Human Resource Development vs.

Development Management

A Survey of Issues

The “Chicken and Egg” Question

Human Resource Development versus Economic and Social Change

Which comes first?

Which Comes First?

The Administrative Challenge

It is very hard to change public sector structures

NGOs are easier but

It takes five years to educate a manager

Human Resource Development Background

The Problem Nature of the “promote socio-economic change bureaucracy” Can it?

Legacy: The nature of the stratified Civil Service Segregated or class based systems Elitist Generalist, legal or technical Extractive? Law and Order

Human Resource Development

Role of the state in economic development Nature of the mixed economy Management of public corporations Role of regulation trust busting Reputation of the African economic model

Asian, European and Latin American comparisons (South Africa as a NIC)

The Transformation

Management Systems: Definitions and Types Routine administration Praetorian administration Scaffolding Administration Development mobilization Administration

non-routine

Human Resource Development, Development Management, Planning and Policy

The nature of the state decision-making process: planning (and = Planning vs. budgets) Privatization--administration and contracts Deconcentration vs devolution national vs.

local National Regional Local

Human Resource Development- Issue

Institutional Development, The Weberian model- Fit of existing institutions for development Mass of Regulations, routines and the hierarchy:

SOPs Absence of judgment, discretion and creativity How suitable for Development

Human Resource Development Background

The civil service "spirit”; problems of morale

Pattern of indigenization, localization and equal access

Replacement of long service, old regime or expatriates with inexperienced, untrained, often "clerical" assistants or politicos with no professional skills

Human Resource Development Background

The civil service "spirit”; problems of morale

Role of the graduates

Issue of equating authority with age

Experience vs. the young's feeling of blockage from rapid promotion next generation of University

Sensitivity to Expatriates

Sensitivity to continuing influence of foreign “expatriates” in technical assistance and international organizations

Symbols of Colonialism or Dependence

Expatriate mentality and tendency to outside of the formal chain of command

Human Resource Development Background Issues

Negative image of Government Administration Need to shift from law and order administration to

development values Willingness to accept non-governmental and

civil society organizations Question:

Use of bureaucracy development to mobilize people for economic change and provide for socio-activist, "organic" civil service, not a hierarchical, mechanistic one

Human Resource Development

Recruitment

Discipline

Motivation

Education and Training

Recruitment: Three Models

Patronage and Political Appointments

Education (merit) Recruitment

By what standards?

Recruitment

Representation vs. merit

Problem of the visible positions and the use of language

Professional Services foreign service, military, police, technical-professional cadres each represent a separate set of issues

Representation

“Representative Bureaucracy”

Affirmative Action

Ethnic Arithmatic

“Africanization” or “Malaysianization”

Recruitment:

Representation-merit vs. representation, continued

There are both political and economic demands made during and after a transition

Political, Merit and Representation Issues are all legitimate

The key issue: Can bureaucratic structures be used to promote socio-economic change and if so how should they be trained

The Transformation

Affirmative Action and the Representation Model

Active vs. Passive change

Inducements to move people to the private sector

Contracting Out as an inducement model

HRD: The Transformation

Issues of discipline, termination The life sinecure and problems of dead wood

The role of participation in the HRD Development process Public and private sector professional

associations, political parties, and trade unions Grass Roots and Bottom Up Planning

The public vs. the NGO and the private sectors: who wins the HRD struggle?

Human Resource Development, Development Management, Planning and Policy

Public administration vs. development administration Potential for development administration

The role of NGOs and PVOs social movements, unions and cooperatives

Project vs. program management planning Implementation, institutional capacity and

assessment Focus of HRD Efforts

Human Resource Development, Development Management, Planning and Policy

International Involvement: Scholarships, Training, Institutional Development

International involvement

Institutions, Debt and Failure Investment, Loans, Debt and the role of

technical assistance (and Dealing with donors)

Special requirements for rural development Problems of urban bias

The Transformation

Motivation:

Theory x vs. Theory y

Motivation

Theory X:

Basic Needs: Money

Time in Motion

Frederick Taylor, Taylorism and Scientific Management

Motivation

Theory Y

Hawthorne Experiments- Chicago

Need to feel Human and part of social system

Consulting, Sensitivity Training, “Suggestion Boxes”

(Theory z)Maslov’s Hierarchy of Needs

First Level: Survival Needs--poverty culture and political uncertainty-Violation of the social contract

Second level: Non-economic motivations- Social and egocentric

Third Level: Self-actualization Ego-highest level

Education and Training:

Knowledge Base

The problem of: bounded knowledge no short cuts to education

The key to the short-term experience: designer training

Organizational Development

Public Sector Higher Education System

Temptations of “Bridging” Training

Short 3-6 Week Training Program, in-country or overseas

Can substitute for the Experience of a University Education

Training best focused on skills

Temptations of “Bridging” Training

Extent to which the administrative culture reflects a high degree of paternalism

One needs flexible people, with flexible minds

The new administrators in Transitional states

First vs. second generation: The bridging generation can block the next generations

Problem of Bounded Knowledge

The time factor Professional and technical skills and "the art of

management" Administrative culture

Issue of debate and discussion within the public service (problem of conformity)

Criticism of tunnel vision Mentality of the old nuts and bolts mechanisms

within the context of a centralized state

Education and Training: Education:

Entry Requirements The MPA style degree? The role of University programs The Prospects and Limits of training: Problems of

management skills Basic Techniques and Processes (e.g. Computers and

Quantitative Skills) How much Consciousness Raising?

Development Management vs. Management Development The debate over Human Resource Development

Education and Training:

Education in Public Management, Personnel, Financial Management, Management Information Systems (Masters Degree as a

Professional Degree)

Public Policy Analysis and Issue Areas Public Administration Political Institutions and Processes Macro and Micro Economics Development Policy and Management (NGOs)

Problem of Bounded Knowledge

Need for gradual retirement of existing Administrators and a staggered bridge

The role of overseas training and education: Problems of technical assistance Role of donors and the policy process Donor provision of planners and administrators The attractiveness of Bridging Training The Brain Drain Issue

The Transformation

Human Resource development planning: The Importance of a BASE LINE planning

Rule of Thumb: The Wider the target the less precise the planning

Base Line Planning

Macro-planning- Country Wide Sectoral Planning-single sector, eg.

agriculture Functional Planning- engineers Sub-national Planning- local level Institutional planning or organizational- single

unit Skills analysis- focus on individual

Discussion

1. What have you been reading lately?

2. What should your colleagues be reading?

Discussion: Next Week

Civil Service Training in Eritrea- Picard

Each group prepare a five minute critique