ABSTRACT

We are analyzing the proto type smal l hydro power p lant in

the d i rec t ion of evalua t ing energy product ion for a per iod of

t ime by taking input energy as potent ia l head in the form of

ba t te ry and then compare th is resul t wi th thermal power

p lant .

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER-I page . No

1. Introduct ion 2

CHAPTER-II

2. Elements of hydropower plant 3

2.1Catchments area 4

2.2 Reservoi r 4

2.3 Dam 4

2.4 Turbine & Genera tors 5

2.5Draf t tubes 10

2.6 Penstock 11

2.7 Power house & Equipments 12

2.8 Spi l lways 12

2.9 Surge tank 13

2.10 Transformer 13

CHAPTER-III

3 . Instal lat ion of hydropower plant 14

3 .1Avai labi l i ty of water 14

3 .2Water s torage 15

3 .3Water head 15

3 .4Access ib i l i ty of the s i te 16

3 .5Dis tance f rom load cent re 16

3 .6Type of the land of s i te 16

CHAPTER-IV

4 . Working of hydropower plant 17

CHAPTER-V

5 . Mathematical descr ipt ion 21

CHAPTER-VI

6 . Calculat ions 23

CHAPTER-VII

7. Comparison with Thermal power plant 25

CHAPTER-VIII

8 . Advantages 26

CHAPTER-IX

9 . Results & declarat ion 28

CONCLUSION 32

APPENDIX

NOMECLATURE

Ø = speed ra t io , i t var ies f rom 0.43 to 0 .48

Cv = Coeff ic ient of ve loc i ty

=0 .98 (or) 0 .99

H = Net head on turbine .

g = accelera t ion due to gravi ty of 9 .8 m/s 2 ,

P th = Theore t ica l power

W = Weight dens i ty

Q = Flow of water through turbine

H = Head avai lable

ρ = The dens i ty of water (~1000  kg/m 3 ) ,

D= Mean diameter

d= diameter of je t

P=shaf t power

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

A hydroe l ec t r i c power p l an t ha rne s se s t he ene rgy found i n mov ing

o r s t i l l wa t e r and conve r t s i t i n t o e l e c t r i c i t y .

Mov ing wa t e r , such a s a r i ve r o r a wa t e r f a l l , h a s mechan i ca l ene rgy .

‘Mechan i ca l ene rgy i s t he ene rgy t ha t i s pos se s sed by an ob j ec t due

t o i t s mo t ion o r s t o r ed ene rgy o f pos i t i on . ’ Th i s means t ha t an

ob j ec t ha s mechan i ca l ene rgy i f i t ’ s i n mo t ion o r ha s t he po t en t i a l t o

do work ( t he movemen t o f ma t t e r f r om one l oca t i on t o ano the r , )

ba sed on i t s pos i t i on . The ene rgy o f mo t ion i s c a l l ed k ine t i c ene rgy

and t he s t o r ed ene rgy o f pos i t i on i s c a l l ed po t en t i a l ene rgy . Wa te r

ha s bo th t he ab i l i t y and t he po t en t i a l t o do work . The re fo re , wa t e r

con t a in s mechan i ca l ene rgy ( t he ab i l i t y t o do work ) , k ine t i c ene rgy

( i n mov ing wa t e r , t he ene rgy ba sed on movemen t ) , and po t en t i a l

ene rgy .

The po t en t i a l and k ine t i c /mechan i ca l ene rgy i n wa t e r i s ha rne s sed

by c r ea t i ng a sy s t em to e f f i c i en t l y p roce s s t he wa t e r and c r ea t e

e l e c t r i c i t y f rom i t

Hydro Power P l an t was i nven t ed by H .F . Roge r s

Hydro Power P l an t f u l f i l l s t he 30% o f t he t o t a l ene rgy needs o f t he

wor ld .

To t a l hyd ro po t en t i a l o f t he wor ld = 5000 GW.

CHAPTER-II

BASIC COMPONENTS OF HYDROPOWER PLANT

1. Catchment area

2 . Reservoir

3 . Dam

4. Turbines & Generators

5. Draft tubes

6. Penstock

7. Power house & equipments

8. Spi l l ways

9. Surge tank

2.1 . Catchments area:

The who le a r ea beh ind t he c l am t r a in ing i n to a s t r e am a s r i ve r

a c ro s s wh ich t he dam has been bu i l t a t su i t ab l e p l ace i s c a l l ed

ca t chmen t s a r ea .

2.2 . Reservoir:

A re se rvo i r i s emp loyed t o s t o r e wa t e r wh ich i s f u r t he r

u t i l i z ed t o gene ra t e power by runn ing t he hyd roe l ec t r i c t u rb ine s .

