.

PUBLICATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION

Volume I.-No. 5. Price : 10 Cents (U. S.), 6 Pence (U. K.), or 20 Francs. June 1948.

,

HYLEAN AMAZON INSTI UTE CREATEDn) ! LtEM sw M) ? ti% &.-n ! a !' ! w a a a' s ! & vms-M a Sa M

/t05 Con/erence 7Ae51 uitos Con erence ßsfablzsRes

Seal of I I H A in M anaus, 13crazi ! 'na-s razil, Seat o IIHA tn la u, Bf

A Conference for the creation of an International Institute of the Hylean Amazon, calledjointly by the governments of Peru and Bràzil and by Unesco, has successfully concluded

its deliberations at Iquitos, Peru. Lasting for eleven days from April 30 to May 10, theConference agreed upon a convention establishing the Institute which will come into force. upon final acceptance by the founding nations. Pending the initiation of the operation of theInstitute, an Interim Commission was established with headquarters in Manaus, Brazil.

The following nations signed the final act of the Conference : Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia,Ecuador, France, Holland, Italy, Peru and Venezuela.

W®RK. PLAN

FOR GERMANY

PREPARED

BY SECRETARIAT

DETAILS of the Usco pro-. gramme to be extendedshortly to Germany Itli, e beenmade known in Paris. The work-plan. which is to be carried outin co-operation with the appro-pi iate allied authorities, was pre-pared after the Executive Board'sapproval for such action at aspecial meeting at Unesco onApril 5.

The programme, as approvedby the Sub-Committee of theExecutive Board, covers five mainfields of activity which Unescowill develop in Germany.

These deal with : methods toacquaint the German people withthe aims and activities of Unesco,the) development of publicationexchanges between Germany andother countries, studies of tex-bock revision and improvement,studies of the problems and op-pox'unites for the exchange ofpersons between Germany andthe outside world and invitationsto German experts to attend cer-tain technical meetings called byUnesco.

Agreement on the programmehas been secured from the Bri-tish. French and United StatesMilitary Governors in Germany.and the projects will be initiatedas soon as necessary administra-tive details have been completedThe programme as formulated bythe Sub-Committee was summitted to the Military Governors ofthe four zones of occupation. Todate no answer has been receivedfrom the Soviet Military Governor.

First prior''. y in the UUèSCQwork-plan is given to the distri-bution to interested groups andeducators in Germany of thebasic Unesco documents and pill-. blications to make known aswidely as possible the aimsof the Organization. Means

(Continued on Page 2.)

) ( Hadley Cantril : Inter-national Tensions. P. 2.

I Teaching About the UN.Center Page.

) A r m a n d Satacrou :France and the TheatreInstitute. Page 6.

) ( Two Vital Studies onUnesco Policy, by Wal-ter H. C. Laves and R.Maheu. Page 7.

Government, into being in 1918.The Hylean Amazon-the

vast wooded region of the Ama-zon River basin-comprisessome 7, 000, 000 square kilometresexpending from the Andes to theAtlantic and from the RiverOr. loco to the Mountains of Bo-livia. A huge, but little knownares of the world. it is inhabitedby about 200. 000 Indians exceptfor a few settlements along flyerbanks.

The aims of the Institute willbe to encourage and carry outscientific studies in the HyleanAmazon region so as to providea greater knowledge and unders-tanding of tropical nature andthe practical development of theregions by the Governments OfSouth America directly concer-nEa

At the Iquitos Conference thescientific scope of the Institute

(Continued on Page 2.)

List of Chief Delegatesto Iquitos Conference

Bolivia :Dr. Martin Cardenas

Brazil :Dr. Linneu Albuquerque Mello

Dr. HeWisa TorresColombia :Dr. Enrique Perez Arbelaez

Ecuador :Dr. Rafael Alvarado

Italy : A. VolpiceliFra-nce : Paul RivetNetherlands :

Mr. V. SavelbergPeru :Dr. Luis Alayza y Paz SoldanUnited States :

Dr. Clarence C. BoonstraVenezuela :

Mr. William Phelps Jr.Dr. Tobias Lasser

Dr. Albuquerque Me !) o of Brazil is shown addressing one of thePlenary Sessions of the Iquitos Conference. in Peru which established

the International Institute of th Hylean Amazon.

UNESCO FRIENDSHIP TWAIN

T SAN FRANCISCOASKED A

t/. S. Regional Conference Ends Three-Day SessionsOt'er 3, 000 Delegates Attend

PROPOSALS that a"FriendshIpTrain"be sent through thewestern region of the UnitedStates to collect supplies Llrschools, universities and centresof learning in devastated coun-tries were made at the PacificRegional Conference on Unescoheld in San Francisco last month.

