Hundred Hundred Years' WarYears' War

Name:Name: Zuzana GunZuzana Gunárováárová

Subject: Reálie Anglicky Subject: Reálie Anglicky mluvících zemímluvících zemí

Field of study: Financial Field of study: Financial managementmanagement

Hundred Years' Hundred Years' WarWar

The term "Hundred Years' War" was The term "Hundred Years' War" was a later historical term invented by a later historical term invented by historians to describe the series of historians to describe the series of events.events.

was a conflict between was a conflict between FranceFrance and and EnglandEngland lasting 116 yearslasting 116 years

It was fought primarily over It was fought primarily over claimsclaims by the by the English kingsEnglish kings to theto the French throneFrench throne

It began 1337- the lasted 1450s, It began 1337- the lasted 1450s, though were long periods between though were long periods between batles.batles.

the war gave impetus to ideas of both the war gave impetus to ideas of both French and English French and English nationalitynationality. .

Militarily, it saw the introduction of new Militarily, it saw the introduction of new weapons and tactics, which eroded the older weapons and tactics, which eroded the older system of system of feudalfeudal

The first The first standing armiesstanding armies in in Western EuropeWestern Europe since the time of the since the time of the Western Roman EmpireWestern Roman Empire were introduced for the war, thus changing were introduced for the war, thus changing the role of the peasantry. For all this, as well the role of the peasantry. For all this, as well as for its long duration, it is often viewed as as for its long duration, it is often viewed as one of the most significant conflicts in the one of the most significant conflicts in the history of history of medieval warfaremedieval warfare. .

BackgroundBackground• can be found 400 years earlier, in can be found 400 years earlier, in 911911 • when when CarolingianCarolingian Charles the SimpleCharles the Simple allowed the allowed the

VikingViking RolloRollo to settle in a part of his kingdom (a to settle in a part of his kingdom (a region known afterwards as "region known afterwards as "NormandyNormandy"). In "). In 1066, the "1066, the "NormansNormans" were led by " were led by William the ConquerorWilliam the Conqueror (the Duke of Normandy) (the Duke of Normandy) and and conquered Englandconquered England, defeating the , defeating the Anglo-SaxonAnglo-Saxon leadership at the leadership at the Battle of HastingsBattle of Hastings, and subsequently installed a new , and subsequently installed a new Anglo-NormanAnglo-Norman power structure. It is important to power structure. It is important to note for future events that, as landholders in note for future events that, as landholders in French Normandy, Norman leaders were French Normandy, Norman leaders were vassalsvassals to the King of France, even after they also to the King of France, even after they also became kings in England. became kings in England.

English English nationalismnationalism

• Edward I.Edward I.• The 14th centure is the The 14th centure is the

beginning of Englisch beginning of Englisch nationalism. nationalism.

• It started under Edwar I, he It started under Edwar I, he expelled the Jews and foreign expelled the Jews and foreign favourites of his father and favourites of his father and conquered Wales and made it conquered Wales and made it a principality.a principality.

• He invaded Scotland and He invaded Scotland and defeated the Scots, he carried defeated the Scots, he carried off the Stone of Scote, on off the Stone of Scote, on wich Scottisch kings were wich Scottisch kings were crowned, and had it placed in crowned, and had it placed in throne in Westminster Abbey. throne in Westminster Abbey. The upper classes began to The upper classes began to abandon French and learn abandon French and learn Englisch.Englisch.

• English nationalism aroused English nationalism aroused Scottish nationalism. The Scottish nationalism. The Scots sought an ally in France Scots sought an ally in France and in the end Scotland and in the end Scotland remeined independent.remeined independent.

• English nationalism aroused English nationalism aroused Scottish nationalism. The Scottish nationalism. The Scots sought an ally in France Scots sought an ally in France and in the end Scotland and in the end Scotland remeined independent.remeined independent.