2.3 . Dam:

A dam i s a ba r r i e r wh ich con f ine s o r r a i s e s wa t e r f o r s t o r age o r

d ive r s i on t o c r ea t e a hyd rau l i c head .

Dam’s a r e gene ra l l y made o f conc re t e , S tone mason ry , Rock

f i l l o r T imbe r

2.4 . Turbines & Generators:

Turb ine & Gene ra to r i s t he mos t impor t an t pa r t o f any

power p l an t

Thi s combina t i on i s known a s THE HEART OF THE POWER

PLANT.

2.4 .1 . TURBINE:

Tu rb ine i s a dev i ce t ha t conve r t s t he ene rgy i n a s t r e am o f

f l u id i n to mechan i ca l ene rgy by pa s s ing t he s t r e am th rough a sy s t em

o f f i xed and mov ing f an l i ke b l ades and caus ing t he l a t t e r t o ro t a t e .

A t u rb ine l ooks l i ke a l a rge whee l w i th many sma l l r ad i a t i ng b l ades

a round i t s r im .

CLASSIFICATION OF TURBINES:

Accord ing t o t he t ype o f f l ow o f wa t e r :

The wa t e r t u rb ine s u sed a s p r ime move r s i n hyd ro e l e c t r i c power

s t a t i ons a r e o f f ou r t ypes . They a r e

ax i a l f l ow : hav ing f l ow a long sha f t ax i s

i nwa rd r ad i a l f l ow : hav ing f l ow a long t he r ad iu s

t angen t i a l o r pe r i phe ra l : hav ing f l ow a long t angen t i a l

d i r e c t i on

mixed f l ow : hav ing r ad i a l i n l e t ax i a l ou t l e t

I f t he runne r b l ades o f ax i a l f l ow tu rb ine s a r e f i xed , t hose a r e

c a l l ed p rope l l e r t u rb ine s .

Acco rd ing t o t he a c t i on o f wa t e r on mov ing b l ades

Wa te r t u rb ine s a r e o f 2 t ypes name ly impu l se ad r eac t i on t ype

t u rb ine s .

Impul se Turb ines : These t u rb ine s change t he d i r ec t i on o f f l ow o f a

h igh ve loc i t y f l u id j e t . The r e su l t i ng impu l se sp in s t he t u rb ine and

l e aves t he f l u id f l ow wi th d imin i shed k ine t i c ene rgy . The re i s no

p r e s su re change o f t he f l u id i n t he t u rb ine ro to r b l ades . Be fo re

r e ach ing t he t u rb ine t he f l u id ' s P r e s su re head i s changed t o ve loc i t y

head by acce l e r a t i ng t he f l u id w i th a nozz l e . Pe l t on whee l s and de

Lava l t u rb ine s u se t h i s p roce s s exc lu s ive ly . Impu l se t u rb ine s do no t

r equ i r e a p r e s su re c a semen t a round t he runne r s i nce t he f l u id j e t i s

p r epa red by a nozz l e p r i o r t o r e ach ing t u rb ine . Newton ' s s econd l aw

desc r i be s t he t r ans f e r o f ene rgy fo r impu l se t u rb ine s .

Reac t ion Turb ines : These t u rb ine s deve lop t o rque by r eac t i ng t o t he

f l u id ' s p r e s su re o r we igh t . The p r e s su re o f t he f l u id changes a s i t

pa s se s t h rough t he t u rb ine ro to r b l ades . A p re s su re c a semen t i s

needed t o con t a in t he work ing f l u id a s i t a c t s on t he t u rb ine s t age ( s )

o r t he t u rb ine mus t be fu l l y immersed i n t he f l u id f l ow (w ind

t u rb ine s ) . The ca s ing con t a in s and d i r ec t s t he work ing f l u id and , f o r

wa t e r t u rb ine s , ma in t a in s t he suc t i on impa r t ed by t he d r a f t t ube .

F r anc i s t u rb ine s and mos t s t e am tu rb ine s u se t h i s concep t . Fo r

compre s s ib l e work ing f l u id s , mu l t i p l e t u rb ine s t age s may be u sed t o

ha rne s s t he expand ing ga s e f f i c i en t l y . Newton ' s t h i rd l aw desc r i be s

t he t r ans f e r o f ene rgy fo r r e ac t i on t u rb ine s .

Acco rd ing t o t he Head and quan t i t y o f wa t e r ava i l ab l e

The wa t e r t u rb ine s a r e o f 2 t ypes . Those a r e h igh head - l ow f l ow

and l ow to med ium head and h igh t o med ium d i s cha rge t u rb ine s .

Acco rd ing t o t he name o f t he o r i g ina to r

Wa te r t u rb ine s a r e o f 3 t ypes name ly

1 . Pe l t on Whee l ,

2 . F ranc i s t u rb ine and

3 . Kap l an t u rb ine .

