4th ed.New York, NY: Pergamon Press, 1991. 348]**PEER REVIEWED**

...Its anesthetic action is weak. Its low volatility appears in part to be responsible for this effect.Apparatus that employs bubbling oxygen assists in accelerating the volatilityappears in part to beresponsible for this effect. Apparatus mat employs bubbling oxygen assists in accelarating the volatilityof the anesthetic to increase its potency. Because of its inherent weakness as an anesthetic, induction ofanesthesia is slow. Cardiac arrhythmias produced by the anesthetic are unfavorable. Trichloroethylenecannot be used in a closed circuit with soda lime because of formation of a toxic product.[Booth, N . H . , L .E . McDonald ( eds . ) . Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 5thed. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1982. 195]**QC REVIEWED**

Relaxation of abdominal musculature is poor during trichloroethylene anesthesia.This effect is similarto other agents (eg, ketamine, alpha-chloralose) that do not induce Stage III anesthesia.Trichloroethylene is considered unsatisfactory for this type of surgery unless it is used in conjunctionwith a skeletal muscle relaxant. It has very little if any effect upon uterine function. It readly crosses theplacenta to reach the fetal circulation of sheep, goats, and probably other species.[Booth, N . H . , L .E . McDonald ( e d s . ) . Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 5th

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ed. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1982., 195]**QC REVIEWED**

Trichloroethylene cannot be used with carbon dioxide absorbents such as soda lime. A toxic product,dichloroacetylene, forms and produces neurologic injury. Cranial nerves, such as the 5th and 7th, havebeen most commonly damaged in humans but the 3rd, 4th, 6th, 10th, and 12th may also be affected.Knowledge of this reaction precludes use of trichloroethylene in closed-circuit anesthesia apparatus.[Booth, N.H., L.E. McDonald (eds.). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 5thed. Ames, Iowa: Iowa .State University Press, 1982. 195]**QC REVIEWED**

Interactions:

DISULFIRAM IS SAID TO INHIBIT THE OXIDATION /OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE/ IN MANTO THE MORE TOXIC TRICHLOROETHANOL (AND THENCE TO TRICHLOROACETIC ACID)

[Gosselin, R.E., H.C. Hodge, R.P. Smith, and M.N. Gleason. Clinical Toxicology ofCommercial Products. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1976.,p. 11-112]**PEERREVIEWED** . .

IN VITRO, ADDITION OF TCE DECR METAB OF ETHYLMORPHINE & HEXOBARBITAL BYRAT HEPATIC MICROSOMES. IN VIVO, TCE INHIBITED HEXOBARBITAL METABOLISM INRATS.[PESSAYRE D ET AL; TOXICOL APPL PHARMACOL 49 (2): 355-64 (1979)]**PEER REVIEWED**

BIOCHEM & TOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF COMBINED EXPOSURE TO1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE (500 PPM) & TCE (200 PPM) FOR 4 DAYS 6 HR DAILY CAUSEDACCUM OF 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE IN PERIRENAL FAT. FURTHER EXPOSURE ON DAY5 CAUSED RAPID INCR IN VARIOUS ORGAN CONTENTS OF BOTH SOLVENTS WITHDEPRESSION OF BRAIN RNA.[VAINIO H ET AL; XENOBIOTICA 8 (3): 191-6 (1978)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Rabbits were given 10 mg/kg doses of caffeine 30 minutes prior to exposure to 6000 ppm (32,280 mg/cum) of trichloroethylene under dynamic airflow conditions. Epinephrine was infused until arrhythmiasoccurred after 7.5,15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes of exposure and 15 and 30 minutes post-exposure. Anincrease in epinephrine-induced arrhythmias in trichloroethylene-exposed rabbits was observed whenthe animals were treated with caffeine and challenged with doses of epinephrine as low as 0.5 ug/kg.[White JF, Carlson GP; Fund Appl Toxicol 2: 125-9 (1982) as cited in USEPA; HealthAssessment Document: Trichloroethylene (Draf t ) p.5-6 (1983) EPA-600/8-82-006B]**PEER REVIEWED**

Phenobarbital administration to rats or hamsters in vivo increases the oxidation of trichloroethylene.This results in an incr in the conversion of trichloroethylene to trichloroacetaldehyde.[Ikeda M, Imamura T; Int Arch Arbeitsmed 31: 209 (1973) as cited in Ambient WaterQuality Criteria Document: Trichloroethylene p.C-10 (1980) EPA 440-5/ 80-007]**PEERREVIEWED**

Compared to chloral hydrate alone, ingestion of ethanol 30 minutes after chloral hydrate resulted inhigher and more prolonged concentrations of plasma.trichloroethanol and in lower plasmatrichloroacetic acid levels and in urinary trichloroethanol glucuronide....[Sellers EM et al; Metab Clin Pharmacol Ther 13: 37-49 (1972) as cited in USEPA;Health Assessment Document: Trichloroethylene (Draf t ) p.4-37 (1983)EPA-600/8-82-006B]**PEER REVIEWED**

Disulfiram (1.35 mmol/kg) was administered perorally to rabbits 24 and 6 hr prior to a 1 hr exposure(6000 ppm 32,280 mg/cu m) of trichloroethylene. When challenged with 0.5-3.0 ug/kg epinephrine,disulfiram prevented epinephrine-induced arrhythmias.[Fossa AA et al; Toxicol Appl Pharm 66: 109-17 (1982) as cited in USEPA; HealthAssessment Document: Trichloroethylene (Draft) p. 5-11 (19.83)EPA-600/8-82-006B]**PEER REVIEWED**

Isopropanol and acetone ... cause enhanced hepatotoxicity with... trichloroethylene.

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[Amdur, M.O., J. Doull, C.D. Klaasen (eds). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. 4th ed.New York, NY: Pergamon Press, 1991. 348]**PEER REVIEWED**

Studies /conducted/ with rats-/indicate/ that the effects of trichloroethylene were more pronounced inthe animals that were fed a high carbohydrate diet than those on a high protein diet. /Concentration oftrichloroethylene not specified/,[Kalashinikova VP et al; Vopr Pitan 6: 43-7 (1974) as cited in WHO; .Environ HealthCriteria 50: Trichloroethylene p.61 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Rats exposed to 37,000,42,000, and 56,000 mg/cu m of trichloroethylene vapor for two hoursexhibited elevated activities of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase,and isocitrate dehydrogenase. Hepatotoxicity (indicated by the increased levels of these hepatic enzymesin the serum) was greatly enhanced by pretreatment with 3-methylcholanthrene.[Carlson GP; Res Conun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 7: 637 (1974) as cited in USEPA; AmbientWater Quality Document: Trichloroethylene p.C-19 (1980) EPA-440/5/80-007]**PEERREVIEWED** . , •

To elicit the "degreaser's flush," ethanol was administered to seven male volunteers who were repeatedlyexposed to trichloroethylene (TCE) vapor. In six exposed subjects, transient vasodilatation ofsuperficial skin vessels occured after the ingestion of small amounts of ethanol (<0.5 ml/kg bodyweight). The dermal response reached maximum intensity 30 minutes after its onset and then fadedcompletely within 60 minutes. Two factors appear necessary before the dermal response can be elicited:(1) repeated exposures to TCE and (2) ingestion of alcohol.[Stewart RD et al; Arch Environ Health 29: 1 (1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**

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TRICHLOROETHYLENESynonym: trichloroetheneCASRN: 79-01-6 •For cither data, click on the Table of Contents

Environmental Fate & Exposure:

Probable Routes of Human Exposure: >

High levels of exposure are possible for workers in degreasing plants due to inhalation of vapors oradsorption through the skin. Lower inhalation exposure is possible in persons living near degreasingplants or at spill sites. Broad population exposure to low levels from inhalation of contaminated ambientair and ingestion of contaminated drinking water is possible. (SRC)**PEER REVIEWED**