The conference, which lastedfrom May 13-15, was attended'joyover 3. 000 civic leaders and edu-cators from seven westocn states.Alaska and Hawaii and was thefirst meeting by a U. N. agencyin San Francisco since the worldorganization was born in 1944.

resolutions and recommenda-tions adopted by the delegatesstressed the importance of in-formed exchange between indivi-duals as well as îations. The con-ference agreed that studentgroups should be encouraged toparticipate in community andUnesco affairs by setting upUnesco Community Councils.

In addition it was urged thatgroups and individuals stimulatenewspaper, radio stations and mo-tion picture organizations to in-sure better coverage of the ac-tivities of the United Nations,Unesco and other U. N. Agencies.

The Conference held three ply-nary sessions dealing with"TheNature of the Present World Cri-sis-Uneseo's Role,""Our Ap-

proach to a Changing World"and"Community and PersonalResponsibility."Five section meet-ings were also held to discussproblems and positive methods ofaction in the fields of Education,Communication, Human and So-cial Relations, Cultural Inter-change and Natural Sciences.

(Continued on Page 6.)

Unesco Sets Programme

for Ct assies Transition

WHAT are the great books of"each of the different coun-tries of the world ? What arethe world's 100 best books ?Unesco is attempting to obtainan answer to these and otherquestions from the Member Sta-tes of the Organization with ! \view to making great books avai-lable on a universal scale intranslation.

The plan for the translationof the grea. t books of the worldstems from a request by theU. N. General Assembly made toUnesco through the Econo : nicand Social Council and aims atmaking available the moht outs-tanding written works of eachculture in all languages.

From May 18-21. at unescoHouse in Paris, experts represent-ing leading editors, publishers,librarians and educators fromeleven different countries, metto discuss methods of prepar-ing national lists of great booksfor translation, the actual workof translation and the distribu-tion and exchange of the finishedproduct on an international basis.The meetings were held under the

ByH. M. BARNES, Jr.

Acting Head of the Bureau ofUnesco's'Plan for Translations.

World Educational Leaders.-

To Meet at Geneva

EDUCATIONAL leaders fromall parts of thé world willmeet in Geneva June 28-JuIy 3at, he Eleventh InternationalConference on Public Education.Seventy-one nations have beeninvited to send delegates to themeetings which are jointly spon-sored by Unesco and the Inter-national Bureau of Education(I. B. E.).

Progress reports on the deve-lopment of educational standardsand facilities in each country willbe submitted by the delegations.The Conference will study threemain questions, the role of schoolpsychologists, the teaching ofwriting, and teaching about the,

United Nations and its Specializ-ed Agencies.

At the forthcoming EleventhConference, the materials submit-ted and the text of the discussionswill be published jointly byUnesco and the I. B. E. in Frenchand English editions. Hitherto,these have been published by theI. B. E. in French only.

Unesco is co-operating in plansfor the Conference and has bee, 1responsible for some of the ma-terials to be used. Unesco hasalso prepared a wall exhibit anda booklet of recommendationsand suggestions for Teachingabout the United Nations and itsSpecialized Agencies (See middlepage), j

chairmanship of M. Julien Cain,Director of French NationalLibrary.

Unesco's project for transla-tions, which was originally limi-ted to"classics", has been broa-dened to include great books inan domains. The panel of expertsagreed that the initial listsshould be drawn up in three ca-tegories : recognized classics writ-ten before 1901, modern classicsup to 1939 and contemporarygreat books. It was proposed thatall countries should establish Nar-tional Committees to centralizeand co-ordinate the work. Suchcommittees should prepare listsof the works of their own authorswhose writings they felt, shouldbe widely translated, and of fo-reign authors whose works shouldbe rendered into the local lan-guages.

Already replies have been re-ceived from several Member Sta-tes with their lists of great books.Unesco's role in the programmewill consist, at the outset, in cir-culating to Member States copiesof each official list as it is recei-ved.

On the basis Of these lists, andwith the advice of experts indifferent countries, the Bureau ofUnesco's plan for translations willdraw l1p a provisional list ofsome 75 works (from the llrstcategory of works written before1901) which can be considereduniversal classics. After a secondconsultation with the NationalCommissions, or other appro-priate agencies, indicated by thegovernments of Member States,it will be possible ultimately toissue a representative list of thehundred best works.

Unesco could be of vita ! assis-tance in the translation project,the experts agreed, by suppryrnginformation on the best and latestmethods of translation, by pro..

. 4Continued on Pa. ge 3.)