2.4 .1 .1 .Pelton Wheel:

A Pe l t on whee l , a l so ca l l ed a Pe l t on t u rb ine , i s one o f t he mos t

e f f i c i en t t ypes o f wa t e r t u rb ine s . I t was i nven t ed by Les t e r A l l an

Pe l t on (1829 -1908) i n t he 1870s , and i s an impu l se mach ine ,

mean ing t ha t i t u se s Newton ' s s econd l aw to ex t r ac t ene rgy f rom a

j e t o f f l u id .

f i g2 .4 .1 .pe l t on whee l

The pe l t on whee l t u rb ine i s a t angen t i a l f l ow impu l se t u rb ine ,

wa t e r f l ows a long t he t angen t t o t he pa th o f t he runne r . Nozz l e s

d i r ec t f o r ce fu l s t r e ams o f wa t e r aga in s t a s e r i e s o f spoon - shaped

bucke t s moun ted a round t he edge o f a whee l . Each bucke t r eve r se s

t he f l ow o f wa t e r , l e av ing i t w i t h d imin i shed ene rgy . The r e su l t i ng

impu l se sp in s t he t u rb ine . The bucke t s a r e moun ted i n pa i r s , t o keep

t he fo r ce s on t he whee l ba l anced , a s we l l a s t o ensu re smoo th ,

e f f i c i en t momen tum t r ans f e r o f t he f l u id j e t t o t he whee l . The Pe l t on

whee l i s mos t e f f i c i en t i n h igh head app l i c a t i ons .

S ince wa t e r i s no t a compre s s ib l e f l u id , a lmos t a l l o f t he

ava i l ab l e ene rgy i s ex t r ac t ed i n t he f i r s t s t age o f t he t u rb ine .

The re fo re , Pe l t on whee l s have on ly one whee l , un l i ke t u rb ine s t ha t

ope ra t e w i th compre s s ib l e f l u id s .

2.4 .2 .Kaplan Turbine

The Kap l an t u rb ine i s a p rope l l e r - t ype wa t e r t u rb ine t ha t ha s

ad ju s t ab l e b l ades . I t was deve loped i n 1913 by t he Aus t r i an

p ro fe s so r (V ik to rKap l an ) .

The Kap l an t u rb ine was an evo lu t i on o f t he F ranc i s t u rb ine . I t s

i nven t i on a l l owed e f f i c i en t power p roduc t i on i n l ow head

app l i c a t i ons t ha t was no t pos s ib l e w i th F ranc i s t u rb ine s .

Kap l an t u rb ine s a r e now wide ly u sed t h roughou t t he wor ld i n h igh -

f l ow , low-headpowerp roduc t i on .

The Kap l an t u rb ine i s an i nward f l ow r eac t i on t u rb ine , wh ich

means t ha t t he work ing f l u id changes p r e s su re a s i t moves t h rough

t he t u rb ine and g ive s up i t s ene rgy . The de s ign combines r ad i a l and

ax i a l f ea tu r e s .

The be low f i gu re s show f l ow in a Kap l an t u rb ine . I n t he

p i c tu r e , p r e s su re on runne r b l ades and hub su r f ace i s shown us ing

co lo r mapp ing . The d i ame te r o f t he runne r o f such mach ine s i s

t yp i ca l l y 5 me t e r s .

f i g . 2 .4 .1 .4 .kap l an tu rb ine

The i n l e t i s a s c ro l l - shaped t ube t ha t wraps a round t he t u rb ine ' s

w icke t ga t e . Wa te r i s d i r e c t ed t angen t i a l l y , t h rough t he w icke t ga t e ,

and sp i r a l s on t o a p rope l l e r shaped runne r , c aus ing i t t o sp in .

The ou t l e t i s a spec i a l l y shaped d r a f t t ube t ha t he lp s dece l e r a t e t he

wa t e r and recove rk ine t i c ene rgy .

The t u rb ine does no t need t o be a t t he l owes t po in t o f wa t e r

f l ow , a s l ong a s t he d r a f t t ube r ema ins fu l l o f wa t e r . A h ighe r

t u rb ine l oca t i on , howeve r , i nc r ea se s t he suc t i on t ha t i s impa r t ed on

t he t u rb ine b l ades by t he d r a f t t ube . Va r i ab l e geome t ry o f t he w icke t

ga t e and t u rb ine b l ades a l l ows e f f i c i en t ope ra t i on fo r a r ange o f

f l ow cond i t i ons . Kap l an t u rb ine e f f i c i enc i e s a r e t yp i ca l l y ove r 90%.