The number of US workers exposed to TCE is estimated to be 283,000(1). Operating room levels rangefrom 0.3-103 ppm, with an estimated 5000 medical, dental and hospital personnel being routinelyexposed(l). Levels at a dial assembly workshop in Japan measured 25-100 ppm; degreasing room levels,150-250 ppm(l). NIOSH (NOES survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 190,671 workers areexposed to trichloroethylene in the L|SA(2).[(1) IARC; Cadmium, Nickel, Some Epoxides, Miscellaneous Industrial Chemicals andGeneral Consideration on Volatile Anaethetics 11: 263 (1976) (2) NIOSH; The NationalOccupational Exposure Survey (NOES) (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

... HAS BEEN DETECTED IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF DRY-CLEANING PLANTS. LEVELS OF, 1076-43,000 MG/CU M ... WERE FOUND IN SMALL FACTORY ... CONCN ... OF VAPOR IN ADIAL ASSEMBLY WORKSHOP RANGED FROM ... 25-100 PM ... IN DEGREASING ROOMWERE ... 150-250 PPM ... CONCN TO WHICH SURGEONS AND NURSES WERE EXPOSED INOPERATING-ROOMS VARIED FROM 1.6-554 MG/CU M ... ABOUT 5000 MEDICAL, DENTALAND HOSPITAL PERSONNEL ARE ROUTINELY EXPOSED TO TRICHLOROETHYLENEWORKERS PRIMARILY EXPOSED ... ARE THOSE IN HOSPITALS, IN THE AIRCRAFT MFRINDUST, IN BLAST FURNACES AND IN STEEL MILLS ...[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research onCancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. V20-552 (1979)]**PEER REVIEWED**

TRICHLOROETHYLEJNE WHEN PRESENT IN AIR NEAR OPEN ARC WELDING MAY BEDECOMP TO LEVELS OF PHOSGENE DANGEROUS TO HEALTH, WHEREAS THE HCL ANDCL2 FORMED SIMULTANEOUSLY MAY NOT ALWAYS PROVIDE AN ADEQUATE WARNINGAGAINST THE PRESENCE OF PHOSGENE.[RINZEMA LC; INT ARCH ARBEITSMED 28 (2): 151 (1971)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Many industrial workers, operating room personnel and dentists are regularly exposed to TCE, some tolarge doses. The general public encounters trichloroethylene in cleaning fluids, some decaffeinatedcoffees and spice extracts.

:[Gosselin, R . E . , R . P . Smith, H . C . Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products.5th'ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. 11-165]**PEER REVIEWED**

Body Burden:

Mother's milk 4 US urban areas, 8 of 8 samples pos(l). Post-mortem wet tissue samples 1-32 ppb(2).Love Canal, Niagara Falls, NY - Breath - trace 4 of 9 samples pos, Blood - 0.09.50 ppb, 6 of 9 samplespos, urine - 40-550 parts/trillion, 9 of 9 samples pos(3). Whole blood specimens from 250 subjects, notdetected to 1.5 ppb, 0.4 ppb avg(4). (SRC)[(1) Pellizzari ED et.al; Bull Contam Toxicol 28: 322-8 (1982) (2) IARC Monographson the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man 11: 263-76 (1976) (3)Barkley J et al; Biomed Mass Spectrom 7: 139-47 (1980) (4) Antoine SR et al; BullEnviron Toxicol 36: 364-71 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

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Therapeutic or normal blood level 0.1-9 mg%[Winek, C.L. Drug and Chemical Blood-Level Data 1985. Pittsburgh, PA: Allied FischerScientific, 1985.]**PEER REVIEWED**

Average Daily Intake:

Air Intake: (assume typical concn of 100-500 parts/trillion(4-5)) -11-33 ug; Water Intake: (assume 2-7ppb) 2-20 ug; Food Intake - insufficient data(SRC).[•(1) Brass HJ et al; Drinking Water Qual Enhancement Source Prot pp. 393-416 (1976)(2) Council of Environmental Quality; Contmination of Groundwater by Toxic OrganicChemicals pp. 26-34 (1980) (4) Singh HB et al; Environ Sci Technol 16: 872-80. (1982)(5) Singh HB et al; Atmos Environ 15: 601-12 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Natural Pollution Sources:

Trichloroethylene is not known to occur as a natural product. , •[IARC. Monographs on the -Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research onCancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work ) . , p . V20 550 (1979) ]**PEER REVIEWED**.

Artificial Pollution Sources:

Air emissions from metal degreasing plants(l). Wastewater from metal finishing, paint and inkformulation, electrical/electronic components, and rubber processing industries containtrichloroethylene(2). Therefore, environmental releases may occur via wastewater, spills and emissionsfrom its production and use(SRC).[(1) Ewing BB et al; Monitoring to Detect Previously Unrecognized Pollutants inSurface Waters. USEPA-560/6,-77-015 p. 74 (1977) (2) USEPA; Treatability Manualpp.I.12.23-1 to 1.12-23-5 USEPA-600/2-82-001A (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Environmental Abiotic Degradation:

Trichloroethylene is not hydrolyzed by water under normal conditions(l). It does not adsorb light ofless than 290 run and therefore should not directly photodegrade(l). However, slow (half-life -10.7months) photooxidation in water has been noted(2). Trichloroethylene is relatively reactive under smogconditions(3) with 60% degradation in 140 min(4) and 50% degradation in 1 to 3.5 hours(5) reported.Atmospheric residence times based upon reaction with hydroxyl radical is 5 days(6-8) with productionof phosgene, dichloroacetyl chloride, and formyl chloride(4,7).(SRC)[(1) Callahan MA et al; Water-Related Environmental Fate of 129 Priority Pollutants- Vol II USEPA-440/4-79-029B (1979) (2) Dilling WL; Environ Sci Tech 9: 833-8 (1975)(3) Yanagihara S et al; Photochemical Reactivities of Hydrocarbons Proc Int CleanAir Congress, 4th pp. 472-7 (1977) (4) Gay BW et al; Environ Sci Tech 10: 58-67(1976) (5) Dilling WL et al; Environ Sci Tech 10: 351-6 (1976) (6) Chang JS, KaufmanF; J Chem Phys 66: 4989-94 (1977) (7) Cupitt LT; Fate of Toxic and HazardousMaterials in the Air Environment USEPA-600/3-80-084 (1980) (8) Singh HB et al; AtmosEnviron 15: 601-12 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Environmental Bioconcentration:

Marine monitoring data only suggest moderate bioconcentration (2-25 times) (1,2). Bioconcentrationfactors of 17 to 39 have been reported in bluegill sunfish and rainbow trout(3,4).(SRC)[ ( 1 ) Dickson AG, Riley JP; Marine Pollut Bull 7: 167-9 (1976) (2) Pearson CR,McConnell G; Proc Roy Soc London Ser B 189: 305-32 (1975) (3) Lyman WJ; Handbook ofChemical Property Estimation Methods Ann Arbor Sci, MI p. 5-9 (1981) (4) Barrows MEet al; Dynamics, Exposure, Hazard Assessment Toxic Chem p. 379-92 (1980)]**PEERREVIEWED**

Soil Adsorption/Mobility:

Low adsorption coefficient (log Koc = 2.0) (1) to a number of soil types (2) indicates ready transport