Unesco's activities in connection with this Conference stem fromresolutions passed by its General Conference at the Second Sessionin Mexico City. The Director-General was instructed to take steps tobring this Institute, which was originally proposed by the Brazilian-.-.----

2 UNESCO COURIER Volume I.-No S

Tensions Affecting. . 6. <- I :

International Understanding

A S one reads the headlines thesedays, it is sometimes hard toimagine that there may eventuallycome a time when news-in what-ever novel technical form it maybe carried-will not be primarilyconcerned with stories about thedifficulties representatives of thehuman species have living toge-ther in amicable fashion. But itmust have been even harder formany a Neanderthal philosopherto have imagined a social unitJarge and efficient enough tomake it unnecessary for him touse brute force in his daily strug-gle for existence.

It is in the light of man's longsocial development that I hke toview Unesco's project on"Ten-sions affecting international un-derstanding". In his book"Evolu-tion and Ethics", Dr.Julian Huxley notes that"Bìologicd or organic evolution has at its upperend been merged intoand largely succeeded byconscious or social evo--Jution."As I see the"Tensions Project"its essential jobis to try to speed up this socialevolution by gathering togetherand focusing what knowledge ISnow available from the work Ofthe human scientists.

It is only with such perspec-tive that one can work on thisproject without feeling a hope-less frustration. For neither ourproject, nor any project, can dis-cover a magic formula for solv-ing immediately problems such asthose of Palestine. and India. orof East versus West. But our.project can, irrespective of whatwe hope will be its concrete re-sults, serve as a symbol that menwho live in many parts of theWorld and under very differentconditions, have at last decidedthat they should have themselvesexamined by some of their ownkind who pretend to be expertsin this thing called"Human Na-ture". It is high time this hap-pened and is itself a sign of socialevolution.

At the particular stage of man'ssocial evolution when the humanscientists have, for the first time,been called in for a diagnosis bya world-wide instrument of man'sown creation, we find men sepa-rated essentially because of theirloyalties to a number of differentabstractions, such as"Nation","Religion"and"Race". Becausepeople believe in these abstrac-tions, it is difficult for them tosee each other as fellow humanbeings. All too frequently, on theother hand, they see each otheras potential threats to some par-ticular interest.

One of the most crippling ofthese abstractions at the momentis that of"Nation". The idea ofnational sovereignty gives us veryfoggy vision indeed of our fellow

A Social

Scientist

Views'unesco

Project

men. Men can only lire together cess.in peace when they have common We are finding social scientistspurposes and when they learn everywhere anxious to co-operatethrough experience that in the when they see that their researchlong run they can only carry out can lead to some concrete actiontheir own purposes successfully which they desire as eitizen-scien-when they recognise the purposes tists It has been most encourag-of others, and when they rid them-ing to find that, in the six weeksselves of those abstractions which-our full program has been going,

not a single response to

technological developments andpopulation changes. Here, we areobtaining the advice of an out-standing population expert, M.Sauvy, who will help us map outa program in this field. In orderto keep ourselves fully abreast ofthe work of the population Com-mission of the Economic and So-cial Council, Professor HenryPratt Fairchild has been appoint-ed as an observer to attend thePopulation Meetings in Lake Suc-cess.

We are finding social scientistseverywhere anxious to co-operatewhen they see that their researchcan lead to some concrete actionwhich they desire as citizen-scien-tists It has been most encourag-ing to find that, in the six weeks

By

HADLEY CANTRIL

Meeting to Study

Agressive NatiQnalismA meeting at which specialists

in the fields of sociology, history,psychology, psychiatry and eco-nomics, designed to enquire intothe nature of tensions leading toagressive nationalism will openat Unesco in Paris on June 28 ; Itis expected to last about threeweeks.

This gathering is deigned toform part of the Unesco projectfor the study of tensions af-fecting international. understand-ing. In addition to a generalexamination of the problem, it isintended that recommendationsshould be made so as to promotea world-wide co-ordinated pro-gramme of research by socialscientists into the factors whichcreate friction between peoplesand the factors which lead toagrcssive nationalism.

Among the experts who haveaccepted invitations to attend themeetings are Prof. G. W. Allport: (Harvard), Prof. Arne Naess(Oslo), Dr. John Rickman

(London), Dr. Henry Stack Sul-livan (Washington), Dr. Alexand-er Szalai (Budapest), Prof. Gil-berto Freyre (Pernambuco, Bra-zil) and Dr. Max Horkheimer(New York).

stand in the way of this mutualrecognition of the common pur-poses people everywhere have ashuman beings.

