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HUMAN

REPRODUCTION

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The reproductive cycle in the female primates (e.g. monkeys, apes and human beings)

is called menstrual cycle. The first menstruation begins at puberty and is called

menarche. In human females, menstruation is repeated at an average interval of about

28/29 days, and the cycle of events starting from one menstruation till the next one is

called the menstrual cycle. One ovum is released (ovulation) during the middle of

each menstrual cycle. The major events of the menstrual cycle are shown in Figure 3.9.

The cycle starts with the menstrual phase, when menstrual flow occurs and it lasts for

3-5 days. The menstrual flow results due to breakdown of endometrial lining of the

uterus and its blood vessels which forms liquid that comes out through vagina.

Menstruation only occurs if the released ovum is not fertilised.

MENSTRUAL CYCLE


of each menstrual cycle. The major events of the menstrual cycle are shown in Figure

3.9. The cycle starts with the menstrual phase, when menstrual flow occurs and it lasts

for 3-5 days. The menstrual flow results due to breakdown of endometrial lining of the

uterus and its blood vessels which forms liquid that comes out through vagina.

Menstruation only occurs if the released ovum is not fertilised. Lack of menstruation

may be indicative of pregnancy. However, it may also be caused due to some other

underlying causes like stress, poor health etc. The menstrual phase is followed by the

follicular phase. During this phase, the primary follicles in the ovary grow to become a

fully mature Graafian follicle and simultaneously the endometrium of uterus regenerates

through proliferation. These changes in the ovary and the uterus are induced by

changes in the levels of pituitary and ovarian hormones (Figure 3.9). The secretion of

MENSTRUAL CYCLE


gonadotropins (LH and FSH) increases gradually during the follicular phase, and stimulates

follicular development as well as secretion of estrogens by the growing follicles. Both LH and

FSH attain a peak level in the middle of cycle (about 14th day). Rapid secretion of LH leading to

its maximum level during the mid-cycle called LH surge induces rupture of Graafian follicle and

thereby the release of ovum (ovulation). The ovulation (ovulatory phase) is followed by the

luteal phase during which the remaining parts of the Graafian follicle transform as the corpus

luteum (Figure 3.9). The corpus luteum secretes large amounts of progesterone which is

essential for maintenance of the endometrium. Such an endometrium is necessary for

implantation of the fertilised ovum and other events of pregnancy. During pregnancy all events of

the menstrual cycle stop and there is no menstruation. In the absence of fertilisation, the corpus

luteum degenerates. This causes disintegration of the endometrium leading to menstruation,

marking a new cycle. In human beings, menstrual cycles ceases around 50 years of age; that is

termed as menopause. Cyclic menstruation is an indicator of normal reproductive phase and

extends between menarche and menopause.

MENSTRUAL CYCLE


Maintenance of hygiene and sanitation during menstruation is very important. Take bath and

clean yourself regulary. Use sanitary napkins or clean homemade pads. Change sanitary

napkins or homemade pads after every 4–5 hrs as per the requirement. Dispose of the used

sanitary napkins properly wrapping it with a used paper. Do not throw the used napkins in the

drainpipe of toilets or in the open area. After handling the napkin wash hands with soap.

MENSTRUAL HYGIENE

Menstrual cycle is characterstic of all female

(A) Man, apes and monkeys

(B) Mammals

(C) Primates

(D) Both A and C


01

The cycle of events starting from one menstruation

till the next one is called

(A) Pregnancy

(B) Parturition

(C) Implantation

(D) Menstrual cycle


02

Lack of menstruation may be due to the

(A) Pregnancy

(B) Stress

(C) Poor health

(D) All of the above


03

The correct sequence of phases in the menstrual cycle is

(A) Mentstual phase, follicular phase and luteal

phase

(B) enstrual phase, luteal phase and follicular phase

(C) Menstrual phase, proliferative phase and secretory

phase

(D) Both A and C


04

The main cause of the disintegration of the

endometrial lining

(A) LH surge

(B) Degeneration of corpus luteum

(C) Ovulation during mid-cycle

(D) Implantation leads to pregnancy.


05

Recognise the figure and find out the correct matching


06

(A) a-LH, b-FSH, c-estrogen, d-

progesteron

(B) b-LH, a-FSH, c-estrogen, d-

progesteron

(C) c-LH, d-FSH, a-estrogen, b-

progesteron

(D) d-LH, c-FSH, b-estrogen, a-

progesteron.

