human-machine interaction / interazione uomo-machina/ by adam maria gadomski e-mail:...
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Human-Machine InteractionHuman-Machine Interaction/ Interazione Uomo-Machina/
by Adam Maria Gadomski
E-mail: [email protected]
URL: http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it/
ENEA, C.R.Casaccia
18 November 1999
MICA R&D Project
?
On the rights of the web white paper (Intell.Prop.) - © ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.
Presentation outlinePresentation outline
Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible Solutions
Conclusions
"Make everything as simple as possible, but not simpler.” [Albert Einstein]
MICA ProjectMICA Project
© ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999. E-mail: [email protected]
Human-Machine Interaction from the Systemic and Cognitive Perspective
Contribution to the MICA 2.8.3.3 Task D: Realization of an Integrated Modeling Environment for the Hardware/Software/Human Components of Plant Control Room Systems : Study on a Meta-Modeling Frameworks.
http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it/
PrefacePreface
Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible Solutions
Conclusions
MICA ProjectMICA Project
© ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999. E-mail: [email protected]
This my activity have been focused on a preliminary study of the human mental errors of industrial operators involved in the control and supervisory of high-risk complex technological systems. It deals with the identification of human mental errors and possibilities of their mitigation through an application of intelligent computer decision support systems.
Methodology Heuristic application of the TOGA (Top-down Object-based Goal-oriented Approach) methodology to the problem identification. Application of the IPK conceptual framework to the cognitive operator modelling [http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it/].
Results An indication and the preliminary analysis of mental functins and tasks which could be supported or executed by IDSSs (Intelligent Computer Decision Support Systems).
Human-Machine Interaction
Dec.97, http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it/Mika-saf.html
Problem RecognitionProblem Recognition
Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible Solutions
Conclusions
MICA ProjectMICA Project
© ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999. E-mail: [email protected]
Human-Machine Interaction is a continuously growing domain of interest of researchers and practictioners.
It is a consequence of ever more and more complex technologies and systems controlled and managed by humans.
The problem is dedected from the perspectives of :
- efficacy and quality of the production
- economy and sostenibility , and especially,
- safety and reliability of human component in
human-machine aggregates.
Human-Machine Interaction
Problem RecognitionProblem Recognition
Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible solutions
Conclusions
MICA ProjectMICA Project
© ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999. E-mail: [email protected]
The research in the field of Human-Machine Interaction (AltaVista: 50 017doc. ) is also distributed among such domains as:
Man-Machine Interface - AltaVista: 1906 doc.
Human-Computer Interface - AltaVista: 2868 doc. Lycos: 8201doc.
Stanford: 524 MIT: 897
Human-Computer Communication -AV. 734
Human-Computer Cooperation - AV. 39
Cognitive Technology - AV. 985
Cognitive Engineering - AV. 3015
Human-Machine Interaction
Problem RecognitionProblem Recognition
Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible solutions
Conclusions
MICA ProjectMICA Project
© ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999. E-mail: [email protected]
“Human ignorance is a source of defeates and... human power”
Classical engineering paradign:
To addopt humans to machine
failured in the case of high-risk systems and complex tasks.
...is a classical example of the consequences of a badly designed user interface [Excerpt from the official report to the Three Mile Island nuclear accident]
New systemic perspective:” a joint human machine system is performing the task” [E.Hollnagel at al, 94], http://www.erlbaum.com/260.htm
Human-Machine Interaction
Problem RecognitionProblem Recognition
Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible solutions
Conclusions
MICA ProjectMICA Project
© ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999. E-mail: [email protected]
Poorly designed user interface causeseconomical loss: - rejection , - rare using. Badly designed user interface causes catastrofic human errors trough: -> confusion, misleading presentation of information,-> misinterpretation,-> cause of dangerous actions.
More difficult is to specify what should be implemented than how to do it.
We need appropriate goal-oriented models
Goal:make communication smoothest possible to interfere least possible with thought process.