2.4.2. GENERATOR:

The s c i en t i f i c p r i nc ip l e on wh ich gene ra to r s ope ra t e was

d i s cove red a lmos t s imu l t aneous ly i n abou t 1831 by t he Eng l i sh

chemi s t and phys i c i s t , Michae l Fa raday , and t he Amer i can phys i c i s t ,

Jo seph Henry . Imag ine t ha t a co i l o f w i r e i s p l aced w i th in a

magne t i c f i e l d , w i th t he ends o f t he co i l a t t a ched t o some e l ec t r i c a l

dev i ce , such a s a ga lvanome te r . I f t he co i l i s r o t a t ed w i th in t he

magne t i c f i e l d , t he ga lvanome te r shows t ha t a cu r r en t ha s been

i nduced w i th in t he co i l . The magn i t ude o f t he i nduced cu r r en t

depends on t h r ee f a c to r s : t he s t r eng th o f t he magne t i c f i e l d , t he

l eng th o f t he co i l , and t he speed w i th wh ich t he co i l moves w i th in

t he f i e l d .

In f a c t , i t makes no d i f f e r ence a s t o whe the r t he co i l r o t a t e s

w i th in t he magne t i c f i e l d o r t he magne t i c f i e l d i s c aused t o ro t a t e

a round t he co i l . The impor t an t f a c to r i s t ha t t he w i r e and t he

magne t i c f i e l d a r e i n mot ion i n re la t i on t o e ach o the r . I n gene ra l ,

mos t DC gene ra to r s have a s t a t i ona ry magne t i c f i e l d and a ro t a t i ng

co i l , wh i l e mos t AC gene ra to r s have a s t a t i ona ry co i l and a ro t a t i ng

magne t i c f i e l d .

Fig .2 .4 .3 .Gene ra t e r

2.5 . DRAFT TUBES Dra f t Tube i s an emp ty s t ruc tu r e made benea th t he Tu rb ine . I t

s e rve s i n fo l l owing 2 pu rpose ’ s :

I t a l l ows t he t u rb ine t o be s e t above t a i l wa t e r l eve l w i thou t

l o s s o f head , t o f a c i l i t a t e i n spec t i on and ma in t enance .

I t r ega in s by d i f fu se r a c t i on , t he ma jo r po r t i on o f t he k ine t i c

ene rgy de l i ve r ed t o i t f r om the runne r .

I t i nc r ea se s t he ou tpu t power .

I t i nc r ea se s t he e f f i c i ency o f Hydro Power P l an t .

2.6 . PENSTOCK

Pens tock i s t he connec t i ng p ipe be tween t he dam & the t u rb ine

house .

I t he lp s t o i nc r ea se t he k ine t i c ene rgy o f t he wa t e r coming

f rom the dam.

Pens tock i s made up o f a ve ry s t rong ma te r i a l wh i ch can

su s t a in t he h igh p r e s su re o f wa t e r .

2.7 . POWER HOUSE & EQUIPMENT Some more componen t s a r e r equ i r ed fo r t he p rope r , u se r

f r i end ly & smoo th func t i on ing o f t he power p l an t . These

componen t s a r e a s f o l l ow:

VALVE: - Th i s i n s t rumen t wh ich i s u sed t o con t ro l t he

p r e s su re o f f l ow o f wa t e r .

PUMPS: - Th i s dev i ce i s u sed t o s end wa t e r o r any f l u id f rom

lower po t en t i a l t o h ighe r po t en t i a l .

2.8 .SPILL WAY'S : Sp i l l Way’ s i s a k ind o f c ana l p rov ided be s ide s t he dam.

Sp i l l Way’ s i s u sed t o a r r ange t he exce s s o f a ccumula t i on o f

wa t e r on t he dam because exce s s a ccumula t i on o f wa t e r may

damage t he dam s t ruc tu r e

2.9. SURGE TANK:

When t he r e i s a sudden c lo se o r dec r ea se i n p r e s su re due

t o con t ro l a r e t he ba s i c componen t s o f a conven t i ona l hydropower

p lant

2.10. TRANSFORMERS :

The t r ans fo rmer i n s ide t he powerhouse t ake s t he AC and conve r t s i t

t o h ighe r -vo l t age cu r r en t .

CHAPTER-III

INSTALLATION OF HYDROPOWER PLANT

The fo l l owing f ac to r s shou ld be cons ide red wh i l e s e l ec t i ng t he s i t e

f o r a hyd ropower p l an t .

1 . Ava i l ab i l i t y o f wa t e r

2 . Wa te r s t o r age

3 . Wa te r head

4 . Acces s ib i l i t y o f t he s i t e

5 . D i s t ance f rom load cen t r e

6 . Type o f t he l and o f s i t e

3 .1 . Avai labi l i ty of water:

The mos t impor t an t a spec t o f hyd ropower p l an t i s t he

ava i l ab i l i t y o f wa t e r a t t he s i t e , s i nce a l l o t he r de s ign i s ba sed on i t .