In mammals, the onset of pregnancy causes

(A) Secretion of testosterone

(B) Degeneration of ovary

(C) Inhibition of further ovulation

(D) Inhibition of fertilization.


07

Which is correct

(A) Menstrual cycle is present in all mammals

(B) Menstrual cycle is present in all primates

(C) Estrous cycle occurs in all mammals

(D) Most mammals are oviparous.


08

Egg is liberated from ovary in

(A) Secondary oocyte stage

(B) Primary oocyte stage

(C) Oogonial stage

(D) Mature ovum stage.


09

In 28 days, human ovarian cycle, ovulation occurs

on

(A) Day 1

(B) Day 5

(C) Day 14

(D) Day 28.


10

In case of nonfertilization, corpus luteum

(A) Stops secreting progesterone

(B) Changes to corpus albicans

(C) Starts producing progesterone

(D) None of the above.


11

Immediately after ovulation, the mammalian egg is

covered by a membrane called

(A) Chorion

(B) Zona pellucida

(C) Corona radiata

(D) Vitelline membrane.


12

Number of eggs released in the life time of a women

is approximately

(A) 40

(B) 400

(C) 4000

(D) 20000.


13

Secretion of progesterone by corpus luteum is

initiated by

(A) MSH

(B) LH

(C) Testosterone

(D) Thyroxine.


14

Graafian follicle of ovary secretes

(A) Estrogen

(B) Relaxin

(C) Progesterone

(D) Cortisone.


15

Release of oocytes/ova from ovary is

(A) Gestation

(B) Ovulation

(C) Parturition

(D) Implantation.


16

The process of formation of ova is called

(A) Ovulation

(B) Oogenesis

(C) Oviparity

(D) Oviposition.


17

Human female reaches menopause at the age of

about

(A) 25 years

(B) 35 years

(C) 50 years

(D) 70 years.


18

Phase of menstrual cycle when ovulation occurs is

(A) Luteal

(B) Menstrual

(C) Proliferative

(D) Secretory.


19

Occyte is liberated from ovary under the influence

of LH, after completing

(A) Meiosis and before liberating polar bodies

(B) Meiosis I and before liberating polar bodies

(C) Meiosis I berfore completion of meiosis II

(D) Meiosis I after release of polar body.


20

Corpus luteum occurs in

(A) Uterus

(B) Oviduct

(C) Ovary

(D) Vagina.


21

Hormone responsible for ovulation and development

of corpus luteum is

(A) FSH

(B) LH

(C) L TH

(D) ICSH.


22

Hormone controlling human menstrual cycle is

(A) Estrogen

(B) FSH

(C) LH

(D) All of the above.


23

Which is incorrect for human female

(A) Menstrual cycle takes 28 days

(B) Menopause occurs at 45-55 years

(C) Ovulated egg released during pregnancy die

(D) Menstruation takes 4 days.


24

Both corpus lutea and macula lutea are

(A) Found in human ovaries

(B) Source of hormones

(C) Characterised by yellow colour

(D) Contributory in maintaining pregmancy.


25

Phase of menstrual cycle in human that lasts for 7-8

days is

(A) Follicular phase

(B) Ovulatory phase

(C) Luteal phase

(D) Menstruation.


26

Which of the following does not occur between 15-

28 days of menstrual cycle

(A) Premenstrual phase

(B) Luteal phase

(C) Secretory phase

(D) Proliferative phase.


27

Correct sequence of hormone secretion from

beginning of menstruation is

(A) FSH, progesterone, estrogen

(B) Estrogen, FSH, progesterone

(C) FSH, estrogen, progesterone

(D) Estrogen, progesterone, FSH.


28

Match the column

Column – I Column - II

(a) FSH 1. Preparee endometrium for implantation

(b) LH 2. Develops female secondary sexual characters

(c) Progesterone 3. Contraction of uterine wall

(d) Estrogen 4. Development of corpus luteum

5. Maturation of Graafian follicle

(A) (a) - 5, (b)- 4 , (c) - 1 , (d) - 2

(B) (a) - 4, (b)- 5 , (c) - 2 , (d) - 1

(C) (a) - 4, (b)- 3 , (c) - 2 , (d) - 5

(D) (a) - 5, (b)- 1 , (c) - 2 , (d) - 4.


29

In human female, ovulation occurs during

menstrual cycle

(A) At the end of proliferative phase

(B) In the middle of secretory phase

(C) Just before the end of secretory phase

(D) In the beginning of proliferative phase.


