human structure & function- summary notes · femoral head into socket • due to blood supply,...
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ANAT20007
HumanStructure&Function-SummaryNotes
AnatomicalBasics
• PlanesofAnatomyo Coronal(fallforward&back)o Sagittal(fallleft&right)o Transverse(throughthebellybutton)
• Positioningo Anterior/Posterior(Front&Back)o Ventral/Dorsal(Front&Back)o Medial/Lateral(Mid-line&outside)o Superior/Inferior(Top&Bottom)o Proximal/Distal(Closeto&furtherfromorigin)o ABduction/ADduction(moveaway&towardmid-line)
NeurologicalBasicsBrain&SpinalCord• Meninges
o Threelayersthatprotectsbrainandspinalcordo DuraMater(OuterLayer)
§ Doublesheetofconnectivetissuethatfoldsbetweenhemispheres(againstskull)
o Arachnoid(MiddleLayer)§ Tissuewithspideryoffshootsthatspan
sub-arachnoidspace§ SubarachnoidspacecontainsCSFtocushionthebrain
o Pia(DeepLayer&connectsstraightontobrain)• Skull
o Setvolume�itcannotmoveo Ifbrainexpands�reducedbloodflow&canleadtoepiduralhaematoma
§ Nb-BleedingintotheMeningescanincreasepressurewithintheskullandthusonthebrain
NervousSystem
• Neuronso Transmitactionpotentials(AP)fromDendritesto
Axonterminalo Cellbodyishighlybranchedo MyelinSheathinsulatesaxono Axonsgotoothercellbodies
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CirculatorySystemBasics
BloodVesselStructure• Intimaàendotheliumthat’sthinandpermeable• Mediaàsmoothmusclethat’selastic• Adventiaàfibroustissuethatgivesnerveandbloodsupply
Arteries
• ElasticàClosertoheartandmustwithstandhighpressure• Smoothandmusculartoreducefriction• Anastomoses
o Aconnectionbetweentwoarteriesthatallowsoxygenatedbloodtotravelanalternatepathway
• EndArteriesàdon’tlinkwithotherarteries• Thrombosisàblockinabloodvessel
Veins
• Carrybloodbacktowardstheheartviavenulesthenveins• Thinnerwalls,withlessmuscleasbloodisn’tunderasmuch
pressure• Valves
o Inperforatingveinsinthelimbs(closetomuscles)o Soastonotloseblooddownthevesselsduetogravityo Musclessqueezethebloodupthevesselswhenthey
contract• VenaeCommintatesàveinsoverthetopofarteriestoobtain
heatfromarteries• ThoracicPumpàdiaphragmcontractionsqueezesIVCthus
sendingblooduptotheheart
Lymph• Tissuefilledforplasmaproteins• LymphVessels
o Carryforeignmaterialtolymphnodestobefilteredo ReturntocirculationintheleftandrightBrachiocephalicveinso ThoracicDuctàdrainsmostofthebodyo LymphaticDuctàdrainstherightquarterofthebody
• LymphNodeso Exposeforeignmaterialtoantigensandtheimmunesystemo Sentinelnodesthroughoutthebodyattheneck,underarmsandgroin
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Wrist• Radio-carpalJointisacondyloidjointthatdeviatesthewrist• Ulnardoesn’tarticulateatthewristatall(Distalradioulnarjoint)• ScaphoidarticulateswithradiusandsomeoftheLunatebone
Hand
• Intercarpaljoints(betweencarpalbones)stabilizethewrist• Carpo-metacarpaljointiscondyloidjoints• Interphalangealjointsarehinge• Thumbjointisasaddlejoint
Muscles• Musclesinthesamecompartmenthavesimilaractionandsamenerve
innovationShoulder/Scapula
• PecMajor/Minoràjoinstocoracoidprocessasanextensor• Deltoidàfullysurroundstheshoulderjointasprimarymover
o RotatorCuffsàfromscapulaandattachestotheheadofthehumerous(providefirst100ofshoulderabduction)
• TeresMajor/MinoràInfScaptothehumerous
Arm
• AnteriorCompartment(Flexors)o Bicep(2headswithCoracoidandjointcapsuleorigins)o Brachialisàmainflexoracrosselbowjoint
• PosteriorCompartment(Extensors)o TricepswithLong,MedialandLateralheads
§ Joinstoscapulaatvariouslocations
Forearm• AnteriorCompartment(Flexorofwristanddigits)
o SuperficialLayer(FlexorCarpiradialis/ulnarisforwristdeviation)
o IntermediateLayer(FlexorDigitoriumSuperficialiswithtendonsthroughcarpaltunnel)
o DeepLayer(FlexorDigitoriumProfundus)o 9Tendonsthroughthecarpaltunnelo Commonoriginofmedialepicondyleof
humerous• PosteriorCompartment(Extensorofwristanddigits)
o SuperficialLayeràBrachioradialisisprimemoverbutdoesn’tcrosstheelbowjoint
o DeepLayeràExtensorPollicisLongus/Brevisandabductorpollicislongusactonthumbandformsnuffbox
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HipJoint
• BallandSocketJointdeepenedbyaLabrum3degreesofmovement)
• IlliofemoralLigamentàspinsaroundthejointandscrewsfemoralheadintosocket