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through soil and low potential adsorption to sediments (SRC). 'The mobility in soil is confirmed in soilcolumn studies (1) and river bank infiltration studies(3-5). 4-6% of environmental concentrations oftrichloroethylene adsorbed to two silty clay loams (Koc = 87 and 150)(6). No adsorption toCa-saturated montmorillonite and 17% adsorption to Al-saturated montmorillonite was observed(6).(SRC)[(!) ' Wilson JT et al; J Environ Qual 10: 501-6 (1981) (2) Dilling WL; Environ SciTechnol 9: 833-8 (1975) (3) Sontheimer H; J Amer. Water Works Assoc 72: 386-90 (1980)(4).Schwarzenbach RP et al; Environ Sci Technol 17: 472-9 (1983) (5) Zoe.tman BCJ etal; Chemosphere 9: 231-49 (1980) (6) Rogers RD, McFarlane JC; Environ Monit Assess1: 155-62 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Volatilization from Water/Soil:

High Henry's Law Constant 1X10-2 atm-cu m/mole(l) indicates rapid evaporation from water (3).Half-lives of evaporation have been reported to be on the order of several minutes to hours, dependingupon the turbulence(2-3). Field studies also support rapid evaporation from water(4). Relatively highvapor pressure indicates rapid evaporation from near-surface soil and other surfaces. (SRC)[(1) Eisenreich SJ et.al; Environ Sci Technol 15: 30-8 (1981) (2) Dilling WL;Environ Sci Technol 9: 833-8 (1975) (3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of ChemicalProperty Estimation Methods NY: McGraw-Hill pp. 15-25. .(1981) (4) Wakeham SG et al;Environ Sci Technol 17: 611-7,, (1983) ] **PEER REVIEWED**

Environmental Water Concentrations:

SURFACE WATER: 1-24 ppb industrial rivers in US,, with Lake Erie -188 ppb, 88 of 204 samplespos(l); third most frequently detected compound in Ohio River - 2427 of 4972 samples pos, 86% 0.1-1.0ppb(2); Zurich, Switzerland lake surface - 38 ppb, 30m depth - 65 ppb(3). USEPA STORET database,9,295 data points, 28.0% pos, 0.10 ppb median(4).[ (1 ) Ewing BB et al; Monitoring to Detect.Previously Unrecognized Pollutants inSurface Waters USEPA-560/6-77-015 p. 74 (1977) (2) Ohio River Valley Water SanitComm 190-81 Assessment of Water Quality Conditions (1982) (3) Grob K, Grob G; JChromatogr 90: 303-13 (1974) (4) Staples CA et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 4: 131-42(1985)]**PEER REVIEWED** • ' '

DRINKING WATER: 28 of 113 US public water supplies pos, mean 2.1 ppb(l); finished groundwatermean 6.76 ppb, range 0.11-53.0 ppb in 36% of 25 US cities(2). Love Canal, Niagara Falls, NY 7 of 9samples pos, 10-250 parts/trillion(3); finished groundwater, 466 random samples, 6.4% pos, 1 ppbmedian concn, 78 ppb max concn(4). State data, 2894 samples, 28.0% pos, trace to 35,000 ppb; USNational Screening Program, 142 samples, 25.4% pos, trace to 53 ppb; Community Water SupplySurvey, 452 samples, 3.3% pos, 0.5-210 ppb(5).[(1) Brass HJ et al; Drinking Water Qual Enhancement Source Prot pp. 393-416 (1977)(2) Council on Environmental Quality Contamination of Groundwater by Toxic OrganicChemicals pp. 26-34 ''(1980) (3) Barkley J et al; Biomed Mass Spectrom 7: 139-47(1980) (4) Cotruvo JA; Sci Total Environ 47: 7-26 (1985) 05) Cotruvo JA et al; pp.511-30 In: Organic Carcinogens in Drinking Water (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

GROUNDWATER: Most frequently detected and in highest concentration, 28% of wells in 8 statessample pos max cone reported 35000 ppb(2); 38.5% of 13 US cities pos mean 29.72 ppb range 0.2-125ppb(l). NJ, 670 wells, 1.8% and 4.0% of wells had concn >100 ppb and >10 ppb, respectively(3).Groundwater in the Netherlands 1976-78,232 pumping stations, 67% pos (>0.01 ppb)(4).[(1) Council on Environmental Quality Contamination of Groundwater by Toxic OrganicChemicals pp. 26-34 (1980) (2) Dyksen JE, Hess AF II!; J Amer Water Work Assoc394-403 (1982) (3) Wilson JT, Wilson BH; ApplEnviron Microbial 49: 243-3 (1985) (4)Zoeteman BCJ et al; Sci Total Environ 21: 187-202 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED** .

MARINE: Average 0.3 ppb, max 3.6 ppb(l).[(1) Dyksen JE, Hess AF III; J Amer Water Work Assoc 394-403 (1982)]**PEERREVIEWED**

RAIN/SNOW: La Jolla, CA 5 parts/trillion, industrial area in england 150 parts/trillion(l). Portland, OR,

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Feb-Apr 1984, concn (parts/trillion), 7 rain events, 100% pos, 0.78-16, 5.6 avg(2). SNOW: SouthernCalifornia 30 parts/trillion, central California <1.5 parts/trillion, Alaska 39 parts/trillion(l).[(1) SU C, Goldberg ED; Mar Pol lilt Transfer 1976: 353-74 (1976) (2) Ligocki MP etal; Atmos Environ 19: 1609-17 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Effluent Concentrations:

Detected not quantified in wastewater in vicinity of a specialty chemicals plant(l). Industries with meanconcentrations greater than 75 ppb, paint and ink formulation, electrical/electronic components, rubberprocessing mean range, 7-530 ppb, max range 3-1600 ppb(2). USEPA STORE! database, 1,480 datapoints, 19.6% pos, 5.0 ppb median(3). Groundwater at 178 cercla hazardous waste disposal sites; 51.3%pos(4). MN municipal solid waste landfills, leachates, 6 sites, 83.3% pos, 0.7-125 ppb, contaminatedgroundwater (by inorganic indices), 13 sites, 69.2% pos, 0.2-144 ppb, other groundwater (apparently notcontaminated as indicated by inorganic indices), 7 sites, 28.6% pos, 0.2-6.8 ppb(5).[(1) Kites RA et al; ACS Syftip Ser 94: 63-90 (1979) (2) USEPA; Treatability Manualpp. 1.12.23-3 USEPA-600/2-82-001A (1981) (3) Staples CA et al; Environ Toxicol.Chem4: 131-42 (1985) (4) Plumb RHJr; Groundwater Monit Rev 7: 94-100 (1987) (5) SabelGV, Clark TP; Waste Manag Res 2: 119-30 (1984)]**PEER.REVIEWED**

Sediment/Soil Concentrations:

Not detected in sediment in vicinity of specialty chemicals plant(l). Detected in marine sediments at amax of 9.9 ppb. Liverpool Bay, England(2). USEPA STORET database, 338 data points, 6.0% pos, <5.0ppb median concn(3). Lake Pontchartrain at Passes, sediment from 3 sites, 66.7% pos, 0.1-0.2 ppb, wetweight(4).["(1) Kites RA et al; ACS Symp Ser 94: 63-90 (1979) (2) Pearson CR, McConn-ell G; ProcRoy Soc Lond'B 189: 305-32 (1975) (3) Staples CA et al; Environ Total Chem 4: 131-42(1985) (4) Ferrario JB et al; Bull Environ Contam' Toxicol 34: 246-55 (1985)]**PEERREVIEWED**

Atmospheric Concentrations:

Global avg 8 parts/trillion, northern hemisphere 15-16 parts/trillion, southern hemisphere <3parts/trillion(l ,2); major USA cities mean 96-483 parts/trillion, max 236-3097 parts/trillion, min 5-36parts/trillion(3,4).Portland, OR, Feb-Apr 1984, concn in air (ng.cu m) during 7 rain envents, 100% pos,240-3900,1537 avg(l 1). Industrial -1.2 ppb mean; urban/suburban- 0.25 ppb mean, rural -trace-0.10ppb(5-7). England: industrial 40^-60 ppb, suburban 1-20 ppb, rural 5 ppb(8). Love Canal (Niagara Falls,NY): 2 of 3 samples pos (1.6 and 3.4 ppb), home basement level estimated at 0.83 ppb(9). Wastedisposal site (Edison, NJ) trace-61 ppb(10).[(1) Singh HB et al; Atmospheric Distributions, Sources and Sinks of SelectedHydrocarbons, Halocarbons, SF6 and N02 USEPA-600/3-79-107 p. 4 (1979) (2) Cox RA etal; Atmos Environ 10: 305-8 (1976) (3) Singh HB et al; Atmos Environ 15: 601-12(1981) (4) Singh HB et al; Environ Sci Technol 16: 872-80 (1982) .(5) Bozzelli JW,.Kebbekus BB; J Environ Sci Health 17: 693-13 (1982) (6) Grimsrud EP, Rasmussen RA;Atmos Environ 9: 1014-7 (1975) (7) Lillian D et al; Environ Sci Technol 9: 1042-8(1975) (8) Pearson CR, McConnell G; Proc R Soc Lond B 189: 305-32 (1975) (9) BarkleyJ et al; Biomed Mass Spectrom 7: 139-47 (1980) (10) Pellizzari ED; -Environ SciTechnol 16: 781-5 (1982) (11) Ligocki MP et al; Atmos Environ 19: 1609-17(1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Food Survey Values:

Intermediates grain-based food (1984): 9 varieties, 44.4% pos, 0.77-2.7 ppb, 1.9 ppb (max concn inyellow corn meal; wheat, corn, oats (1984)), 10, 2, and 1 samples, respectively: not d.etected(l).Table-ready foods: 19 varieties, 47% pos, 1.7-8.0 ppb, 1.5 ppb avg, max concn in plain granola; butter, 7samples, 100% pos; 1.6-20 ppb, 9.7 ppb avg; margarine, 7 samples, 100% pos, 3.7-980 ppb, 4.3 ppb avgof pos, max concn in Mozzarella cheese(2). Trace detected in extracted edible oils(l). Also detected inmeat, beverages, dairy products, fruits and vegetables, oil and fats, range 0.02-60 ug/kg(l). (SRC)[;(!) Heikes DL, Hopper ML; J Assoc Off Anal Chem 69: 990-8 (1986) (2) Heikes DL; JAssoc Off Anal Chem 70: 215-26 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**

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Concentration of trichloroethylene in foods: Cheshire cheese: 3 mg/kg; English butter: 10 mg/kg; eggs:0.6 mg/kg; shin of beef: 16 mg/kg; beef fat: 12 mg/kg; pig liver: 22 mg/kg; margarine: 6 mg/kg; olive oil(Spanish): 9 mg/kg; cod liver oil: 19 mg/kg; vegetable oil for frying: 7 mg/kg; fruit juices: 5 mg/kg; lightbeer: 0.7 mg/kg; freeze-dried coffee: 4 mg/kg; tea in bags: 60 mg/kg; Yugoslavian wine: 0.02; potatoes:3 mg/kg; apples: 5 mg/kg; pears: 5 mg/kg; fresh bread: 7 mg/kg. /From table/[McConnell G et al; Endeavor 34; 13-8 (1975) as cited in WHO; Environ HealthCriteria 50: Trichloroethylene p.39 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Fish/Seafood Concentrations:

Marine Fish, flesh - 0.04-1.1 ppm, liver - 0.66-20.0 ppb, mussels - 50 day exposure 1.37 ppm(l). LakePontachartrain at Passes, oysters, 5 samples, 2.2 ppb avg; clams, composite samples from 2 sites, 5.7 and0.8ppb(2).[(1) Pearson CR, McConnell G; Proc R Soc Lond B 189: 305-32 (1975) (2) Ferrario JBet al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 34: 246-55 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Conger conger (eel): gill, gut: 29 ng/g; brain, muscle: 62-70 ng/g.[Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. NewYork, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. .1134]**PEER REVIEWED**

Gaddus morhua (cod): stomach, muscle: 7-8 ng/g; brain, liver: 56-66 ng/g.[Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. NewYork, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 1134]**PEER REVIEWED**

Pollachius birens (coal fish): muscle: 8 ng/g; alimentary canal: 306 ng/g.[Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. NewYork, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. , 1983. 1134]**PEER REVIEWED**

Scylliorhinus canicula (dog fish): muscle, gut, brain: 40-41 ng/g; liver: 479 ng/g. x

[Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. NewYork, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 1134]**PEER REVIEWED**

Trisopterus luscus (bib): gill: 40 ng/g; muscle, skeletal tissue: 185-187 ng/g.[Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data .of-Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed . 'NewYork, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 1134]**PEER REVIEWED**

Animal Concentrations:

Trichloroethylene concentrations in sea bird eggs: 23-33 mg/kg. Alca torda (razorbill auk), Uria aalge(guillemot), Rissa tridactyla (Kittiwake). 2.4 mg/kg for Phalacrocrax aristotelis (shag). /Samplingconducted near Liverpool Bay, United Kingdom/[Pearson CR, McConnell G; Proc R Soc London Ser B 189: 305-22 (1975) as cited inWHO; Environ Health Criteria 50: Trichloroethylene p.37 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Milk Concentrations:

Detected in dairy products.[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the' Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research onCancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. Vll 263 (1976)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Concentration of trichloroethylene in fresh milk: 0.3 mg/kg. /From table/[McConnell G et al; Endeavor 34; 13-8 (1975) as cited in WHO; Environ HealthCriteria 50: Trichloroethylene p.39 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED** .

Detected in dairy porducts(l). Mother's milk, 4 U.S. urban areas, 8 of 8 samples pos(2).[(1) IARC; Monographs of the'Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man 11:283-76 (1976) (2) Pellizzari ED et la; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 28: 322-8(1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

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TRICHLOROETHYLENESynonym: trichloroetheneCASRN: 79-01-6For other data, click on the table of Contents

Occupational Exposure Standards:

OSHA Standards:

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-2 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 100 ppm.[29 CFR 1910.1000 (7/1/98)]**QC REVIEWED**

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-2 Acceptable Ceiling Concentration: 200 ppm.[29 CFR 1910.1000 (7/1/98) ],,**QC REVIEWED**

* t

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-2 Acceptable maximum peak above the acceptable ceilingconcentration for an 8-hour shift. Concentration: 300 ppm. Maximum Duration: 5 minutes in any 2hours.[29 CFR 1910.1000 (7/1/98)]**QC REVIEWED** '

Vacated 1989 OSHA PEL TWA 50 ppm (270 mg/cu m); STEL 200 ppm (1080 mg/cu m) is stillenforced in some states.[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140.Washington, D.C. U.S. Government' Printing Office, 1997. 372]**QC REVIEWED**

Threshold Limit Values:

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA) 50 ppm; Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) 100 ppm[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values(TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents Biological Exposure Indices for1998. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1998. 68]**QC REVIEWED**

BEI (Biological Exposure Index): Trichloroacetic acid in urine at end of workweek is 100 mg/gcreatinine. The determinant is nonspecific, since it is observed after exposure to some other chemicals.These nonspecific tests are preferred because they are easy to use and usually offer a better correlationwith exposure than specific tests. In such instances, a BEI for a specific, less quantitative biologicaldeterminant is recommended as a confirmatory test. (1986 adoption)^[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values(TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents Biological Exposure Indices for1998. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1998. 104]**QC REVIEWED**

