H Y D R O G E N GETS THINGS MOVING

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CONTENTS

4HYDROGEN:

NUMBER 1 IN THE PERIODIC TABLE

5AIR LIQUIDE:

COMPREHENSIVE EXPERTISE

6BLUE HYDROGEN:

HYDROGEN FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES

7THERE IS NO ENERGY TRANSITION WITHOUT HYDROGEN

8FUEL CELL VEHICLES:

EMISSION-FREE MOBILITY WITH A RANGE YOU ARE USED TO

10CLEAN ENERGY PARTNERSHIP:

A NEW BASIS FOR MOBILITY

12H2 MOBILITY:

EXTENSIVE ROLL-OUT IN GERMANY

14READY FOR SERIES PRODUCTION:

HYDROGEN STATIONS MADE BY AIR LIQUIDE

84.077million barrels of oil ARE USED UP WORLDWIDE EVERY DAY

171 million litres of petrol and diesel ARE USED UP EVERY DAY IN GERMANY ALONE

35,000tonnes of carbon dioxide ARE EMITTED WORLDWIDE PER YEAR

HYDROGENCAN BE EXTRACTED FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES AND BIOMASS

WE ARE MOVING FORWARD!Using hydrogen as a fuel allows for secure, individual mobility without any

damaging emissions. It can contribute to reducing fossil fuel use and to cutting

CO2 emissions over the long-term.

241642867Reference: ADAC 2008

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HYDROGEN: NUMBER 1 IN THE PERIODIC TABLE

IN 1766DISCOVERED BY CHANCE BY HENRY CAVENDISH

55PERCENTWEIGHT PROPORTION WHICH IS THE MOST PLENTIFUL ELEMENT IN THE COSMOS

92PERCENTOF THE SUN IS MADE UP OF HYDROGEN, HYDROGEN IS PURE ENERGY AND

14.4TIMES LIGHTER THAN AIR

APPROX.83PERCENTIS THE ENERGY VALUE EFFICIENCY THAT CAN THEORETICALLY BE REACHED

Hydrogen (H2) is element number 1 in the periodic table, and for a good reason: No other element is as plentiful as hydrogen in our universe.

On earth, hydrogen always exists in chemical compounds such as water, hydrocarbons and other organic compounds, from which it can be extracted using energy. At this point, hydrogen is a very light gas, which quickly mixes with the surrounding air.

Hydrogen is a molecule with huge potential for the future: It can be produced in various ways, and is virtually emission-free when being converted to electricity in a fuel cell. As a fuel, it enables clean, quiet mobility. Fuel cell vehicles have a large range and can be filled up in a matter of minutes. This means they can be compared positively to conventional vehicles. This is why hydrogen will have a key role to play in tomorrow’s mobility.

Air Liquide, world leader in gases, techno-logies and services for Industry and Health, has built up unique expertise in managing the entire hydrogen chain, covering not only production, distribution, and high- pressure storage but also hydrogen refuelling stations.

Mobility is one of the most important foundations of the modern world. To secure it for the future is one of the great challenges of our generation. In a time where fossil fuels are becoming more scarce and thereby more expensive, we have to show great determination in advancing alternative solutions.

To reach this ambitious goal, Air Liquide is bringing its 50 years’ worth of experience in manufacturing and distributing hydrogen, such as in the Clean Energy Partnership (CEP), a strong partnership of market- leading companies, who are helping to advance fuel cell-based mobility in Germany.

AIR LIQUIDE:COMPREHENSIVE EXPERTISE IN HYDROGEN

Hydrogen is the most plentiful

chemical element in the universe

and is available in virtually unlimited

amounts. It is, as the name suggests, a

component in water and it is found in all

living organisms in combined form. Hydrogen

is the element with the lowest density.

A hydrogen molecule carries the denomination

H2, therefore always consists of two

hydrogen atoms. It is approx.14.4

times lighter than air.

IS HYDROGEN SAFE? YES, BECAUSE IT IS …

… not self-igniting

… not oxidising

… not flammable

… not poisonous

… not hazardous to water

… not carcinogenic

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The most economical process currently available for targeted manufacture of hydrogen on an industrial scale is steam reforming of natural gas: Steam and natural gas are heated up and converted to hydrogen and carbon dioxide (CO2) using a catalyst.

However, as part of its ‘Blue Hydrogen’ initiative, Air Liquide has made a commitment that, by 2020, it will be producing 50 percent of its hydrogen used for energy applications either by not releasing carbon dioxide or by means of CO2 neutral production. In doing so, the particular focus is CO2 neutral hydro-gen production by water electrolysis, alongside reforming biogas.

Hydrogen extracted by electrolysis is then completely emission-free if the electricity used originates from renewable sources, such as wind, solar energy or water power.