• Duetobloodsupply,fracturedneckoffemurcancausedeathoffemoralhead
• Dislocationàriskofdamagingsciaticnerve
KneeJoint• JoinsFemurwithPatellaandTibia(stableatextension)• Bursaàdecreasefrictionandcangatherfluid�swelleasily• Menisciàx2FibrocartilagenousDiscsontopofTibialplateau(wedges)
o Increasecontact/SAbetweenandactasshockabsorbersandspreadsynovialfluid
• Ligamentsàcreatemostofthestabilityatthekneejointo Cruciate’sàACL/PCL(stopsforward/backwardslippage)
§ Nametellsyouwhereitattachestotibiao Collateralsàsitsontheedgeofthejointtostopsideways
movement§ Medialàtouchesmedialmenisciandjointcapsule§ Lateralàroundedandnarrowandattachesto
Fibulahead• InjuryàUnhappyTriad(ACL,MCLandMedialMenisci)
o Canallbedamagedwithrotationofknee
Tibia/FibulaJoint
• SuperiorJointàstrongligamentswithsomeglidingo FibuladoesnotarticulatewithFemuratall
• InferiorJointàFibrousSyndesmosiswithgoodstability
AnkleJoint• Talo-CruralJointàHingeSynovialJoint
o TalusmainlyarticulateswithTibiabutitalsotouchesFibula• CollateralLigaments
o 3Lateral(noncontinuousandveryweakandseparate)o 4Medial(strongandprovidegreatsupport)
• Sub-TarlarJointo Talusjoiningwithothertarsalso Thisallowssidewaysmovementofthefoot(inversionand
eversion)• MovementàPlantarflex(toground)andDorsiflex(trueflexion)
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Larynx• Joinspharynxtolowerairways• Epiglottisàbehindtongueandclosesofftracheawhen
swallowing• ThyroidCartilageàAdam’sApple• CricoidCartilageàfirstfullringofcartilageadjoiningto
trachea• HyoidBoneàabovethyroidcartilage• TrachealringsàCartilagearoundtracheathatislackingin
theposterior• VocalChords/Ligaments
o 2ArytenoidLigamentsthatattachtothethyroidcartilage
o Makesoundasligsadducto Hasvocalfoldofmucosaoverthetopofit
Pharynx
• Naso(superior),Oro(Middle)andLaryno(Inferior)allmakeupthepharynx
• X3ConstrictorMusclesclosearoundposteriornasalandoralcavitiestocreatetheposteriorborderofthepharynx
• AdenoidsàpartoftheimmunesystematthebackofNasopharynx
o Iftheyswelltheycanblocktheauditorytube�youcantequalizepressure
• PalatineTonsils=“THETONSILS”àonlateralwallsoforopharynx
ThoracicFramework
• Forprotectionandassistswithbreathing(12RibsandCartilages)• SternumàManubrium>Body>XiphoidProcess• CostalMarginàJoinsthecostalcartilagesofRibs7-10
o JoinstheribstotheSternalBodyo Ribs11and12havenocostalcartilages(Floating)
• RibsattachtoThoracicVertebraeposteriorly(5thRibsbetweenT4andT5vertebralbodies)
• TypicalRibsàRibs3-9o HeadatvertebralendjoinswithCostalfacetof
vertebralbodywithstrongligamentso CostotransverseJointisbetweenCostalTubercleand
Transverseprocessofvertebrae(X3strongligs)• Openings
o SuperioràManubriumborderwith1stRibandCostalCartilage
§ ClosedbySupraplexalmembrancewhereneeded
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TheUrinarySystem
• Kidneyo SolidvisceraatL1-L3withRHSslightlylowerduetokidneyo SitsagainstPsaosMajorandsurroundedbylotsoffatinRenalfasciao Hilum
§ Facesantero-mediallywithspacesinsidefilledwithfat(RenalSinuses)
§ RenalPelvisàiscontinuouswithuretertobladder§ RenalArteryàsplitstosupplyindividualsegments§ RenalVeinàMostAnterioranddrainsdirectlyintoIVC
o Structure§ Cortex(outsideandfillsthespacebetweenmedulla§ Medulla(RenalPyramidsthatsecreteurineintoMinorthen
MajorCalicesthenureter)• Ureter
o JoinskidneytobladderbyfollowingPsaosmajoro Onlateralwallofpelvisandentersobliquelythroughthebladdero Narrowingsformingfunctionalsphincters
§ Uteropelvicjunctionatkidney§ Crossingtheilliaccrest§ Passingthroughthebladder
• Bladdero Mostanteriorlypositionedviscerawithinthepelvis
withstrongmuscularwallso Pyramidalshapewithapex(ant)andbase(post)o SitsPosteriorlyagainstrectumoruteruso Trigoneà2uretersenterposteriorlyandurethraexitsanteriorly
§ Isanareaofsmoothmuscle• Urethra
o Femalesàshortthroughpelvicfloor�moreUTI’s(4cm)
o Malesà4segmentsthatbendstwiceandislonger(throughpenis)
§ Pre-prostatic>Prostatic>membranous(throughpelvicfloor)>Spongy(throughpenis)
§ 2sphincterswhereasfemalesonlyhave1
ThePelvisThePelvicFloor
• ClosesoffpelvisinferiorlybytheLevatoranimuscles• LevatorAni
o Puborectalisàslingaroundanuscreatingthekinko Pubococcygeousandilliococcygeouso Urogenitalhiatusformurethraandvagina(females)to
passthrough