hydrogen sulphide and the sulphur cycle

H2SMay 3, 2023 Copyright: BIO-H2-GEN Inc. ® 1

HYDROGEN SULPHIDE& THE SULPHUR CYCLE

BUSINESS OPPORTUNITYFROM

May 3, 2023 Copyright: BIO-H2-GEN Inc. ® 2May 3, 2023 Copyright: BIO-H2-GEN Inc. ® 2

THERE ARE ABUNDANT, RENEWABLE,

AND SUSTAINABLE SOURCES OF

HYDROGEN SULPHIDETHROUGHOUT THE WORLD

THE SULPHUR CYCLE

May 3, 2023 Copyright: BIO-H2-GEN Inc. ® 3

THE SULPHUR CYCLEBEGINNING WITH

SULPHUR DIOXIDE ( SO2 )


TONS of H2S and SO2 enter the atmosphere

to begin the “Sulphur Cycle” via volcanic eruptions

EACH YEAR

THE SULPHUR CYCLE

A NATURALSOURCE OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE

IN HARMONYWITH LIFE SUPPORT


HUMANS CONTRIBUTE

MANY HUNDREDS OF

TONS OF SULPHUR

DIOXIDE INTO THE

ATMOSPHERE THAT BECOMES SULPHURIC ACID

(ACID RAIN)

ALL OIL REFINERIES AROUNDTHE WORLD HAVE H2S FLARES

THE SULPHUR CYCLE

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Methionine, Cysteine, homocysteine, and taurine are the 4 common sulfur-containing amino acids, but only the first 2 are incorporated into proteins.

Amino Acids play an important role in tissuetake up of oxygen and other substances thatare used to build cells and release energy.

Organic sulphur is found in high concentrations in our body tissue.It comprises 0 .25 % of our body weight.

SULPHUR IS ESSENTIALFOR LIFE ON THIS PLANET

Protein Structures

THE SULPHUR CYCLE

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_structure

1. Oxygen (65%)2. Carbon (18%)3. Hydrogen (10%)4. Nitrogen (3.0%)5. Calcium (1.5%)6. Phosphorus (1.0%)7. Potassium (0.35%)8. Sulfur (0.25%)9. Sodium (0.15%)10. Magnesium (0.05%)11. Copper, Zinc, Selenium, Molybdenum, Fluorine,

Chlorine, Iodine, Manganese, Cobalt, Iron (0.70%)

12. Lithium, Strontium, Aluminum, Silicon, Lead, Vanadium, Arsenic, Bromine (trace amounts)

Reference: H. A. Harper, V. W. Rodwell, P. A. Mayes, Review of Physiological Chemistry, 16th ed., Lange Medical Publications, Los Altos, California 1977.

THE HUMAN BODYIS MADE UP OF

THESE 12 ELEMENTS

Element % of body wt.


THE SULPHUR CYCLE

!

Representative Protein Structures

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Our oceans are the largest reservoir of sulphur and, as such,the most significant contributor to life’s essential sulphur cycle


THE SULPHUR CYCLE

Chloride, 55.03 %Sodium, 30.59 %

Sulfate, 7.68 %

Magnesium, 3.68 %

Calcium, 1.18 % Potassium, 1.11 %

Bicarbonate, 0.41 %

Bromide 0.19 % Borate,

0.08 % Strontium, 0.04 % Everything else, 0.01 %

Sea Salt Chemical Composition

ChlorideSodiumSulfateMagnesiumCalciumPotassiumBicarbonateBromideBorateStrontiumEverything else

May 3, 2023 Copyright: BIO-H2-GEN Inc. ® 9Copyright: BIO-H2-GEN Inc. ®

Our oceans are the largest reservoir of sulphur and, as such, the most significant contributor

to life’s essential sulphur cycle May 3, 2023 Copyright: BIO-H2-GEN Inc. ® 9

THE SULPHUR CYCLE


NATURAL EUTRAPHICATION PRODUCES TONS OF

HYDROGEN SULPHIDE

THE SULPHUR CYCLE

WHICH FORMS SULPHUR DIOXIDE AND WATER ON CONTACT WITH THE OXYGEN IN AIR

SULPHURDIOXIDE


At least one-quarter of the world's natural gas depositscontain Hydrogen Sulfide, which must be removed from the methane before the gas can be burned.

Removal of the H2S, from natural gas, cleans the fuel and, when just CH4 is burned, it does not produce the SO2 that leads to acid rain. More significantly, it produces less CO2 than other hydrocarbon fuels.

….SOME UP TO 90% !!