50PERCENT ‘BLUE’ HYDROGEN FOR ENERGY APPLICATIONS

BY 2020AS A VOLUNTARY COMMITMENT FROM AIR LIQUIDE

HYDROGEN FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES

CAT

HO

DE

AN

OD

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Hydrogen is also especially important for the success of the energy transition as a storage medium for electricity generated from renewable sources.

It is common knowledge that the wind blows and the sun shines, but not always when there is a need for electricity. Hydrogen can offset these fluctuations. This is because large amounts of energy can be stored in it

for a long time to be used for producing heat or to be reconverted using fuel cells when it is required.

Hydrogen is thus a truly green all-rounder: It doesn’t just get things moving, it’s also a key factor in delivering clean electricity on demand and in reducing network instabilities. It’s an element with a future!

THERE IS NO ENERGY TRANSITION WITHOUT HYDROGEN

HOW DOES WATER ELECTROLYSIS WORK?During electrolysis, water

is split into its components

hydrogen and oxygen. The

electrical energy used is

converted into chemical

energy and stored in the

form of hydrogen.

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Fuel cell stack

Hydrogen tanks Power electronics

Electric motor

High volt battery

FUEL CELL VEHICLES: EMISSION-FREE MOBILITY WITH A RANGE YOU ARE USED TO

A RANGE OF 700KILOMETRES IS POSSIBLE TODAY WITH FUEL CELL POWER. USUALLY, NO MORE THAN 200 KILOMETRES CAN BE REACHED WITH BATTERY-POWERED ELECTRIC CARS

65PERCENT EFFICIENCYIS REACHED WITH A FUEL CELL. WITH AN INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINE, THIS IS ONLY 25 TO 35 PERCENT

0MILLIGRAMS OF POLLUTANTSARE EMITTED WITH THE FUEL CELL

Hydrogen Lithium-Ion-battery | In comparison: 10 kg diesel for weight, 10 l diesel for volume

29 kg2 kg

46 l57 l

193 kg164 kg

146 l97 l

THE NUMBERS ARE VERY MUCH IN FAVOUR OF HYDROGEN …… This is because in a direct comparison – regardless of whether weight or volume is measured – hydrogen

is far superior, both in system weight of the tank and in net fill values of battery-based energy storage.

The construction of a fuel cell is similar to that of a car battery. Every cell contains two plate-shaped electrodes (anode and cathode) with a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM), which are separated from each other by an electrolyte. This electrolyte can conduct ions, but it is gas-opaque.

The catalyst materials (normally platinum) are on the electrodes and ensure that the gaseous hydrogen supplied releases ions as charge carriers. The hydrogen molecules decompose into hydrogen atoms at the anode, which in turn become positively charged hydrogen ions by releasing electrons. The free electrons flow to the cathode via a conductor and can now be used as electricity that powers the electric motor.

To release the required energy to power a car, several cells are arranged in a ‘stack’.

ARE HYDROGEN TANKS SAFE?Modern hydrogen tanks consist

of a plastic core that is insulated

by a carbon fibre composite.

The tanks are designed for an

operating pressure of 700 bar

and would be able to withstand

twice that pressure. Therefore,

hydrogen is not just clean, but

safe as well!

HOW DOES A FUEL CELL WORK?

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CLEAN ENERGY PARTNERSHIP: A NEW BASIS FOR MOBILITY

Germany is one of the first countries worldwide that has a basic supply network for hydrogen mobility.

Being a global market leader, Air Liquide recognises its responsibility when it comes to planning a societal change of such a dimension.

This is why Air Liquide has been a member of the Clean Energy Partnership since 2011 – a coalition of 20 leading companies focused on comprehensively investigating the suitability of hydrogen for everyday driving.

The Clean Energy Partnership is one of the most important international under-takings to investigate hydrogen as a fuel.

They are currently working on: - Exchanging experience with regards to

operating H2 stations and fuel cell vehicles, to learn from each other and to advance technical progress,

- Harmonising payment methods and availability systems, pump operation etc.,

- Implementing state-of-the-art technolo-gies and standards to enable quick and safe filling up, as well as to gain valuable experience in the daily operation of fuel cell vehicles.

Out of a total of 50 hydrogen stations, the construction of which is planned by the end of 2016 as part of the CEP, Air Liquide will contribute eleven.

WHO IS THE CEP?The Clean Energy Partnership (CEP)

was founded in December 2002

as a joint initiative of politics and

industry, headed by the German

Federal Ministry of Transport.

Its objective is to investigate the

suitability of hydrogen for everyday

use as a fuel.

Since 2008, the CEP has been a

flagship project of the National

Innovation Programme for Hydrogen

and Fuel Cell Technology (NIP),

which is being implemented by the

National Organisation for Hydrogen

and Fuel Cell Technology (NOW).