The re fo re t he run -o f f da t a a t t he p roposed s i t e mus t be ava i l ab l e

be fo re hand . I t may no t be pos s ib l e t o have run -o f f d a t a a t t he

p roposed s i t e bu t da t a conce rn ing t he r a i n f a l l ove r t he l a rge

ca t chmen t s a r ea i s a lways ava i l ab l e .

Es t ima t e shou ld be made abou t t he ave rage quan t i t y o f wa t e r

ava i l ab l e t h rough ou t t he yea r and a l so abou t max imum and

min imum quan t i t y o f wa t e r ava i l ab l e du r ing t he yea r .

Dec ide t he c apac i t y a t t he hyd ropower p l an t .

Se t t i ng up o f peak l oad .

P rov ide adequa t e ga t e r e l i e f du r ing t he f l ood pe r i od .

3.2 . Water s torage:

The re i s a w ide va r i a t i on i n r a i n f a l l du r i ng t he yea r ; t he r e fo re ,

i t i s a lways nece s sa ry t o s t o r e t he wa t e r f o r con t i nuous gene ra t i on

o f power . The s t o r e c an be ca l cu l a t ed by w i th he lp o f mass cu rve .

Fig3 .2 . In s t a l l a t i on o f hyd rop l an t

3.3 . Water head:

In o rde r t o gene ra t e a r equ i s i t e quan t i t y o f power , i t i s

nece s sa ry t ha t a l a rge quan t i t y o f wa t e r a t t he su f f i c i en t head shou ld

be ava i l ab l e . An i nc r ea se i n e f f ec t i ve head , f o r g iven ou tpu t r educes

t he quan t i t y o f wa t e r r equ i r ed t o be supp l i ed t o t u rb ine s .

3.4 . Access ibi l i ty of the s i te:

The s i t e shou ld have t r anspo r t a t i on f ac i l i t i e s on r a i l and

road .

Thi s i s impor t an t , i f t he e l e c t r i c power gene ra t ed i s t o be

u t i l i z ed a t ( o r ) nea r t he p l an t s i t e .

3.5 . Distance from the load centre:

I t i s o f pa r amoun t impor t ance t ha t t he power p l an t shou ld be

s e t up nea r t he l oad cen t e r ; t h i s w i l l r educe t he cos t o f e r ec t i on and

ma in t ance o f t r ansmi s s ion l i ne s .

3.6 . Type of the land of the s i te:

I t shou ld be cheap & rocky .

The dam wi l l have l a rge s t c a t chmen t s a r ea t o s t o r e wa t e r

a t h igh head .

I t i s e conomica l i n cons t ruc t i on .

The rock shou ld be s t ab l e unde r a l l cond i t i ons .

CHAPTER-IV

WORKING OF HYDROPOWER PLANT

Fig .4 .1 .work ing o f hyd ropower p l an t

The dam i s u sua l l y bu i l t on a l a rge r i ve r t ha t ha s a d rop i n

e l eva t i on , so a s t o u se t he fo r ce s o f g r av i t y t o a i d i n t he p roce s s o f

c r ea t i ng e l e c t r i c i t y . A dam i s bu i l t t o t r ap wa t e r , u sua l l y i n a va l l ey

whe re t he r e i s an ex i s t i ng l ake . An a r t i f i c i a l s t o r age r e se rvo i r i s

f o rmed by cons t ruc t i ng a dam ac ros s a r i ve r . No t i c e t ha t t he dam i s

much t h i cke r a t t he bo t t om than a t t he t op , because t he p r e s su re o f

t hewa te r i nc r ea se swi thdep th .

The a r ea beh ind t he dam whe re wa t e r i s s t o r ed i s c a l l ed t he

r e se rvo i r . The wa t e r t he r e i s c a l l ed g r av i t a t i ona l po t en t i a l ene rgy .

The wa t e r i s i n a s t o r ed pos i t i on above t he r e s t o f t he dam f ac i l i t y

so a s t o a l l ow g rav i t y t o c a r ry t he wa t e r down to t he t u rb ine s .

Because t h i s h ighe r a l t i t ude i s d i f f e r en t t han whe re t he wa t e r wou ld

na tu r a l l y be , t he wa t e r i s cons ide red t o be a t an a l t e r ed equ i l i b r i um.