BEI (Biological Exposure Index): Trichloroacetic acid & trichloroethanol in urine at end of shift at endof workweek is 300 mg/g creatinine. The determinant is nonspecific, since it is observed after exposureto some other chemicals. These nonspecific tests are preferred because they are easy to use and usuallyoffer a better correlation with exposure than specific tests. In such instances, a BEI for a specific, lessquantitative biological determinant is recommended as a confirmatory test. (1986 adoption)[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values(TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents Biological Exposure Indices for1998. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1998. 104]**QC REVIEWED**

BEI (Biological Exposure Index): Trichloroethylene in end-exhaled air. The biological determinant isan indicator of exposure to the chemical, but the quantitative interpretation of the measurement isambiguous (semiquantitative). These biological determinants should be used as a screening test if aquantitative test is not practical or as a confirmatory test if the quantitative test is not specific and theorigin of the determinant is in question.[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values(TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents Biological' Exposure Indices for1998. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1998. 104]**QC REVIEWED**

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A5. A5= Not suspected as a human carcinogen. ,[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values(TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents Biological Exposure Indices for •1998. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1998. 68]**QC REVIEWED**

BE! (Biological Exposure Index): Free trichloroethanol in blood at end of shift at end of workweek is 4mg/1. The determinant is nonspecific, since it is observed after exposure to some other chemicals. Thesenonspecific tests are preferred because they are easy to use and usually offer a better correlation withexposure than specific tests. In such instances, a BEI for a specific, less quantitative biologicaldeterminant is recommended as a confirmatory test. (1986 adoption)[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values(TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents Biological Exposure Indices for1998.. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1998. 104]**QC REVIEWED**

BEI (Biological Exposure Index): Trichloroethylene hi blood. The biological determinant is anindicator of exposure to the chemical, but the quantitative interpretation of the measurement isambiguous (semiquantitative). These biological determinants should be used as a screening test if aquantitative test is not specific and the origin of the determinant is in question. (1993 adoption) /Novalue specified in text/[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values(TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents Biological Exposure Indices for1998. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1998. 104]**QC REVIEWED**

NIOSH Recommendations:

NIOSH considers trichloroethylenc to be a potential occupational carcinogen.[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.. 97-140.Washington, D.C. U.S. Government "Printing Office, 1997. 316]**QC REVIEWED**

NIOSH usually recommends that occupational exposures to carcinogens be limited to the lowest feasibleconcentration.[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140.Washington,.D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 316]**QC REVIEWED** •

Recommended Exposure Limit: 60 Min Ceiling Value: 2 ppm. /During the usage of trichloroethyleneas an anesthetic agent/[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide, to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140.Washington, D .C . U . S . Government Printing Office, 1997, 31.6]**QC REVIEWED**

Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hr Time-Weighted Avg: 25 ppm. /During exposures totrichloroethylene other than as an anesthetic agent/[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140.Washington, D .C . U.S' / Government Printing Office, 1997. 316]**QC REVIEWED**

Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health:

NIOSH considers trichloroethylene to be a potential occupational carcinogen.[NIOSH..NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140.Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 316]**QC REVIEWED**

Other Occupational Permissible Levels:

Max allowable concn (MAC) USSR 10 mg/cu m[International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols.I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983. 2214]**PEER REVIEWED**

Occupational exposure limits used in various countries are as follows: (time-weighted values) Australia:535 mg/cu m; Austria: 260 mg/cu m; Belgium: 535 mg/cu m; Bulgaria: 10 mg/cu m; Czechoslovakia:250 mg/cu m, ceiling value 1250 mg/cu m; Egypt: 267; Finland: 260 mg/cu m; France: 405 mg/cu m,ceiling value 1080 mg/cu m; German Democratic Republic: 250 mg/cu m, ceiling limit: 750 mg/cu m;

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Germany, Federal Republic: 260 mg/cu m; Hungary: 50 mg/cu m; Italy: 400 mg/cu m, skin irritation1000 mg/cu m; Japan: 268 mg/cu m; Netherlands: 190 mg/cu m; Poland: 50 mg/cu m (ceiling value);Romania: 200 mg/cu m, 300 mg/cu m (ceiling value); Spain: 535 mg/cu m; Sweden: 110 mg/cu m,short-term exposure limit 250 mg/cu m; Switzerland: 260 mg/cu m; United Kingdom: 535 mg/cu m;USSR: 10 mg/cu m (ceiling value); Yugoslavia: 200 mg/cu m. •[WHO; Environ Health Criteria 50: Trichloroethylene p.34'. (1985) ] **PEER REVIEWED**

Emergency Response Planning Guidelines (ERPG): ERPG(l) 100 ppm (no more than mild, transienteffects) for up to 1 hr exposure; ERPG(2) 500 ppm (without serious, adverse effects) for up to 1 hrexposure; ERPG(3) 5000 ppm (not life threatening) up to 1 hr exposure.[American Industrial Hygiene Association. The AIHA 1999 Emergency Response PlanningGuidelines and Workplace Environmental Exposure Level Guides Handbook.AmericanIndustrial Hygiene Association. Fairfax, VA 1999. 27]**QC REVIEWED**

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TRICHLOROETHYLENESynonym: trichloroetheneCASRN: 79-01-6For other data, click on the Table of Contents

Manufacturing/Use Information:

Major Uses:

IN DECREASING, IN DRY CLEANING; IN MFC ORG CHEM & PHARMACEUTICALS[Budavari, S. (ed.}. The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs andBiologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 1.517] **PEER REVIEWED**

IN GAS PURIFICATION, AS A SOLVENT OF SULFUR & PHOSPHORUS[Browning, E. Toxicity .and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents. New York: AmericanElsevier; 1965. 190] **PEER REVIEWED**

REFRIGERANT & HEAT EXCHANGE LIQUID; DILUENT IN PAINTS & ADHESIVES; TEXTILEPROCESSING; AEROSPACE OPERATIONS (FLUSHING LIQUID OXYGEN)[Sax, N.I. and R.J. Lewis, Sr. (eds.). Hawley's Condensed -Chemical Dictionary, llthed. New York: Van Nostrand Reihhold Co., 1987. 1176]**PEER REVIEWED**

CLEANING SOLVENT, ESP IN VAPOR DECREASING[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**

CHAIN TERMINATOR IN PRODN OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**

SWELLING AGENT IN DISPERSE DYEING OF POLYESTERS[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**

AGENT IN REMOVAL OF BASTING THREADS IN TEXTILE PROCESSING[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**

CHEM INT FOR 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHYL SULFENYL CHLORIDE[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**

SOLVENT IN ADHESIVES & PAINT-STRIPPING FORMULATIONS[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**

HEAT TRANSFER MEDIUM-EG, IN CASE HARDENING OF METALS[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**

SOLVENT BASE FOR METAL PHOSPHATIZING SYSTEMS[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**

SOLVENT IN CHARACTERIZATION TEST FOR ASPHALT[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**

ENTRAINER FOR RECOVERY OF FORMIC ACID[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**

EXTRACTION SOLVENT-EG, FOR CAFFEINE[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**

Used as household cleaner; with trichloroethane it is used in most typewriter correction fluid. /SRP:Former use/[Arena, J.M. and Drew, R.H. (eds.) Poisoning-Toxicology, Symptoms, Treatments. 5thed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986. 257]**PEER REVIEWED**

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Used in wool-fabric scouring[CONSIDINE. CHEMICAL AND PROCESS TECHNOL ENCYC 1974 p.1109]**PEER REVIEWED**

Extractant for spice oleoresins. .[WHO; Environ Health Criteria 50: Trichloroethylene p.30 (1985)]*,*PEER REVIEWED**

Intermediate in the production of pentachloroethane.[WHO; Environ Health Criteria 50: Trichloroethylene p.30 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Carrier solvent for the active ingredients of insecticides, and fungicides.[WHO; Environ Health Criteria 50: Trichloroethylene p. 30 (1985) ] **PEER REVIEWED**.