For more information:

www.cleanenergypartnership.de

LOCATIONS AIR LIQUIDE

Kamen

WolfsburgHannover

Braunschweig

Hamburg

Bremen

Münster

Kassel

Leipzig

Berlin

Cologne

Düsseldorf

Rostock

Mülheim a.d. Ruhr

Metzingen

Wuppertal

Limburg

Frankfurt

Offenbach

Würzburg

Nürnberg

Regensburg

Stuttgart

Heilbronn

Karlsruhe

Heidelberg

Freiburg Ulm

Munich

EXISTING LOCATIONS

LOCATIONS PLANNED/UNDER CONSTRUCTION

version: 04/2016

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Air Liquide has not just made a historical contribution to studying and further developing hydrogen technologies, but it is also a pioneer when it comes to bringing this expertise to industrial scale production.

To accelerate the use of hydrogen as a fuel even beyond the CEP demonstration project, in 2013, Air Liquide, together with Daimler, Linde, OMV, Shell and Total, agreed on a specific action plan to build an extensive network of hydrogen stations in Germany. The respective joint venture named H2 Mobility Deutschland was officially founded by the six partners at the start of 2015.

H2 Mobility will expand the existing network of hydrogen stations to around 400 by the end of 2023, the first new stations are set to go into operation in 2016.

In this way, not only will a H2 supply be created for metropolitan areas and main traffic routes, but for rural areas as well, to flank the announced mass market introduction of fuel cell vehicles in Ger-many. There will be an adequate number of H2 stations – alongside attractive vehicle acquisition and running costs – which is one of the most important prerequisites for market success. This is why H2 Mobility Deutschland will work very closely with the automotive industry.

WHO IS H2 MOBILITY?The cross-sector joint venture

H2 Mobility Deutschland

GmbH & Co. KG from six

industry partners Air Liquide,

Daimler, Linde, OMV, Shell

and Total will build a demand-

based national hydrogen

infrastructure in Germany.

H2 Mobility Deutschland

commenced operations at

the start of 2015. The head

office is in Berlin.

For more information:

www.h2-mobility.de

H2 MOBILITY: EXTENSIVE ROLL-OUT IN GERMANY

400H2 STATIONS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE THROUGHOUT GERMANY BY THE END OF 2023

AROUND 400MILLION EUROS OF INVESTMENT VOLUME FROM INDUSTRY AND POLITICS WILL GO TOWARDS BUILDING AND EXPANDING THE NETWORK OF REFUELLING STATIONS

EVERY 90KILOMETRESA HYDROGEN STATION WILL THEN BE ACCESSIBLE NATIONWIDE

250,000CARSPOWERED BY FUEL CELLS ARE EXPECTED TO BE REGISTERED BY 2023

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IS FILLING UP A HYDROGEN VEHICLE SAFE?

First of all, when filling up

hydrogen tanks, the same strict

safety measures apply as at any

other conventional filling

station. Furthermore, every H2

pump is monitored remotely.

By doing so, a technical issue is

instantly recognised and the

equipment is immediately

switched off.

Before filling up, the tightness

of the connection between the

vehicle and the pump is checked –

only then does gaseous

hydrogen flow into the tank.

Incidentally, the 700 bar

connector coupling has been

standardised worldwide since

2007 and makes a considerable

contribution to the safety of the

refuelling process.

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READY FOR SERIES PRODUCTION: H2 STATIONS MADE BY AIR LIQUIDEThe future of mobility is now: Air Liquide has already completed more than 60 H2 station projects worldwide.

At the Air Liquide station that was built in 2012 in the city centre of Düsseldorf, Germany, up to 50 fuel cell cars can be filled up with gaseous hydrogen. Completely filling a vehicle tank at 700 bar takes no more than 3 to 5 minutes, which is no longer than for any conventional fuels.

Air Liquide is prepared for the roll-out of the hydrogen technology and offers innovative, flexible solutions, that don’t just get cars moving easily and safely, but buses and forklifts as well. Air Liquide is ready to mass-produce hydrogen stations, and thereby consistently continue along the path to sustainable mobility.

Contact

AIR LIQUIDE Advanced Technologies GmbHHans-Günther-Sohl-Straße 5D-40235 Düsseldorf, GermanyPhone: +49 211 6699-0wasserstoff@airliquide.dewww.airliquide.de/wasserstoff

www.airliquide.comWorld leader in gases, technologies and services for Industry and Health, Air Liquide is present in 80 countries with more than 50,000 employees and serves more than 2 million customers and patients. Oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen have been at the core of the company’s activities since its creation in 1902. Air Liquide’s ambition is to be the leader in its industry, delivering long-term performance and acting responsibly.

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