Our program is now under way.The words of the 1948 resolutionsare being transformed into con-crete projects. Here are some ofour current undertaking :

For one thing, we are askingsocial scientists in some twentycountries to report for us on re-search now under way that is rele-vant to our problems. They willlet us know what people, organi-zations and facilities are availablefor potential cooperation. An-other project will under way isthe preparation of a series of mo-nographs through the Internatio-nal Studies Conference with M.Vernant in active charge. Thesemonographs are on the"Way ofLife"of many of the principalpeoples of the World. Four pilotstudies are now being preparedand will be followed by similarmonographs in another dozencoumries. At present the follow-ing distinguished scholars are pre-paring the first four books : Pro-fessor Ludwik Gelberg (Poland).Professor Frede Castberg (Nor-way), M. Gabriel Ls Bras (Fran-ce), M. Denis de Rougemont(Switzerland).

In an attempt to discover whatconceptions people in one nationhave of themselves and of people-in other nations we are planningspecial studies on children andadolescents, and surveys on stra-tified samples of the adult popu-lations in eight different coun-tries. We are also engaging theassistance of experts such as Dr.H. E. O. James of the Institute ofEducation, University of London,who will help us gain a more ac-curate picture of just how, andunder what conditions. the vari-ous conceptions people have ofthemselves and others developduring the course of life.

We are maintaln1ng a clOseworking relationship with thoseplanning the International Con-gress for Mental Health, whichwill be held in London this sum-mer. Members of the"TensionsProject"secretariat will take anactive part in the conference. Weare also calling together a twoweeks meeting this year of 8-10distinguished social scientistsfrom various countries to see ifthey can state for us in generalterms what is now known abouthuman nature, and the conditionsthat must obtain if nationalaggressions are to be decreased,and the principles that must befollowed to avoid serious tensions.Those,. who have already indicatedthat they will be able to acceptour invitations for this meetingare : Professor Gordon W. Allport,U. S. A. ; Dr. Gilbefto Freyre, Bra-zil ; Professor Arne Naess, Nor-way ; Dr. John Rickman, GreatBritain ; Dr. Henry Stack Sulli-van, U. S. A

It is our hope that the resultsof this meeting, as well as thedata and interpretations of someof our other projects can be pub-lished in book form.

Another area, of our activitiesconcerns tensions arising from

out suggestions or appeals

for help has been trea-

I L ted cynically oc cava-lierly.Whatever our co7crete

- results may be at theend of 1948 or 1949.

I repeat that perhaps the chiefvalue our project can have is thatof symbolising the emergence ofman's desire for co-operative self-examination. So our very exist-ence as a project seems to me anencouraging sign, and a challengewhich no one in the humansciences can refuse to take se-riousty. whatever doctrinaireapproach he may currently fellow. I

Dr. Kuo Leaves

For Far East Tour

Dr. Kuo Yu-Shou, recently ap-pointed Special Adviser on Asiaand the Far East, left Paris onJune 5 on a three-month missionto ten Far Eastern countries.

Dr. Kuo will visit India, Pa-kistan. Ceylon, Afghanistan, Bur-ma, Siam, Indonesia, Philippines,China and Japan.

His visit is aimed at strengthen-ing relations between countries ofAsia and the Far East and ensur-ing a wider knowledge of theaims and programme of Unesco.Dr. Kuo will represent Unesco atthe Third Session of the Econo-mic Commission for Asia and theFar East which began at Ootaca-mund, Madras, early this month.

W ork-PlanforGermany

Prepared by Secretariat

(Continued from Page 1.)will be studied by which suchdocuments, translated into Ger-man. may be reproduced In Ger-many for even wider distribution.

German institutions-librairies,universities, learned societies, etc.,while be asked to supply Unesco- whith lists of current Germanpublications within the range ofUnesco's aims. In this way, Unes-co will include Germany in itsclearing-house activity, bv aavi-sing Member States on publica-: ion matters and promoting di-rect exchanges between Germa-ny and other countries.

Museums

Periodical

To Be Issued

in July

A new international museumsreview, the first of its

kind since the war, wiU thorttybe published by Unesco. En-titled MUSEUMS MUSEES,the publication will be a quar-terly survey of activities in thefield of museogratthy.

The magazine will be tosome extent a successor toMOUSEION, a journal pu-blished for many years bv theInternational Museums OfficeThe Une-co publication, howe-ver, will be considerably broa-der in scope, dealing on a pro-fessional level with all typesof museums, from aquaria tozoological gardens. I

MUSEUMS MUSEES wit ! bepublished in both French andEnglish. It will serve as a fo-rum for presentation and dis-cussion of significant new de-velopments in the museogra-phical world. Its Board of Edi-tors is composed of If'adin&'specialists in their fields frommany countries.