[W.Joerg, Alberta Univ.95]
Human-Machine Interaction
Problem RecognitionProblem Recognition
Problem Recognition
State of the Art
Problem Identification
Possible Solutions
Conclusions
MICA ProjectMICA Project
© ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999. E-mail: [email protected]
"The goal is to create software that works ---really works --- in being appropriate and effective for people who live in the world that the software creates.” [Terry Winograd, HCI,96, http://pcd.stanford.edu/]and yet: http://hci.stanford.edu/~winograd/bds/introduction.html
Human-Machine Interaction should be modeled from the human and systemic perspective but not invented by software specialists.
[KMC, E.Swanstrom,1997]
Human-Machine Interaction
Problem Identification approchesProblem Identification approches
© ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999. E-mail: [email protected]
MICA Project
Sistemic Approach Cognitivistic Approach
Human - Machine Interactions
Software + Hardware Systems
Software Technologies & Engineering Platform
Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible solutions
Conclusions
Human-Machine Interaction
Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible solutions
Conclusions
MICAMICA Project Project
© ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999. E-mail: [email protected]
SystemicSystemic PerspectivePerspective
on Reliability and Safety of
Human-Machine Interactions (HMI)
HMI can be seen as a process.
Reliability and Safety can be seen as a two complex properties of HMI and characterized by integrated generalized indicators:
Reliability Indicator - R
Safety Indicator - Sf
The carrier of the HMI process is the coupled system: Human-Machine.
Human-Machine Interaction
Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible Solutions
Conclusions
MICAMICA Project Project
© ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999. E-mail: [email protected]
Systemic Perspective
Cognitivistic Perspective
Technological PerspectiveProblem IdentificationProblem Identification
Human-Machine Interaction
Modeling
Design
Soft-Tools develop.
Systemic Perspective
Cognitivistic Perspective
Systemic Perspective
Cognitivistic Perspective
Technological Perspective
Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible solutions
Conclusions
MICAMICA Project Project
© ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999. E-mail: [email protected]
Elementary heterogenious unit in the modern systemic approach [Gad.99]
H - Human, CSS - Computer Support Systems (Web)
HO - Human Organization AD - Domain of Activity
ENV - Environment
H
CSSHO ENV
AD
Systemic Perspective
Cognitivistic Perspective
Technological Perspective
Systemic PerspectiveSystemic PerspectiveTop-down identification
and decomposition rules
Human-Machine Interaction
Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible solutions
Conclusions
MICA ProjectMICA Project
© ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999. E-mail: [email protected]
Everything said is said by an observer'. (Maturana & Varela, 1980)
SystemicSystemic PerspectivePerspective
Human-Machine Interaction
Identification of Systems involved
Identification of Processes, Activities
and their attributes
Given: Objectives, Functions and their indicators
Search expressions (models) of the type:
indicators (attributes)
Search attributes which min or max of indicators
Modification/design of Processes and Systems according to selected attributes
[Heuristic Appication of SPG, Gadomski,since 86;99]
Software engineer
Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible Solutions
Conclusions
MICAMICA Project Project
© ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999. E-mail: [email protected]
Systemic PerspectiveSystemic Perspective
Human-Machine Interaction
# HOME WORKS
# PUBLIC SERVICIES
# ADMINISTRATION
# CULTURE
# INDUSTRY
# HEALTH
# MILITARY
# INSTRUCTION & SCIENCE
High Risk Domains
?
Key Factor: RISK Risk Analysis Risk Sources Human Errors
Application Domains:
Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible solutions
Conclusions
MICA ProjectMICA Project
© ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999. E-mail: [email protected]
Systemic PerspectiveSystemic Perspective
Human-Machine Interaction
MIND
Organization
Machine (controlled system/processes)
Control and Measurement System
Computer Console
Physical environment
Psycho-social environment
Human operator
Causes of Human Errors
Hardware & Software
Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible solutions
Conclusions
MICA ProjectMICA Project
© ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999. E-mail: [email protected]
Bases of the CognitivisticBases of the Cognitivistic PerspectivePerspective
Human-Machine Interaction
Professor Norman, the first chair of the UCSD Department of Cognitive Science, originated the Cognitive Engineering course.Distributed Cognition and Human Computer Interaction Laboratory.