Th i s r e su l t i n g r av i t a t i ona l po t en t i a l ene rgy o r , “ the s t o r ed energy

of pos i t i on pos se s sed by an ob j ec t . ” The wa t e r ha s t he po t en t i a l t o

do work because o f t he pos i t i on i t i s i n ( above t he t u rb ine s , i n t h i s

c a se . )

f i g . 4 .2 .mo t ion o f wa t e r

Grav i t y w i l l f o r ce t he wa t e r t o f a l l t o a l ower pos i t i on t h rough

t he i n t ake and t he con t ro l ga t e . They a r e bu i l t on t he i n s ide o f t he

dam. When t he ga t e i s opened , t he wa t e r f rom the r e se rvo i r goes

t h rough t he i n t ake and becomes t r ans l a t i ona l k ine t i c ene rgy a s i t

f a l l s t h rough t he nex t ma in pa r t o f t he sy s t em: t he pens tock .

T rans l a t i ona l k ine t i c ene rgy i s t he ene rgy due t o mo t ion f rom one

l oca t i on t o ano the r . The wa t e r i s f a l l i ng (mov ing ) f rom the r e se rvo i r

t owards the tu rb ine s th rough thepens tock .

The i n t ake shown in f i gu re i nc ludes t he head works wh ich a r e

t he s t r uc tu r e s a t t he i n t ake o f condu i t s , t unne l s o r f l umes . These

s t ruc tu r e s i nc lude b looms , s c r eens o r t r a sh - r a cks , s l u i ce s t o d ive r t

and p r even t en t ry o f deb r i s and i c e i n t o t he t u rb ine s . Booms p reven t

t he i c e and f l oa t i ng l ogs f rom go ing i n t o t he i n t ake by d ive r t i ng

t hem to a bypas s chu t e . Sc r eens o r t r a sh - r acks ( shown in f i g ) a r e

f i t t ed d i r ec t l y a t t he i n t ake t o p r even t t he deb r i s f r om go ing i n t o

t he t ake . Deb r i s c l e an ing dev i ce s shou ld a l so be f i t t ed on t he t r a sh -

r acks . I n t ake s t ruc tu r e s c an be c l a s s i f i ed i n t o h igh p r e s su re i n t akes

u sed i n c a se o f l a rge s t o r age r e se rvo i r s and l ow p re s su re i n t akes

used i n c a se o f sma l l ponds . The u se o f p rov id ing t he se s t r uc tu r e s a t

t he i n t ake i s , wa t e r on ly en t e r s and f l ows t h rough t he pens tock

wh ich s t r i ke s t he t u rb ine .

Con t ro l ga t e s a r r angemen t i s p rov ided w i th Sp i l lways .

Sp i l lway i s cons t ruc t ed t o a c t a s a s a f e ty va lve . I t d i s cha rge s t he

ove r f l ow wa te r t o t he down s t r e am s ide when t he r e se rvo i r i s f u l l .

These a r e gene ra l l y cons t ruc t ed o f conc re t e and p rov ided w i th wa t e r

d i s cha rge open ing , shu t o f f by me t a l con t ro l ga t e s . By chang ing t he

deg ree t o wh ich t he ga t e s a r e opened , t he d i s cha rge o f t he head

wa t e r t o t he t a i l r a ce can be r egu l a t ed i n o rde r t o ma in t a in wa t e r

l eve l i n r e se rvo i r .

The pens tock i s a l ong sha f t t ha t c a r r i e s t he wa t e r t owards t he

t u rb ine s whe re t he k ine t i c ene rgy becomes mechan i ca l ene rgy . The

fo r ce o f t he wa t e r i s u sed t o t u rn t he t u rb ine s t ha t t u rn t he gene ra to r

sha f t . The t u rn ing o f t h i s sha f t i s known a s ro t a t i ona l k ine t i c ene rgy

because t he ene rgy o f t he mov ing wa t e r i s u sed t o ro t a t e t he

gene ra to r sha f t . The work t ha t i s done by t he wa t e r t o t u rn t he

t u rb ine s i s mechan i ca l ene rgy . Th i s ene rgy power s t he gene ra to r s ,

wh i ch a r e ve ry impor t an t pa r t s o f t he hyd roe l ec t r i c power p l an t ;

t hey conve r t t he ene rgy o f wa t e r i n to e l e c t r i c i t y . Mos t p l an t s

con t a in s eve ra l gene ra to r s t o max imize e l e c t r i c i t y p roduc t i on .

