Name: ________________________________ Test Date: ___________________Unit 11- History of the Earth and Evolution

I. History of the Earth pg. 388-409• The earth is approximately 4.6 Billion years old• Scientists believe that life originated in the oceans between 3.9 & 3.4 billion years ago.• Paleontologists -are scientists who study ancient life• They study Fossils- Evidence of an organism that lived long ago

A. Evidence from Fossils1. Types:

a) Trace - any indirect evidence left by an organism. Footprints, burrows fecesb) Molds & Cast - Mold is an impression of an organism, Cast is a mold filled with sedimentc) Replacement - The original material of an organism is replaced w/minerals crystals that

can leave detailed replicasd) Petrified or permineralized - Empty pore spaces are filled in by minerals. Petrified woode) Amber - tree sap traps an entire organism, and sap hardens into amberf) Original material- Mummification or freezing preserved original organisms.

2. Less than 10% of all living organisms were fossilized because the conditions weren’t right & the organism decomposed before they had a chance to become fossilized.

3. Dating Fossilsa) Absolute Dating-

1) Radioactive isotopes- C-14 datingb) Relative Dating

1) Sediments are laid down in strata2) Lowest layers are oldest3) A fossil's position in undisturbed rock gives its age relative to other fossils.

II. Evolution (pg. 418-441) Evolution is defined as changes in a population of organisms over time. The scientist considered

to be the founder of modern evolutionary theory is Charles Darwin.

A. History of Evolutionary Theory- During the 1700s, several scientists began challenging the idea of a world in which changes did not occur. These scientists and their hypotheses were very important to Darwin’s work. 1. Gradualism – Geologists, Hutton & Lyell, first suggested that the planet was much older than

previously thought; began to find evidence that changes were slowly, but constantly taking place.

2. Malthus – Published an essay that had a huge impact on Darwin. Proposed that organisms over - reproduce; in other words, reproduce at a greater rate than resources can supply.

3. Lamarck - Lamarck was one of the first scientists to propose a mechanism for evolution; that is, the changes in a population of organisms over time. His major hypotheses included:

Tendency Toward Perfection – Stated that organisms were continually changing in order to live more successfully.

Use and Disuse – Changes in size and/or shape of a structure in an organism was a response to use or disuse. Structures used extensively grew bigger and structures used less frequently got smaller.

Inheritance of Acquired Traits – If a parent gets a tattoo or works out and gets REALLY buff then the child will be born with the same traits.

B. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection- 1. Darwin's History- 1831-Darwin’s data was collected on a 5-year journey around the world on

the HMS Beagle. He made observations and collected data throughout the journey. He used this data to propose a hypothesis to explain the diversity he saw. The area that had the

How old is the Earth?

What evidence do we have to see a few types of what use to live here?

***Think of it this way…. The conditions have to be right for a fossil to form, usually wet, swampy areas made fossils. So, in the future when another species takes over the planet and wants to know what Humans were like, they will probably only find about 10 fossils, out of a population of 7 billion, of people from southern regions or frozen in ice, to represent all humans on the planet.

What do fossils tell us?

Define Evolution:

What does Gradualism mean?

Was Malthus correct in his theory? (yes & no is the answer, EXPLAIN WHY)

Describe Lamarck’s 3 ideas, in your own words:Tendency towards perfection:

Use and disuse:

Inheritance of Acquired traits:

What was the name of the ship Darwin traveled on?

What were some of the places that he stopped at that had an influence on him?

greatest impact on Darwin was the Galapagos Islands due to the differences he saw in the same animals living on different islands.

2. Darwin’s Observations Members of a population often vary greatly in their traits. Traits are inherited from parents to offspring. All species are capable of producing more offspring than environment can support Due to a lack of food or other resources, many of the offspring will not survive.

3. Darwin’s Theories – Based on his observations and the hypotheses of other scientists Organisms with favorable traits tend to survive and reproduce; thereby leaving more

descendants than other individuals This will result in an accumulation of these traits in the offspring, changing the original

genetic make-up of the population

4. Darwin’s Legacy Did not publish his findings for years Alfred Wallace – formed identical hypotheses based on his research. Sent his

manuscript to Darwin, and finally Darwin was persuaded to publish his own conclusions

Released “Origin of Species”, still considered one of the greatest scientific studies ever

III. The Principles of Evolutionary TheoryA. Evolution occurs because of natural selection - a mechanism for change that occurs when

organisms with favorable characteristics for a particular environment survive, reproduce, and pass these characteristics on to offspring.