30

Which is correclty matched in a normal menstrual

cycle

(A) Endometrium regenerates - 5 to 10 days

(B) Release of egg - 5th day

(C) Endometrium secretes nutrients for

implantation - 11 to 18 days

(D) Rise in progesterone level - 1 to 15 days.


31

If mammalian ovum fails to get fertilized, which of

the following is unlikely

(A) Corpus luteum will disintegrate

(B) Primary follicle starts developing

(C) Progesterone secretion rapidly declines

(D) Estrogen secretion further decreses.


32

At menopause there is rise in urinary excretion of

(A) FSH

(B) STH

(C) MSH

(D) LH.


33

Withdrawal of which hormone is the immediate

cause of menstruation

(A) Estrogen

(B) FSH

(C) FSH-RH

(D) Progesteron.


34

Which hormone lev el reaches peak dur ing luteal

phase of menstrual cycle

(A) Luteinising hormone

(B) Progesterone

(C) Follicle stimulating hormone

(D) Estrogen.


35

Disintegration of corpus luteum occurs due to

inhibition of secretion of hormone

(A) L TH

(B) FSH

(C) Progesterone

(D) LH.


36

Level of estrogen and progesterone are minimum at

the time of

(A) Follicular phase

(B) Ovulation

(C) Secretory phase

(D) Onset of mentstrual phase.


37

Arrange the events in human female menstrual

cycle a-Secretion of FSH, b-Growth of corpus

luteum, c- Growth of follicle and oogenesis, d-

Ovulation, e-Sudden increase in level of LH

(A) a – c – e – d – b

(B) c – a – d – b – e

(C) a – d – c – e – b

(D) b – a – c – d – e.


38

What is false

(A) Menarche is beginning of menstruation

(B) Menstruation is shedding of endometrial lining

(C) Menopause occurs in the beginning of puberty

(D) Ovulation occurs under high titre of LH.


39

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Human Genome Project

Salient Features of Human Genome


Applications and Future Challenges

01


Choose the wrong statement regarding the observation

drawn from Human Genome Project is

(A) Repetitive sequences are stretches of RNA

(B) Less than 2% of the genome codes for protein

(C) Chromosome 'Y' has the fewest number of genes

(D) SNPs help in tracing human history.

01


Sequencing the whole set of genome that contained all

the coding and non coding sequence and later assigning

different region in the sequence with functions are

referred to as

(A) Expressed Tags (B) Sequence Annotation

(C) ESTs (D) SNPs.

01


Repetitive DNA are seperated from bulk genomic DNA as

different peak during density gradient centrifugation. The

bulk DNA forms a major peaks and the other small peaks

are referred to as

(A) Repetitive DNA

(B) SNPs (Snips)

(C) Taq-DNA

(D) Satellite DNA

01


Coenorhabditis elegans is

(A) Free-living

(B) Non-pathogenic

(C) Nematode


01


Many non-humans model organisms have also been

sequenced along with the human genome, these are

(A) Bacteria and yeast

(B) Plants (rice and Arabidopsis)

(C) Fruitfly and Coenohabditis (nematode)

(D) All of the above

01


The application of genetic engineering is in the

field of

(A) Forensic science

(B) Genetic biodiversity

(C) Evolutionary biology


01


Most number of genes are located on chromosome

(A) 1

(B) 6

(C) X

(D) Y.

01


Automated–DNA sequencers is based or method

developed by

(A) Erwin Chargaff

(B) Maurice Wilkins

(C) Francis Crick

(D) Frederick Sanger.

01


Match the columns I and II, and choose the correct combination

from the options given

Column I Column II

a. Hershey and Chase experiment 1. 1928

b. Taylor's experiment 2. 1952

c. Meselson and Stahl experiment 3. 1958

d. Transforming Principle 4. 1990

e. Human Genome Project launching 5. 1953

(A) a-1, b-2, c-3, d-5, e-4 (B) a-2, b-3, c-5, d-1, e-4

(C) a-2, b-3, c-4, d-1, e-5 (D) a-2, b-3, c-3, d-1, e-4.

01


(A) VNTRSingle base DNA differences are

called

(B) SCP

(C) SNPs

(D) Expressed sequence tags.

01


Largest gene in humans is

(A) Dystrophin

(B) Insulin gene

(C) Oncogene

(D) Huntingtin.

01


Haploid content of human DNA is

(A) 1.65 × 109 bp

(B) 3.1 – 3.3 × 109 bp

(C) 4.6 × 106 bp

(D) 3.3 × 109 kbp.

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