Fig ,4 .3work ing o f gene ra to r and t u rb ine

The gene ra to r s a r e compr i s ed o f f ou r ba s i c componen t s : t he

sha f t , t he exc i t e r s , t he ro to r , and t he s t a t o r . The t u rn ing o f t he

t u rb ine s power s t he exc i t e r s t o s end an e l e c t r i c a l cu r r en t t o t he

ro to r . The ro to r i s a s e r i e s o f l a rge e l e c t romagne t s t ha t sp in s i n s ide

a t i gh t l y wound co i l o f coppe r w i r e , c a l l ed t he s t a t o r . “A vo l t age i s

i nduced i n t he mov ing conduc to r s by an e f f ec t c a l l ed

e l e c t romagne t i c i nduc t i on . ” The e l ec t romagne t i c i nduc t i on caused

by t he sp inn ing e l ec t romagne t s i n s ide t he w i r e s c ause s e l e c t rons t o

move , c r ea t i ng e l e c t r i c i t y .

The k ine t i c /mechan i ca l ene rgy i n t he sp inn ing t u rb ine s t u rn s i n to

e l e c t r i c a l ene rgy a s t he gene ra to r s f unc t i on .

CHAPTER-V

MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION OF

HYDROPOWER PLANT

1 . The ve loc i t y o f t he j e t a t t he i n l e t ( v ) = Cv (2gH) ^ (1 /2 )

Whe re Cv = Coe f f i c i en t o f ve loc i t y

=0 .98 (o r ) 0 . 99

H = Ne t head on t u rb ine .

g = a cce l e r a t i on due t o g r av i t y o f 9 .8 m / s 2 ,

2 . The ve loc i t y o f whee l (Cb l ) = Ø √ (2gH)

Whe re Ø = speed r a t i o , i t v a r i e s f rom 0 .43 t o 0 .48

3 . The ang l e o f t he de f l e c t i on o f t he j e t t h rough bucke t s i s

t aken a s 165 ˚ ( I f no ang l e o f de f l e c t i on i s g iven )

4 . Mean d i ame te r (D)

Cb l =∏ DN/60

D= 60Cb l /∏N

5 . J e t r a t i o = D /d

D= Mean d i ame te r

d= d i ame te r o f j e t

6 . Number o f bucke t s on a runne r = 15+ (D /2d )

=15+0 .5m

7 . Ove r a l l e f f i c i ency o f t he t u rb ine (ή ) =

Power ava i l ab l e a t t he sha f t o f t he t u rb ine / power supp l i ed a t t he

i n l e t o f t he t u rb ine

ή =P /WQH

Where P=sha f t power

Q=d i scha rge t h rough t u rb ine

H= Head unde r wh ich t u rb ine i s work ing

W= Dens i t y o f wa t e r

8 . Spec i f i c speed (Ns ) = (N√P) /h^ (5 /4 )

9 . Un i t speed (Nu) =N/√H

10 . Un i t d i s cha rge (Qu) = Q /√H

11 . Un i t power (Pu ) = P /H^ (3 /2 )

12 . Theo re t i c a l power (P th ) = ρgQH/1000 KW

Where P th = Theo re t i c a l power

W = We igh t dens i t y

Q = F low o f wa t e r t h rough t u rb ine

H = Head ava i l ab l e

CHAPTER-VI

CALUCALTIONS

1 . The ve loc i t y o f t he j e t a t t he i n l e t ( v ) = Cv √ (2gH)

= 0 .98 √ (2*9 .81*0 .13 )

=1 .56m/s

2 . The ve loc i t y o f whee l (Cb l ) = Ø √ (2gH)

= 0 .45√ (2*9 .81*0 .13 )

=0 .71m/s

3 . Mean d i ame te r (D)

Cb l =∏ DN/60

D = 60Cb l /∏N

= (0 .71*60) / (∏*1 .8 )

= 0 .026m

4 . J e t r a t i o = D /d

= 0 .026 /0 .01

= 2 .6

5 . Number o f bucke t s on a runne r = 15+ (D /2d )

= 28

6 . Power (P ) = ρgQH/1000 KW

= (1000*9 .81*1 .96E-3*0 .13

= 2 .12 wa t t s

7 . Ove r a l l e f f i c i ency o f t he t u rb ine (ή ) =

Power ava i l ab l e a t t he sha f t o f t he t u rb ine / power supp l i ed a t t he

i n l e t o f t he t u rb ine

Ή =P /WQH

= 2 .12 / (1000*9 .81 .*1 .96E-3*0 .13 )

= 0 .8481

= 84 .81%

8 . Spec i f i c speed (Ns ) = (N√P) /H^ (5 /4 )

= (1 .8√2 .12 ) / ( 0 .13^ (5 /4 )

= 35 rpm

9 . Un i t speed (Nu) =N/√H

=1 .8 /√0 .13

=5 rpm

10 . Un i t d i s cha rge (Qu) = Q /√H

=1 .96*E-3 /√0 .13

=5 .43E-3 m3 / s

11 . Un i t power (Pu ) = P /H^ (3 /2 )

= 2 .12 / ( 0 .13^ (3 /2 )

=45 .22 wa t t s

CHAPTER-VII

Comparison of hydro-power plant with thermal power

stat ion

S.NO ASPECTS

HYDRO- POWER STATION

THERMALPOWER STATION

1 Raw ma te r i a l consumpt ion

NILL Huge quan t i t y o f coa l consumed , t he r e by exhaus t i ng fue l r e se rve s .