Devided of the Devided of the warwar

•Thus, the war was in fact a series of Thus, the war was in fact a series of conflicts and is commonly divided into conflicts and is commonly divided into three or four phases: the three or four phases: the Edwardian War (1337-1360)Edwardian War (1337-1360), the , the Caroline War (1369-1389)Caroline War (1369-1389), the , the Lancastrian War (1415-1429)Lancastrian War (1415-1429), and the , and the slow decline of English fortunes after slow decline of English fortunes after the appearance of the appearance of Joan of ArcJoan of Arc (1412- (1412-1431).1431).

On the eve of war: On the eve of war: 1328-13371328-1337• In In 13331333, Edward III went to war with , Edward III went to war with David II of ScotlandDavid II of Scotland, a French ally under the , a French ally under the Auld AllianceAuld Alliance, and began the , and began the Second War of Scottish IndependenceSecond War of Scottish Independence. Philip . Philip saw the opportunity to reclaim Gascony saw the opportunity to reclaim Gascony while England's attention was concentrated while England's attention was concentrated northwards. However, the war was a quick northwards. However, the war was a quick success for England, and David was forced success for England, and David was forced to flee to France after being defeated by to flee to France after being defeated by King Edward and King Edward and Edward BalliolEdward Balliol at the at the Battle of Battle of HalidonHalidon Hill Hill in July. In in July. In 13361336, Philip , Philip made plans for an expedition to restore made plans for an expedition to restore David to the Scottish throne, and to also David to the Scottish throne, and to also seize Gascony.seize Gascony.

Beginning of the Beginning of the war: war:

1337–13601337–1360 • in in 13401340, in the , in the Battle of Battle of SluysSluys, was , was succesful Englisch Arm. After this, England succesful Englisch Arm. After this, England was able to dominate the was able to dominate the English ChannelEnglish Channel for the rest of the war for the rest of the war

•Battle of Battle of CrécyCrécy- Edward positioned his - Edward positioned his forces for battle, and Philip's army attacked. forces for battle, and Philip's army attacked. The famous The famous Battle of Battle of CrécyCrécy was a complete was a complete disaster for the French.disaster for the French.

• In the same year, an English victory against In the same year, an English victory against Scotland in the Scotland in the Battle of Neville's CrossBattle of Neville's Cross led led to the capture of David II and greatly to the capture of David II and greatly reduced the threat from Scotland. reduced the threat from Scotland.

Battle of CrécyBattle of Crécy• In this battle died In this battle died

czech king Jan czech king Jan LucemburskLucemburský.ý.

In 1348, the Black Death began to ravage Europe. In 1356, after it had passed and England was able to recover financially, Edward's son and namesake, the Prince of Wales, known as the Black PrinceBattle of Poitiers, where the English archers repeated the tactics used at Crécy. The new French king, John II, was captured. John signed a truce with Edward and in his absence, much of the government began to collapse. Later that year, the Second Treaty of London was signed, by which England gained possession of Aquitaine and John was freed.

First peace: 1360–First peace: 1360–13691369 •Treaty of Treaty of BrétignyBrétigny

•The Treaty of Brétigny had made Edward The Treaty of Brétigny had made Edward renounce his claim to the French crown. renounce his claim to the French crown.

•At the same time it greatly expanded his At the same time it greatly expanded his territory in Aquitaine and confirmed his territory in Aquitaine and confirmed his conquest of Calais. In reality, Edward conquest of Calais. In reality, Edward never renounced his claim to the French never renounced his claim to the French crown, and Charles made a point of crown, and Charles made a point of retaking Edward's new territory as soon as retaking Edward's new territory as soon as he ascended to the throne. In he ascended to the throne. In 13691369, on the , on the pretext that Edward III had failed to pretext that Edward III had failed to observe the terms of the treaty of observe the terms of the treaty of Brétigny, Charles declared war once again. Brétigny, Charles declared war once again.