B. The ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment is known as fitness

C. Fitness is based on adaptations. An adaptation is any trait that aids in the survival and reproduction of an organism. Examples of adaptations are thorns on a cactus, camouflage, antibiotic resistance in bacteria

D. As organisms survive and adapt, speciation may occur. Speciation is the formation of new species - a group of similar organisms that breed with one another and produce fertile offspring . . . that is, babies that can make babies!

E. The failure of an organism to adapt to changes in its environment will ultimately lead to its extinction because of natural selection.

IV. Evidence for EvolutionA. Fossils are preserved bones and traces of organisms.

Fossils provide a record of earlier life and evidence that evolution has occurred.B. Geographical distribution of species

Species on different continents that evolved similar adaptations because they are evolving in the same type of environment

What was the name of the ship Darwin traveled on?

What were some of the places that he stopped at that had an influence on him?

What do Fossils tell us?

Describe Geographical Distribution in your own words:

Describe the function of each set of bones:Human arm:

Ex: The South American Mara (looks kind of like a rabbit) and the English Rabbit are similar because they inhabit similar niches, but are more closely related to other South American animals than the English Rabbit.

C. Homologous Structures – Appendages that are very similar in structure but differ in function. Scientists use anatomical studies of different organisms for evidence of evolutionary

relationships. Examples of homologous structures are arm of human, flipper of dolphin, wing of bat.

Color each part of the human arm a different color. (All bones of the wrist should be a single color, the bone groups of the hand should be a different single color.) Then color the corresponding bone in each of the other animals the same color as the human bone

D. Vestigial Structures - A structure that is reduced in function in a living organism, but may have been used by an ancestor

A structure may become vestigial when an organism changes in form or behavior Examples are wings of ostrich, eyes on cave fish, *human appendix*.

Structure Probable Function Why Vestigial?Appendix

Coccyx(tail bones)Muscles that move earsMuscles that make hair stand upWisdom teeth

E. Embryology – Similarities in the structures of developing embryo of different organisms are considered to be proof of a close evolutionary relationship

What do Fossils tell us?

Describe Geographical Distribution in your own words:

Describe the function of each set of bones:Human arm:

What are some similarities shared between all of the animals?

Which 4 animals look like they are more closely related later on in development?

Which animal(s) looks the most like a human in the early developmental

F. DNA Sequencing – Scientists use DNA studies to determine the evolutionary relationship between organisms. The more similar the DNA, the closer the evolutionary relationship

Highlight everything that is different from the Human

1. Which animal has the least amount of amino acid differences from Humans? ___________2. Which animal has the most amounts of amino acid differences from Humans? __________3. Out of the list of animals, who is more closely related to Humans? ___________________4. Why? ___________________________________________________________________

G. Adaptations- a trait shaped by natural selection that increases an organism’s reproductive success or Fitness

1. Camouflage- allows organisms to become almost invisible to predators. As a result, more of the camouflage individuals survive and reproduce

2. Mimicry- One species evolves to resemble another species. Ex. A harmless species that has evolved to resemble a harmful species.

Mechanisms for Evolution Mind Map- Fill in the boxes with a definition and an example

What are some similarities shared between all of the animals?

Which 4 animals look like they are more closely related later on in development?

Which animal(s) looks the most like a human in the early developmental

Human THR LEU SER GLU LEU HIS CYS ASP LYS LEU HIS VAL ASP PRO GLU Chimpanzee THR LEU SER GLU LEU HIS CYS ASP LYS LEU HIS VAL ASP PRO GLUGorilla THR LEU SER GLU LEU HIS CYS ASP LYS LEU HIS VAL ASP PRO GLURhesus monkey GLN LEU SER GLU LEU HIS CYS ASP LYS LEU HIS VAL ASP PRO GLUHorse ALA LEU SER GLU LEU HIS CYS ASP LYS LEU HIS VAL ASP PRO GLUKangaroo LYS LEU SER GLU LEU HIS CYS ASP LYS LEU HIS VAL ASP PRO GLU