MEDICATION .**QC REVIEWED**

MEDICATION (VET)**QC REVIEWED** . ' '

Used in the preparation of insectieidal fumigants. Used as a solvent for oils, fats, waxes, and othersubstances.[Hayes, W . J . , Jr., E . R . Laws, Jr., ( eds . ) . Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. Volume2. Classes of Pesticides. New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991. 690]**QCREVIEWED**

Manufacturers:

Dow Chemical USA, Hq, 2020 Dow Center, Midland, MI 48674, (517) 636-1000; Production site:Freeport, TX 77541[SRI. 1992 Directory of Chemical Producers-United States of America. Menlo Park, CA:SRI International, 1992. 1032]**PEER REVIEWED**

PPG Industries, Inc, Hq, One PPG Place, Pittsburgh, PA 15272, (412) 434-3131; Chemicals Group;Production site: Lake Charles, LA 70601[SRI. 1992 Directory of Chemical Producers-United States of America. Menlo Park, CA:SRI International, 1992. 1032]**PEER REVIEWED**

Methods of Manufacturing:i

USUALLY PREPARED FROM SYM-TETRACHLOROETHANE BY ELIMINATION OFHYDROCHLORIC ACID (BY BOILING WITH LIME),... BY PASSING TETRACHLOROETHANEVAPOR OVER CALCIUM CHLORIDE CATALYST AT 300 DEG C ... WITHOUT CATALYST AT450-470 DEG C ...[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs andBiologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 1516]**PEER REVIEWED**

CHLORJNATION OR OXYCHLORTNATION OF C2 CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS-EG,1,2-DICHLOROETHANE; CHLORINATION OF ACETYLENE FOLLOWED BYDEHYDROCHLORINATION OF PRODUCT (PROCESS USED UNTIL 1978)[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**

General Manufacturing Information:

Since there are now only two producers (Dow & PPG), the USITC stopped publicly reportingproduction and other statistics at the end of 1982[CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS: Trichloroethylene, 1985]**PEER REVIEWED**

Depending on the condition, dissociation of HC1 at elevated temperatures in the presence of carbon in achemical plasma will produce 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, trichloroethylene, andperchloroethy lene.[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed.,' Volumes 1-26. New York,

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NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. V12 1008 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Cancelled for use in fumigant mixture or as a solvent with other ingredient on grains.[Farm Chemicals Handbook 1992. Willoughby, OH: Meister Publishing Co., 1992.,p.C-345]**PEER REVIEWED**

Formulations/Preparations:

TRICHLOROETHVLENE FOR MEDICINAL PURPOSES MAY CONTAIN SOME THYMOL ORAMMONIUM CARBONATE (NOT MORE THAN 20 MG/100 ML) AS STABILIZER. INDUSTRIALGRADES ... MAY CONTAIN OTHER STABILIZERS, SUCH AS TRIETHANOLAMINESSTEARATE AND CRESOL.[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck. Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs andBiologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 1516]**PEER REVIEWED**

GRADES: USP; TECHNICAL; HIGH PURITY; ELECTRONIC; METAL DECREASING;EXTRACTION.[Sax, N.I. and R.J. Lewis, Sr. (eds.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, llthed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987. 1176]**PEER REVIEWED**

Antibxidants are added to trichloroethylene in quantities less than 1% by weight.[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 3rd ed. Boston, MA:Butterworths, 1985. 218]**PEER REVIEWED**

Trichloroethylene is available in the USA in high-purity, electronic USP, technical, metal degreasingand extraction grades[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research onCancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. V20 545 (1979)]**PEER REVIEWED**

AR, ACS reagent and 98% grade[CHEMCYCLOPEDIA 1987 p.300]**PEER REVIEWED**

Stabilizers in trichloroethylene formulations include: amyl alcohol, propanol, diethylarnine,triethylamine, dipropylamine, diisopropylamine, diethanolamine, morpholine, n-methylmorpholine,aniline, acetone, ethylacetate, borate esters, ethylene oxide, 1,2-propylene oxide, 1,2-epoxybutene,cyclohexene oxide, propylene oxide, butadiene oxide, styrene oxide, pentene oxide, 2,3-epoxy1-propenol, 3-methoxy-l,2-epoxy propane, stearates, 2-methyl-1,2-epoxypropariol, epoxy cyclopentanol,epichlorohydrin, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, 1,4-dioxane, dioxalane, trioxane, alkoxyaldehydehydrazones, methyl ethyl ketone nitromethanes, nitropropanes, phenol, o-cresol, thymol,p-tert-butylphenol, p-tert-amylphenol, isoeuganol, pyrrole, n-methylpyrrole, n-ethyl pyrrole,(2-pyrryl)-trimethylsilane, glycidyl acetate, isocyanates, and thiazoles.[USEPA; Health Assessment Document: Trichloroethylene (Draf t ) p.3-2 (1984)EPA-800/8-82-006B]**PEER REVIEWED**

Commonly used stabilizers found in /commercial trichloroethylene products include/: pentanol-2triethanolamine, 2,2,4-trimethylpentene-l, and iso-butanol. /From table/[WHO; Environ Health Criteria 50: Trichloroethylene p.21 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Impurities:

... Tetrachloroethane is a contaminant in commercial trichloroethylene....[Arena, J .M. and Drew, R . H . (eds . ) Poisoning-Toxicology, Symptoms, Treatments. 5thed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986. 257]**PEER REVIEWED**

Acidity (as hydrochloric acid), 0.0005% max; alkalinity (as sodium hydroxide), 0.001% max; residue onevaporation, 0.005% max; antioxidants, such as amine (0.001-0.01% or more) or combinations ofepoxides such as epichlorohydrin & esters (0.2-2% total)'[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research.on

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Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. V20 547 (1979)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Impurities found in commercial trichloroethylene /products include/: carbon tetrachloride, chloroform,1,2-dichloroethane, trans 1,2-dichloroethylene, cis 1,2-dichloroethylene, pentachloroethane, .1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane,bromodichloroethylene, and benzene. /From table/[WHO; Environ Health Criteria 50: Trichloroethylene p.21 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Consumption Patterns: '

Demand: (1982): 240 million pounds; (1983): Est 235 million pounds; 1987: Est 215 million pounds.[Kavaler. Chem Market Reporter (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Vapor degreasing of fabricated metal parts, 80%; chemical intermediate, 5%; miscellaneous used, 5%;exports, 10% (1985)[CHEMICAL PROFILE: Trichloroethylene, 1986]**PEER REVIEWED** ' .