French ascendancy French ascendancy under Charles V: under Charles V:

1369–13891369–1389 • The reign of Charles V saw the English The reign of Charles V saw the English steadily pushed back. Although the steadily pushed back. Although the Breton war ended in their favour at Breton war ended in their favour at the the Battle of Battle of AurayAuray, the dukes of , the dukes of Brittany eventually reconciled with the Brittany eventually reconciled with the French throne. The Breton soldier French throne. The Breton soldier Bertrand Bertrand dudu GuesclinGuesclin became one of became one of the most successful French generals the most successful French generals of the Hundred Years' War. of the Hundred Years' War.

• With the death of the Black Prince in With the death of the Black Prince in 13761376 and Edward III in 1377, the and Edward III in 1377, the prince's underaged son prince's underaged son Richard of BordeauxRichard of Bordeaux succeeded to the succeeded to the English throne. Then, with Du English throne. Then, with Du Guesclin's death in Guesclin's death in 13801380, and the , and the continued threat to England's continued threat to England's Northern borders from Scotland Northern borders from Scotland represented by the represented by the Battle of Battle of OtterburnOtterburn, the war inevitably wound down to a , the war inevitably wound down to a truce in truce in 13891389. The peace was . The peace was extended many times before open war extended many times before open war flared up againflared up again..

• Battle of Otterburn, the war Battle of Otterburn, the war inevitably wound down to a inevitably wound down to a truce in 1389. The peace truce in 1389. The peace was extended many times was extended many times before open war flared up before open war flared up againagain..

Second peace: Second peace: 1389–14151389–1415

England:of the reign of England:of the reign of Richard IIRichard II, who had, who had

Not resolved them by the time he lostNot resolved them by the time he lost

His throne and life toHis throne and life to

HisHis cousinHenry,whotook power for himselfcousinHenry,whotook power for himself

in in 13991399. .

France:the King was Charles IV, duering hiFrance:the King was Charles IV, duering hiss

reign France has good time.reign France has good time.

Richard IIRichard II..

English ascendancy English ascendancy under Henry V: 1415–under Henry V: 1415–

14291429 • between 1415 and 1435 is the most famous phase of between 1415 and 1435 is the most famous phase of the Hundred Years' War. the Hundred Years' War.

• Battle of Aggincourt, where won englisch side, and Battle of Aggincourt, where won englisch side, and the French defeat was catastrophicthe French defeat was catastrophic

• Henry took much of Normandy, including Henry took much of Normandy, including CaenCaen in in 14171417 and and RouenRouen on on January 19January 19, , 14191419, making , making Normandy English for the first time in two centuries. Normandy English for the first time in two centuries. He made formal alliance with the He made formal alliance with the Duchy of BurgundyDuchy of Burgundy, , who had taken Paris, after the assassination of Duke who had taken Paris, after the assassination of Duke John the FearlessJohn the Fearless in 1419. In in 1419. In 14201420, Henry met with , Henry met with the mad king the mad king Charles VICharles VI, who signed the , who signed the Treaty of Treaty of TroyesTroyes, by which Henry would marry Charles' , by which Henry would marry Charles' daughter daughter CatherineCatherine and Henry's heirs would inherit and Henry's heirs would inherit the throne of France. The Dauphin, the throne of France. The Dauphin, Charles VIICharles VII, was , was declared illegitimate. Henry formally entered Paris declared illegitimate. Henry formally entered Paris later that year and the agreement was ratified by the later that year and the agreement was ratified by the Estates-GeneralEstates-General..

Charles VII.Charles VII.

Charles Charles VI.VI.

Henry's progress was now stopped by the Henry's progress was now stopped by the arrival in France of a Scottish army of arrival in France of a Scottish army of around 6,000 men Henry's progress was around 6,000 men Henry's progress was now stopped by the arrival in France of a now stopped by the arrival in France of a Scottish army of around 6,000 men. In Scottish army of around 6,000 men. In 1421, the Earl of Buchan crushed a larger 1421, the Earl of Buchan crushed a larger English army at the English army at the Battle of Battle of BaugeBauge, killing , killing the English commander, Thomas, 1st Duke the English commander, Thomas, 1st Duke of Clarence, and killing or capturing most of of Clarence, and killing or capturing most of the English leaders. The French were so the English leaders. The French were so grateful that Buchan was immediately grateful that Buchan was immediately promoted to the High Constable of France. promoted to the High Constable of France. Soon after this setback Henry V died at Soon after this setback Henry V died at MeauxMeaux in in 14221422. Soon, Charles too had died. . Soon, Charles too had died. Henry's infant son, Henry's infant son, Henry VIHenry VI, was , was immediately crowned king of England and immediately crowned king of England and France, but the Armagnacs remained loyal France, but the Armagnacs remained loyal to Charles' son and the war continued in to Charles' son and the war continued in central France.central France.