Human ASN PHE ARG LEU LEU GLY ASN VAL LEU VAL CYS VAL LEU ALA HIS Chimpanzee ASN PHE ARG LEU LEU GLY ASN VAL LEU VAL CYS VAL LEU ALA HISGorilla ASN PHE LYS LEU LEU GLY ASN VAL LEU VAL CYS VAL LEU ALA HISRhesus monkey ASN PHE LYS LEU LEU GLY ASN VAL LEU VAL CYS VAL LEU ALA HISHorse ASN PHE ARG LEU LEU GLY ASN VAL LEU ALA LEU VAL VAL ALA ARGKangaroo ASN PHE LYS LEU LEU GLY ASN ILE ILE VAL ILE CYS LEU ALA GLU

Mechanisms for Evolution- 5 fingers of Evolutionhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5NdMnlt2keE

• What is Evolution? ____________________________________________________________________________

• What is sex? ______________________________________________________________________________

• IF you start with 50% red head in a population then you should continue to have 50% in the population UNLESS ______________________ has occurred.

• 5 process that can occur to change the population1. Pinky- ________________________________________________________________

a. Then ___________ can take over.2. Ring- _________________________________________________________________

a. If individuals choose a mate based on appearance or location then the _________ can change.

3. Middle-_________________________________________________________________a. If a new gene is add then it can affect the ____________

4. Pointer-________________________________________________________________________a. what is gene flow?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. What is adaptation? ______________________________________________________________________________

6. Thumbs up for- ______________________________________________________________________________

7. Thumbs down for- _____________________________________________________________________________

8. Those who are not adapted to their environment will be _________________by those who are.9. Microevolution is

______________________________________________________________________________

10. Macroevolution is

_____________________________________________________________________________

Label the Hand!

V. Mechanisms for Evolution: Evolution does not occur in an individual; instead it refers to heritable changes that occur in a

population over time. There must be mechanisms available for genetic changes to occur:A. Mutation – A mutation is a change in DNA. Although mutations are most often harmful,

sometimes the resulting change in phenotype may be beneficial to an organism under certain conditions. If the change occurs in the gametes, this change will be passed onto the offspring of that organism. A positive mutation that provides a survival advantage is known as an adaptation

Bed Bugs- Fifty years ago, the blood-sucking pests were nearly eradicated in the United States thanks in part to the use of pesticides like DDT. The surviving bugs mutated and are now resistant to insecticides. Changing 2000 amino acids is enough to make an insect 250 times more resistant

B. Diploidy – Most organisms are diploid, which means double set of chromosomes. This allows for increased genetic variation in a population.

Heterozygote Advantage – Seen in sickle cell allele and malaria. Recombination - Leads to increased genetic variation as a result of crossing over during

prophase I of meiosis.

C. Gene Flow – Gene flow occurs when organisms from one community migrate to another. This introduces new alleles into the population which can lead to a change in the genetic make-up of the population.

D. Nonrandom mating- usually organisms mate with individuals in close proximity. This promotes inbreeding and could lead to a change in allelic proportions favoring individuals that are homozygous for a particular traits

E. Genetic Drift – This describes a situation in which change in a population is magnified because the population size is very small. Causes of genetic drift include

1. Bottleneck effect – large portion of population destroyed in disaster2. Founder effect – segment of population moves to new habitat

F. Speciation- The formation of a new species1. Behavioral Isolation- When 2 populations are capable of interbreeding, but have

differences in courtship rituals or other behaviors Example: Eastern & Western Meadow Larks: similar birds with overlapping

habitats, but do not mate because they use different songs to attract mates

2. Allopatric Speciation- 2 populations are separated by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains or bodies of water

Example: 10,000 years ago the Abert Squirrel lived in the Southwest US, then the Colorado River formed, splitting the population of the Abert Squirrel which led to the formation of the new species Kaibab Squirrel

3. Sympatric Speciation- when a species evolves into a new species in an area without a geographic barrier. In sympatric speciation, the original (ancestor) population and the new species live side-by-side during the speciation process

Can happen because of the type of food the organisms eat.

4. Temporal Isolation: When 2 or more species reproduce at different times Example: 3 species of orchids live in the same rain forest, each release pollen

on different days, so they cannot pollinate one another

You as a person CANNOT Evolve, but as a species we can.

What is a Mutation?

How does crossing over lead to increased genetic variation? (you may have to look back to the Meiosis notes)

What does Gene Flow mean?

Give an example:

What does Nonrandom mating mean?

Give an example of Bottleneck Effect:

Founder Effect:

What does behavioral isolation mean?

Describe Allopatric speciation in your own words:

Describe Sympatric Speciation in your own words:

What does Temporal Isolation mean?