Vapor degreasing of fabricated metal parts, 66%; chemical intermediates, miscellaneous domestic uses,5%; exports, 22%.[Kavaler. Chem Market Reporter (1983)]**PEER 'REVIEWED**

CLEANING SOLVENT, 89%; CHAIN TERMINATOR, 9%; OTHER, 2% (1980 EST)[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**

U. S. Production:

USA production: (1981): 258,182 pounds.[United States International Trade Commission. Syhthetic Organic Chemicals— UnitedStates Production and Sales, 1981. USITC Publications 1291 Washington, DC: UnitedStates InternationalTrade Commission, 1981. 1132]**PEER REVIEWED**

Production quantities (1976): 61 OX 10+6 pounds.[Fishbein L; Potential Indust Carcins & Mutagens p.35- (1977) USEPA 56075-77-005]**PEER REVIEWED**

(1985) 7.72X10+10 g /Estimated/[CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS: Trichloroethylene, 1985]**PEER REVIEWED**

(1991)320 million lb[SRI. 1992 Directory of Chemical Producers-United States of America. Menlo Park, CA:SRI International, 1992. 1032]**PEER REVIEWED**

U. S. Imports:

(1985) 1.98X10+10 g[BUREAU OF THE CENSUS. U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION AND GENERAL IMPORTS 1985p.l-584]**PEER REVIEWED**

U. S. Exports:

(1985)1.06X10+10 g[BUREAU OF THE CENSUS. U.S. EXPORTS, SCHEDULE E, 1985 p.2-69]**PEER REVIEWED**

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TRICHLOROETHYLENESynonym: trichloroetheneCASRN: 79-01-6For other data, click on the Table of Contents

Laboratory Methods:

Clinical Laboratory Methods: •

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY USED TO DETERMINE HUMAN SERUM AND ADIPOSE TISSUELEVELS OF VOLATILE PURGEABLE HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS.[PEOPLES AJ ET AL; PREPR PAP NATL MEET—AM CHEM .SOC DIV ENVIRON CHEM 18 (2): 485-6(1978)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Practical recommendation for the biologic monitoring of exposure to trichloroethylene is as following:Biological parameter: trichloroethanol. Biological material: Urine. /SRP: Permissable/ value: 125 mg/gcreatinine /From table/[Amdur, M.O., J. Doull, C.D. Klaasen (eds). Casa'rett and Doull's Toxicology. 4th ed.New York, NY: Pergamon Press, 1991. 961].**PEER REVIEWED**

i , \

Practical recommendation for the biologic monitoring of exposure to trichloroethylene is as following: .Biological parameter: trichloroacetic acid. Biological material: plasma. Permissable value: 5 mg/100 ml/After 5-day exposure, from table/[Amdur, M . O . , J. Doull, C . D . Klaasen (eds). Casarett and Do'ull's Toxicology. 4th ed.New York, NY: Pergamon Press, 1991. 961]**PEER REVIEWED**

Practical recommendation for the biologic monitoring of exposure to trichloroethyJene is as following:Biological parameter: trichloroethanol. Biological material: plasma. Permissable value: 0.23 mg/100 ml/After 5-day exposure, from table/[Amdur, M . O . , J. Doull, C . D . Klaasen (eds) . Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. 4th .ed.New York, NY: Pergamon Press, 1991. 961]**PEER REVIEWED**

Matrix: breath; conventional reference range: < 1 ppm; international recommended reference range: <8umolar[Tietz, N.W. (ed.) . Clinical Guide, to' Laboratory Tests. Philadelphia, PA: W.B.Saunders Co., 1983. 112]**'PEER REVIEWED**

A method is presented which is suitable for the analysis of certain halocarbons in blood and tissuesamples. Among these halocarbons is ... trichloroethylene.... Blood samples are warmed and an inertgas is passed through the sample to extract the volatile halocarbons. Treated samples are macerated inwater, then treated the same as for blood samples. A Tenax gas chromatography cartridge is used to trapthe vapors which are then recovered by thermal desorption and analyzed on gas chromatography/massspectrometry. The limits of detection of this method are approximately 3 ng/ml for a 10 ml blood sampleand 6 ng/g for 5 g tissue samples.[Pellizzari .ED et al; Environmental Carcinogens Selected Methods of Analysis 7:435-44 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Analytic Laboratory Methods:

RECOVERIES WERE FROM FORTIFIED WHEAT SAMPLES, USING GAS LIQUIDCHROMATOGRAPHIC COLUMN & ELECTRON CAPTURE DETECTOR.[GLOWER M JR; J ASSOC OFF ANAL CHEM 63 (3): 539 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Trichloroethylene in grain is analyzed by gas chromatography with source-heated electron capturedetector and glass-lined injection block. Construct calibration curve daily of peak heights against ngfumigant/125 ml acetone for suitable range.[Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed.and Supplements. Washington, DC: Association of Analytical Chemists, 1990,p. VI290-1]**PEER REVIEWED**

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Trichloroethylene in spice oleoresins is analyzed by gas chromatographic method.[Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed.and Supplements. Washington, DC: Association of Analytical Chemists, 1990,p. VII1175]**PEER REVIEWED** •

Fujiwara Test: Trichloroethylene is treated with pyridine in an alkaline environment. Solutionabsorbance is then determined at 535 or 470 run (absorptivity: 18-321/g/cm with a sensitivity of about 1mg/kg. •[WHO; Environ Health Criteria 50: Trichloroethylene p.22 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Infra-red spectroscopy: In the gaseous phase, quantities are determined by measuring the optical densityat the selected wavelength of 11.8 urn.... This corresponds to a detection sensitivity of not less than 0.5ug/1. . .[Fishbein L; Chromatography, of Environmental Hazards Vol 2, pp.471-90 (1973) ascited in WHO; Environ Health Criteria 50: Trichloroethylene p.22 (1985)]**PEERREVIEWED** .

High-resolution gas chromatography with electron capture detector/mass spectrophotometry...fordetermination of trichloroethylene in soil /has been utilized/ as a confirmatory technique with adetection threshold of approximately 10 mg/kg (10 ppm). •[DeLeon IR et al; J Chromatogr Sci 18: 85-8 (1980) as cited in WHO; Environ HealthCriteria 50: Trichloroethylene p.26 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**

EPA Method 8010. Direct Injection or Purge and Trap Gas Chromatography with halogen-specificdetector for the analysis of halogenated volatile organics including trichloroethylene in solid waste.Under the prescribed conditions for trichloroethylene, the method has a detection limit of 0.12 ug/1.Precision and method accuracy were found to be directly related to the concentration of the parameterand essentially independent of the sample matrix.[USEPA; Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste SW-846 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

EPA Method 502.1. Purge and Trap Gas Chromatography with a halogen-specific detector for thedetermination of halogenated volatile compounds including trichloroethylene in finished drinkingwater, raw source water, or drinking water in any treatment stage. Under the prescribed conditions fortrichloroethylene the method detection limit is 0.001 ug/1.[USEPA; Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds in Finished DrinkingWater and Raw Source Water (1986) ]**PEER REVIEWED** \ . .

EPA Method 502.2: Purge and Trap Capillary Column Gas Chromatography with Photoionization andElectrolytic Conductivity Detectors in Series. The method is applicable for the determination of volatileorganic compounds in finished drinking water, raw source water, or drinking water in any treatmentstage. For trichloroethylene the method has a detection limit of 0.02 ug/1, a percent recovery of 100%,and a standard deviation of 0.078 using the photoionization detector; and a method detection limit of0.01 ug/1, a percent recovery of 96%, and a standard deviation of recovery of 3.5'using the electrolyticconductivity detector.[USEPA; Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds in Finished DrinkingWater and Raw Source Water (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

EPA Method 503.1. Purge and Trap Gas Chromatography with a Photoionization Detector. The methodis applicable for the determination of volatile aromatic and unsaturated organic compounds in finisheddrinking water, raw source water, or drinking water in any treatment stage. For trichloroethylene themethod has a detection limit of 0.01 ug/1. Precision and method accuracy were found to be directlyrelated to the concentration of the analyte.•[USEPA; Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds in Finished DrinkingWater and Raw Source -Water (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED** . :

EPA Method 524.1. Purge and Trap Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. The method is applicablefor the determination of volatile organic compounds in water, finished drinking water, raw source water,or drinking water in any treatment stage. For trichloroethene the method has a detection limit of 0.36ug/1 and a standard deviation of 13.6%.