The English continued to attack The English continued to attack France and in France and in 14291429 were besieging were besieging the important French city of the important French city of Orleans. An attack on an English Orleans. An attack on an English supply convoy led to the skirmish supply convoy led to the skirmish that is now known as that is now known as Battle of the HerringsBattle of the Herrings when when John John FastolfFastolf circled his supply wagons circled his supply wagons (largely filled with herring) around (largely filled with herring) around his archers and repelled a few his archers and repelled a few hundred attackers. Later that year, hundred attackers. Later that year, a French saviour appeared in the a French saviour appeared in the form of a peasant woman from form of a peasant woman from LorraineLorraine named named Joan of ArcJoan of Arc..

Joan of ArcJoan of Arc

French victory: French victory: 1415–14531415–1453 • By By 14281428, the English were ready to pursue the war again, , the English were ready to pursue the war again, laying laying siegesiege to to OrléansOrléans. Their force was insufficient to fully . Their force was insufficient to fully investinvest the city, but larger French forces remained passive. In the city, but larger French forces remained passive. In 14291429, , Joan of ArcJoan of Arc convinced the Dauphin to send her to the convinced the Dauphin to send her to the siege, saying she had received visions from God telling her siege, saying she had received visions from God telling her to drive out the English. She raised the morale of the local to drive out the English. She raised the morale of the local troops and they attacked the English Redoubts, forcing the troops and they attacked the English Redoubts, forcing the English to lift the siege. Inspired by Joan, the French took English to lift the siege. Inspired by Joan, the French took several English strong points on the Loire. Shortly several English strong points on the Loire. Shortly afterwards, a French army, some 8000 strong, broke through afterwards, a French army, some 8000 strong, broke through English archers at Patay with heavy cavalry, defeating a English archers at Patay with heavy cavalry, defeating a 3000 strong army commanded by John Fastolf and John 3000 strong army commanded by John Fastolf and John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury. After Joan was captured by Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury. After Joan was captured by the Burgundians in 1430 and later sold to the English and the Burgundians in 1430 and later sold to the English and executed, the French advance stalled in negotiations. But, in executed, the French advance stalled in negotiations. But, in 1435, the Burgundians under Philip III switched sides, signing 1435, the Burgundians under Philip III switched sides, signing the Treaty of Arras and returning Paris to the King of France.the Treaty of Arras and returning Paris to the King of France.

The Hundred Years' War, The Hundred Years' War, Last Phase Last Phase (1422-1453)(1422-1453)

Significance Significance • The Hundred Years' War was a time of military The Hundred Years' War was a time of military

evolution. Weapons, tactics, army structure, and evolution. Weapons, tactics, army structure, and the societal meaning of war all changed, partly the societal meaning of war all changed, partly in response to the demands of the war, partly in response to the demands of the war, partly through advancement in technology, and partly through advancement in technology, and partly through lessons that warfare taught. The through lessons that warfare taught. The Hundred Years' War accelerated the process of Hundred Years' War accelerated the process of transforming France from a feudal monarchy to transforming France from a feudal monarchy to a centralised state. The conflict became one of a centralised state. The conflict became one of not just English and French kings but one not just English and French kings but one between the English and French peoples. There between the English and French peoples. There were constant rumours in England that the were constant rumours in England that the French meant to invade and destroy the English French meant to invade and destroy the English language language

Thanks for Thanks for your your

attentionattention