2 Cos t o f ene rgy Cheape r Cos t l i e r

3 Cos t o f ene rgy gene ra t i on

Immune t o i n f l a t i on

Very much i n f l uenced by t he i nc r ea se i n t he cos t o f t he fue l .

4 L i f e o f p l an t Long u se fu l l i f e No t so l ong compa ra t i ve ly .

5 Po l l u t i on No Causes po l l u t i on

6 Des ign , cons t ruc t i on & r e l i ab i l i t y

S imp le i n de s ign

Robus t i n cons t ruc t i on

Re l i ab l e i n ope ra t i on .

More compl i ca t ed i n de s ign .

Les s robus t i n cons t ruc t i on .

Les s robus t i n ope ra t i on

7 Man power Sma l l La rge

8 Employmen t po t en t i a l

More Les s

9 Labour p rob l em

Less More

10 Ove r a l l c ap i t a l expend i t u r e

Low High

\

CHAPTER-VIII

ADVANTAGES & DIS ADVANTAGES

8 .1 ADVANTAGES: No fue l cha rge s .

Less supe rv i s i ng s t a f f i s r equ i r ed .

Main t enance & ope ra t i on cha rge s a r e ve ry l ow .

Runn ing cos t o f t he p l an t i s l ow .

The p l an t e f f i c i ency does no t change w i th age .

I t t ake s f ew minu t e s t o run & synch ron i ze t he p l an t .

No fue l t r anspo r t a t i on i s r equ i r ed .

No a sh & f l ue ga s p rob l em & does no t po l l u t e t he a tmosphe re .

These p l an t s a r e u sed fo r f l ood con t ro l & i r r i ga t i on pu rpose .

Long l i f e i n compa r i son w i th t he The rma l & Nuc l ea r Power

P l an t .

8 .2 . DISADVANTAGE ' S

The i n i t i a l co s t o f t he power p l an t i s ve ry h igh .

Takes l ong t ime fo r cons t ruc t i on o f t he dam.

Gene ra l l y , such p l an t s a r e l oca t ed i n h i l l y a r ea s f a r away f rom

load cen t e r & thus t hey r equ i r e l ong t r ansmi s s ion l i ne s &

lo s se s i n t hem wi l l be more .

Power gene ra t i on by hyd ro power p l an t i s on ly dependan t on

na tu r a l phenomenon o f r a i n .The re fo re a t t he t ime o f d rough t

o r summer s e s s ion t he Hydro Power P l an t w i l l no t work .

CHAPTER-IX

Results and decis ions

Mass curve

Discharge vs Speed

Unit power vs . speed

Over a l l e f f ic iency vs unit speed

Eff ic iency of pel ton turbine with ful l load

Conclusion

Compar ing t o The rma l Power p l an t Hydro Power p l an t i s

be t t e r , because Hydro Power p l an t i s e f f i c i en t t hen The rma l Power

p l an t .

Name of plant

Power Input

Power Output

Eff ic iency

HPP 12 10.2 85

TPP 12 9 .12 76

Important hydro plants in India

State/name of power plant installed capacity (Mw)

Andhra Pradesh

Machkand (stage I&II) 114

Upper silern 120

Lower silern 600

Srisailam 770

Nagarguna sager 100

Assam

Umiam 54

Gujarat

Ukai 300

Himachal Pradesh

Baira suil 200

Jammu & Kashmir

Salau 270

Karnataka

Thungabhdra 72

Sharavati 890

Kailindi 369

Kerala

Parambikulam-Aliyar 185

Sabarigiri 300

Idikki (stage-I) 390

Maharastra

Kayna (stages I,II,III) 860

Manipur

Lakota 70

Orissa

Hirakud (stage I,II) 270

Balimela 480

Punjab

Bhakra nanga 1084

Beas-sutlej link 780

Rajasthan

Chambai 287

Uttar Pradesh

Rihand 300

Yamuna (sage I,II,) 425

Tamilnadu

Kundah (stage I, II,III) 424

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4. Allen R. Inversin, “Micro-Hydropower Sourcebook”, NRECA International Foundation, Washington, D.C.

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6. USBR, “Hydraulic Design of Spillways and Energy Dissipaters”, Washington DC, 1964.

7. T. Moore, “TLC for small hydro: good design means fewer headaches”, HydroReview, April 1988.

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