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[USEPA; Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds in Finished Drinking .Water and Raw Source Water (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

EPA Method 524.2. Purge and Trap Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry for the determination ofvolatile aromatic compounds in finished drinking water, raw source water, or drinking water in anytreatment stage. For trichloroethene the method has a detection limit of 0.19 ug/1 and a relative standarddeviation of 7.3% with a wide bore capillary column, and a method detection limit of 0.02 ug/1 and arelative standard deviation of 5.2% with a narrow bore capillary column.[USEPA; Methods fo.r the Determination of Organic Compounds in Finished DrinkingWater and Raw Source Water (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

EPA Method 601. Purge and Trap Gas Chromatography with electrolytic conductivity detection for theanalysis of purgeable halocarbons including trichloroethene in municipal and industrial discharges.Under the prescribed conditions, the method detection limit for trichloroethene is 0.12 ug/1. Themethod is recommended for use in the concentration range from the method detection limit to 1000times that limit. Precision and method accuracy were found to be directly related to the concentration ofthe parameter and essentially independent of the sample matrix.[40 .CFR 136, App. A (7/1/91)]**PEER REVIEWED**

EPA Method 624. Purge and Trap Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry for the analysis ofpurgeable organics including trichloroethylene in the municipal and industrial discharges. Under theprescribed conditions for trichloroethene, the method has a detection limit of 1.9 ug/1. Precision andmethod accuracy were found to be directly related to the concentration of the parameter and essentiallyindependent of the sample matrix.[40 ,CFR 136, App. A (7/1/91)]**PEER REVIEWED**

EPA Method 8240. Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry for the determination of volatile organics.This method can be used to quantify most volatile organic compounds including trichloroethene thathave boiling points below 200 deg C and are insoluble or slightly soluble in water. The detection limit isnot given. Precision and method accuracy were found to be directly related to the concentration of theanalyte and essentially independent of the sample matrix.[USEPA; Test Methods for Evaluating Solid-Waste SW-846 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

EPA Method 8260. Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry for the determination of volatile organiccompounds. This method can be used to quantitate most volatile organic compounds includingtrichloroethylene that have boiling points below 200 deg C and are insoluble or slightly soluble inwater. Under the prescribed conditions for trichloroethylene, the method has a detection limit of 0.19ug/1 as defined by EPA.[USEPA/OST; List of Lists: A Catalog of Analytes and Methods p.510 (1991) OST Pub21W-4005]**PEER REVIEWED**

EPA Method 1624. Isotope Dilution Purge and Trap Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Thismethod is applicable for the determination of volatile organic compounds in municipal and industrialdischarges. By adding a known amount of an isotopically labeled compound to every sample prior topurging, a correction of recovery of the pollutant can be made. If isotopically labeled compounds are notavailable, an internal standard method is used. Under the prescribed conditions trichloroethylene has amethod detection limit of 2 ug/kg in solids at high level and 10 ug/1 in water with no interferencespresent as defined by EPA.[USEPA/OST; List of Lists: A Catalog-of Analytes and Methods p.510 (1991) OST Pub21W-4005]**PEER REVIEWED**

NIOSH Method: 3701. Analtye: Trichloroethylene. Matrix: Air. Procedure: Gas chromatography(portable), photoionization detector. For trichloroethylene this method has an estimated detection limitof 0.25 ng/injection/sample. The precision/RSD is 0.078 and the recovery is not given. Applicability:The working range is 10 to 1000 ppm (54 to 5100 mg/cu m) in relatively non-complex atmosphereswhere trichloroethylene is known to be present. Interferences: None found.[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Centers forDisease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSHManualof Analytical Methods, 3rd ed. Volumes.1 and 2 with 1985 supplement, and revisions.

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Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1984.,p. 3601-1]**PEERREVIEWED**

NIOSH Method: 1022. Analyte: Trichloroethylene. Matrix: Air. Procedure: Gas chromatography,flame ionization detector. For trichloroethylene this method has an estimated detection limit of 0.01mg/sample. The precision/RSD is 0.038 @ 1.6 to 6.4 mg/sample and the recovery is not given.Applicability: The working range is 27 to 875 ppm (150 to 4700 mg/cu m for a 3.4 liter air sample.Interferences: None studied.[U.S. Department of Health'and Human Services, Public Health Service. Centers forDisease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSHManualof Analytical Methods, 3rd ed. Volumes 1 and 2 with 1985 supplement, and revisions.Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1984.,p. 1022-1]**PEERREVIEWED** - .

Gas chromatograph/mass spectrometric analysis of volatiles including trichloroethylene. The ContractRequired Quantitation Limits are"5.0 ug/kg in solids at low level, 5QO ug/kg in solids at medium level,and 5 ug/1 in water as used in EPA Contract Laboratory Program.[USEPA/OST; List of Lists:' A Catalog of Analytes and Methods p. 510 (1991) OST Pub21W-4005]**PEER REVIEWED** ' ' ,

EPA Method 0-3115. Purge and trap gas chromatography/mass spectrometric method for thedetermination of organic substances including trichloroethylene in water and fluvial sediments. Theestimated detection limit is 3 ug/1 as used in US Geological Survey Techniques of Water Resources.[USEPA/OST; List of Lists: A Catalog of Analytes and Methods p.510 (1991) OST Pub21W-4005]**PEER REVIEWED**

Sampling Procedures:

Water samples were collected in 125 ml serum vial that had been cleaned by detergent wash, distilledwater rinse, dichromic acid wash, and oven-drying at 150 deg C. Vials were completely filled and storedat 4 deg C. Minimum loss occurred during storage at 4 deg C up to 28 days.[Dietz EA, Singley KF; Anal Chem 51: 1809-14 (1979) as cited in USEPA; HealthAssessment. Document: Trichloroethylene p.3-13 (1984) EPA-600/8-82-006B]**PEERREVIEWED**

Sampling ... /is conducted by utilizing/ activated carbon felt badges.[Hirayama T, Ikeda M; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 40: 1091-6 (1979) as cited in WHO; EnvironHealth Criteria 50: Trichloroethylene p.26 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Sampling ... /is conducted by utilizing/ activated carbon tubes.[Shipman AJ, Whim BP; Ann Occupat Hyg 23: 197-204 (1980) as cited in WHO; EnvironHealth Criteria 50: Trichloroethylene p.26 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**

EPA Method 8010. For the analysis of solid waste, a representative sample (solid or liquid) is collectedin a standard 40-ml glass screw-cap VGA vial equipped with a Teflon-faced silicone septum. Sampleagitation, as well as contamination of the sample with air, must be avoided. Two vials are filled persample location, then placed in separate plastic bags for shipment and storage.[USEPA; Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste SW-846 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

NIOSH Method: 3701. Analyte: Trichloroethylene. Matrix: Air. Sampler: Air bag (Tedlar). Flow Rate:0.02 to 0.05 1/min or higher; fill bag to equal to or greater than 80% of capacity; spot samples possible.Sample Stability: Bags should be analyzed as soon after collection as possible (equal to or greater than 4hrs).[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Centers forDisease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. -NIOSHManualof Analytical Methods, 3rd ed. Volumes 1 and 2 with 1985 supplement, and revisions.Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1984.,p. 3701-1]**PEERREVIEWED** ' -

NIOSH Method: 1022. Analyte: Trichloroethylene. Matrix: Air. Sampler: Solid sorbent tube (coconutshell charcoal 100 mg/50 mg). Flow Rate: 0.01 to 0.2 1/min. Sample Size: 3.4 liters. Shipment: Routine.

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Sample Stability: Not determined.[U.S . Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Centers forDisease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSHManualof Analytical Methods, 3rd ed. Volumes 1 and 2 with 1985 supplement, and revisions.Washington, DC: U .S . Government Printing Office, February 1984.,p. 1022-1]**PEERREVIEWED**

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