METHANE [CH4]THE SULPHUR

CYCLE

HOWEVERBURNING IT DOES PRODUCETHE GREENHOUSE GAS [CO2]

AND THE TOXIC CARBON MONOXIDE [CO]


• pH growth range 5.5 to 8.7• at a pH of 7 H2S is 50% of dissolved sulphides• at a pH of 9 H2S is 100% of dissolved sulphides• exists in a temperature range of 0o to 100oC• 30min. exposure to 0.1% in Air can be fatal• highly soluble in water at 1 atm. & 20o C H2S can reach 4000mg/litre at 20oC (4 grams per

litre)

In ANAEROBIC environments

Desulfovibrio desulfuricansTHE SULPHATE REDUCING BACTERIUM (SRB)

PRODUCEHYDROGEN SULPHIDE ( H2S )

THE SULPHUR CYCLE


FERROUS SULPHATEFeSO4

CALCIUM SULPHATECaSO4

Sulfates promote the growth of the sulfate-reducing bacteria:

Desulfovibrio Desulfuricans

In anaerobic aqueous environments these bacteria split oxygen off sulfate

ions; utilizing them chemically as their oxygen source.

That bacterial process results in the formation of::

HYDROGEN SULPHIDE ( H2S )

sH

H

THE SULPHUR CYCLE


SIGNIFICANT & GLOBAL RENEWABLE SOURCESFOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION (to name a few)

1. MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT INFRASTRUCTURE

2. LARGE “FACTORY FARMING” (CATTLE, HOGS)

3. ABONDONED MINES (WASTEWATER RICH IN SULPHATES)

4. MUNICIPAL LAND-FILL SITES (construction drywall CaSO4·2H2O )

5. INLAND FISH FARMING SEDIMENT PONDS

7. ~8.0 % of all OCEAN WATER ( sulphate concentration) utilizing the sulphates and SRB bacteria in an anaerobic environment.

6. WASTEWATER FROM “FRACKING” SHALE Methane CH4 DEPOSITS

THE SULPHUR CYCLE


THE MARKETABLE COMMODITY SULPHUR

Elemental sulphur is found in volcanic regions as a deposit formed by the emission of HYDROGEN SULPHIDE GAS.

The element was recovered by the Frasch process, named after German-born U.S. chemist Herman Frasch.Now the oil industry is the major supplier.

9,000,000 tons of sulphur are REQUIRED in the United States alone each year. Most comes from natural gas, petroleum refinery gases, pyrites, and smelter gases. In most cases sulphur is separated from other gases as hydrogen sulphide and then converted to elemental sulphur by the Claus process

BIO-H2-GEN Inc. COULD FILL THE GROWING DEMAND FOR SULPHUR AS THE OIL INDUSTRY DIMINISHES PRODUCTION

THE SULPHUR CYCLE


GLOBAL SULPHUR MARKETSPigments

Pulp & Paper

Rubber & Plastics

Petroleum Refining

Ore Leaching

Agriculture

Chemicals

Phosphate Fertilizer

USES2 % 3 % 4 %

6 %

7 %

10 %

11 %

~90 % of sulphur use STARTS as production of H2SO4

known as Sulphuric Acid a world commodity

57 %PhosphateFertilizer

THE SULPHUR CYCLE


• TREATMENT COSTS INCLUDE CHEMICAL CONTROLOF HYDROGEN SULPHIDE e.g. with HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

• THESE COSTS CAN AMOUNT TO HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS FOR SMALL TO MEDIUM SIZED COMMUNITIES

• FOR LARGER CITIES THE COSTS RUN INTO MILLIONS OF DOLLARS EACH YEAR TO PRECLUDE THE FORMATION AND

REPAIR OF THE DAMAGE CAUSED BY THE HYDROGEN SULPHIDE CHANGING FIRST TO SULPHUR DIOXIDE THEN TO SULPHURIC ACID

THE INCENTIVES FOR MUNICIPALITES TO SECURE THE BIO-H2-GEN Inc.’s TECHNOLOLGY

1. REDUCTION OF THE ABOVE COSTS2. SIGNIFICANT PERMANENT & PRIVATE

EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES 3. SUPPLIMENT THEIR BASIC ENERGY

REQUIREMENTS

REDUCE MUNICIPAL TREATMENT COSTS BY ADDING OUR TECHNOLOGY

WASTEWATER TREATMENT

CITYWASTEWATER

IS ASIGNIFICANT

SOURCEOF

HYDROGENSULPHIDE

THE SULPHUR CYCLE


H2S H2SO4

RESPIRATION OFTHE BACTERIUM

Desulfovibrio DesulfuricansSulphate reducing bacteria

(SRB) produce H2S

Sulphuric Acid Hydrogen Sulphide

Sulphur Dioxide

SO2

FeSO4Ferrous Sulphate

VULCANOESALSO PRODUCE

ANAEROBICENVIRONMENT

AEROBICENVIRONMENT

THE SULPHUR CYCLE

“ACID RAIN”FORMS MINERAL SULPHATES

e.g. FeSO4

H2S REDUCES TO SO2

ON CONTACT WITH AIR

SO2 FORMS H2SO4 ONCONTACT WITH AIR & H2O

IN 3 STEPS

1 2

34

1

2

1 2

34

Fe

hydrogen sulphide and the sulphur cycle

Environment