Univ. of California.,May 99.
"the study of intelligence and intelligent systems, with particular reference to intelligent behaviour as computation" (Simon, H. A. & C. A. Kaplan, "Foundations of cognitive science", in Posner, M.I.T. 1989
“Cognitive science is a multidisciplinary approach to the study of the human mind.” Kalish, http://iris.cogsci.uwa.edu.au/cogsci.html
P.N.Johnson-Lard-Mental Models,83. M.Olivetti-Belardinelli - Mental Architectures,98, A.Slomans - Emotional Agents.
John Locke's (1690). Essay Concerning Human Understanding and the nature of human consciousness-First model..
Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible solutions
Conclusions
MICA ProjectMICA Project
© ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999. E-mail: [email protected]
Cognitive EngineeringCognitive Engineering PerspectivePerspective
Human-Machine Interaction
the principles of cognitive engineering refers to: user-centered design ( its practices have wide applicability) and human-computer interaction in particular. It is base on cognitive models.Human-computer interaction (HCI) is the intersection between the social and cognitive sciences, on the one hand, and computer science and technology, on the other. HCI researchers analyze and design interaction technologies (e.g., displays and pointing devices, gestures and sketching). They study and improve the processes of technology development (e.g., usability evaluation, software toolkits, cognitive ethnography). Over the past two decades, HCI has progressively integrated scientific concerns with the engineering goal of improving the usability of computers. established a body of technical knowledge and methodology, and contributed broadly to the development of new computer technologies and applications. http://hci.ucsd.edu/132/nsyllabus.htmlSee also: MIT Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science.
Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible solutions
Conclusions
MICA ProjectMICA Project
© ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999. E-mail: [email protected]
CCognitive Technology ognitive Technology Perspective Perspective
Human-Machine Interaction
Douglas Hofstadter is College Professor of cognitive science and computer science, director of the Center for Research on Concepts and Cognition, Ph.D. in
physics, University of Oregon, 1975; Pulitzer Prize.
The First International Conference on Cognitive Technology (Hong Kong, 1995) stressed the need for a radically new way of thinking about the impact computer technology has on humans, especially on the human mind. Our main aim at that time was a consideration of these effects with respect to rendering the interface between people and computers more humane.
Cognitive technologies in Europe: - Rasmunssen, Andeson - Riso National Lab. - Hollnagel - Halden Project (from about 18 years)
-Gadomski (since 86), Nanni (87), Balducelli (93), DiCostanzo - ENEA .
Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible solutions
Conclusions
MICA ProjectMICA Project
© ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999. E-mail: [email protected]
General CognitivisticGeneral Cognitivistic PerspectivePerspective
Systemic + Psychology + Physics Mindware applied to the identification of mental processes of humans and living systems
Development of the Universal Theory of Cognition
Human-Machine Interaction
Applied to living systems
Applied to autonomous H/Software systems
Applied to Human-Machine Interaction
Software Engineering Platform
Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible solutions
Conclusions
MICA ProjectMICA Project
© ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999. E-mail: [email protected]
CognitivisticCognitivistic PerspectivePerspective
Human-Machine Interaction
“The web is constructed for the communication between humans not computers”
Risk Human Errors Human Models Risk Human Errors Human Models
Levels of a Human Functional Model:
Sensorial & Manipulation
Perception
Reasoning
Decision-Making
Communication
CognitiveModeling
Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible solutions
Conclusions
MICA ProjectMICA Project
© ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999. E-mail: [email protected]
PPossible Solutionsossible Solutions
Human-Machine Interaction
Existing Strategies for improving of HMI
- Command-driven - improving what is requested
- Event-driven - post-accident improvement
- Means-driven - improv. based on available know-how
- Goal-driven (Model-driven) - research based eng. improv.
Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible solutions
Conclusions
MICA ProjectMICA Project
© ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999. E-mail: [email protected]
PPossible Solutions ossible Solutions SearchingSearching
Human-Machine Interaction
Assumptions:
1. Every human interaction with complex machine is through computer then a Human-Computer Cooperation is needed.
2. Every human interaction with complex machine is decomposable on decision-making mental events.
Mental processes
Machine + Computer processes
. . . ?
Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible solutions
Conclusions
MICA ProjectMICA Project
© ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999. E-mail: [email protected]
PPossible Solutionsossible Solutions
Human-Machine Interaction
Mental processes
Machine + Computer processes
. . . ?
Computer substitutes or supports goal-dependent tasks of human user/operator.
Critical points (recognizable events) which need to be identified by the cognitive modeling.
Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible solutions
Conclusions
MICA ProjectMICA Project
© ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999. E-mail: [email protected]
Possible Possible SolutionsSolutions
Human-Machine Interaction
Solution: In order to increase human reliability and safety in high-risk complex human-machine systems, we need to shift mental functions from human to computer,
Is it my
idea ?
to construct computer
ever more intelligent.
We need intelligent agents.ESPECIALLY FOR NOT ROUTINE, MULTI-DATA TASKS UNDER TIME CONSTRAINS.
MICA ProjectMICA Project
© ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999. E-mail: [email protected]
Possible Solutions: an
Abstract Intelligent Agent, AIA
Human-Machine Interaction
Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible solutions
Conclusions
Two roles of AIA:
1. user model -- cognitive intelligent agent
2. kernel of a computer intelligent assisstant.
Intelligent - an agent with capability to the modification of own preferences, capability of learning and meta-reasoning.[TOGA,Gadomski].
Emotional agent - Modeling of emotions, emotional behaviour [Web]
MICA ProjectMICA Project
© ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999. E-mail: [email protected]
Possible Solutions: Project
Results
Human-Machine Interaction
Problem Recognition
Problem Identification
Possible solutions
Conclusions
1. Recognized utility of the TOGA meta-theory [Gadomski,90,99] and SPG conceptualization [Gadomski,86,99] to the goal-oriented knowledge ordering in meta-system engineering applied to the analysis of HMI attributes.
2. Recognized plausibility of the identification of human mental states by the Protocol Analysis [K.A.Ericsson, H.A.Simon] applied to the IPK cognitive architecture [A.M.Gadomski,98,99].
3. Formal conceptual separation of knowledge, preferences and information acquisition in Human-Machine Interactions [Gadomski at al.,99]; has been applied to the IDA-MICA Project.
MICA ProjectMICA Project
© ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999. E-mail: [email protected]
ConclusioConclusionsns
Human-Machine Interaction
The work has been supported by the Scientific Cooperaton (ortogonal no profits activity) with The Interuniversity Center for the Research on Cognitive Processing in Natural and Artificial Systems ( ECONA).
Gadomski, Pestilli :INTELLIGENT DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM: TOGA COGNITIVE AGENT, , in frame of of The ECONA’s Meeting on “ Research Activities on Cognitive Modeling, May ,99 [Web].
A.M.Gadomski,S. Ceccacci:Seminar ”Contesto TOGA per la Progettazione di un Agente Intelligente Astratto ed il suo Decision-Making” , Perugia,99 [Web](Bora per Tesi di L.)
A.M.Gadomski: TOWARDS SYSTEM ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGIES, SET,SET, transparent-sheet, ENEA, 99[Web].
The obtained resualts are also the base for the proposal of a research project for the FET * Open (5th Program EU) with Univ. of Brussel,Poland, Ansaldo, ECONA (under preparation).
*FET - Future and Emerging Technologies