The first issue wit ! be offthe press by July yl, to coin-cide with the opening of theFirst B : nni31 Conf=rence ofthe International Council ofMuseums (I. C. OM.) in Paris.It will be a special issue devo-ted to the reorganization andreorientation of French mu-seums since the end of thewar, with contributions fromkey figures in the profession.

" :,...,

French Medal L"ommëmorates

Fouucliug of Unesco

A medal commemorating thefounding of Unesco has just

been produced by the. FrenchGovernment. The medal, whichfulfils a wish often expressedsince the inception of Unesco inNovember, 1945, is now availablein bronze and in silver. (OJ

Executed by the French en-

RIGHTS OF MAN

MEETINGThe third meeting of experts

on th* philosophical basis of theRights of Man will meet atUnesco House from July 6 to 9.Their work will consist in a studyof replies received to Unesco'srequest for the views of leadingthinkers of th world on the sub-ject. Selections will be mad ?from these replies for publicationin a symposium.

graver, M. Georges Lay, the me-dal was selected by Dr. JulianHuxley, Director-General, fromamong several designs presented.

The face displays Peace onEarth, symbolized by a femininefigure in relief holding a laurelbranch against the glob whichis encircled by the initials ofUnesco. The reverse of the me-dal depicts a trilogy of allegoricalfigures symbolizing the aims ufUnesco in the fields of Educa-tion, Science and Culture. Thisside also displays the date of theConstitutive Conference of Unes-co, held in London in November,1945.

The medal may be purchasedthrough the"Editions Françaisesde la Monnaie : !, 11 Quai de Conti,Paris. 6e. The price of the med31in bronze is 360 francs, and jnsilver 2, 390 franca.

The appropriate allied autho-rities will be invited by Unescoto submit a review of their expe-rience in the field of revision andproduction of teaching materialsin Germany. These wilt be ana-lyzed by Unesco experts on accmparative basis, and the alliedauthorities in turn will receivein, formation on Unesco's work Inthis field. Secretariat officialswill be available for consultationon all problems concerning thein : provement of textboks andteaching materials

Unesco will also study pro-blms involved in and the oppor-tunities existing for the excnangeof persons between Germany ando'her countries. A questIOnnairewill be sent to the appropriateallied authorities in Germanyand all States throughout theworld requesting that thev sup-ply available information on thequestion. A full report. based onthy replies to the questionnaire,will be published in a register ofinternational fellowships early in1949

German experts will be invi-ted to attend certain technicalmeetings called by Unesco, withthe exception of seminars.

HYLEAN

AMAZON

(Continued from Page 1.)was outlined and a budget ofapproximately $300. 000 was setfor the first year of the Institu-te's operation. A financial proto-co ! was also signed by Bolivia.,Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, France,Holland. Peru and Venezuela,which determined the scale ofnational contributions toward fi-nancing the Institute.

Observers from the United Sta-tes and the United Kingdomexpressed great interest in theInstitute, and will study ways ofbringing about active partlcJ : pa-tien by their countries.

At the opening session on April30, Dr. Linneu Albuquerque deMeIIo'Brazil) and Dr. RafaelAlvarado (Ecuador) were elected'Vice-Presidents.

The Conference recommendedthat Manaus be es : ablished asthe seat of the IIHA because ofits geograpJ : 1ical situation andteat centres of study should bedeveloped in Belém (Brazil) tocover the Lower Amazon, in Iqui-tos (Peru) for the Upper Amazon,in San Fernando de Atabapo (Ve-nezuela) for the northern region,in Riberalta (Bolivia) for thesouthern region, and in Archi-dona (Ecuador) and Sibundoy(Colombia). It was clearly un-derstood that although the seatof the IIHA would be in Manaus,the actual work of the Institutewould be conducted in variouspart. of the Hylean Amazon. Re-commendations were made for aninitial survey to be undertakenin the Rio Huallaga valley inPeru

O the $300. 000 budget propo-sed for the first year of the Ins-titute, Brazil has been assessed150. 000 dollars, Colombia and Peru$40000 each, Venezuela $25. 000,France $15. 000, Bolivia $9. 000 andEcuador and Holland $5. 000 each ;

At the close of the Iquitos Con-ference the Brazilian Governmentprovided air transport from Iqui-tos to Manal1S for the first meet-ing of the Interim Commissionof the IIHA which lasted for fivedays from May 13 to May 17.

The work of the Commissionwas mainly. technical. It concen-trated its attention on the deli-mitation of the area of the Hy-lean Amazon, the setting up ofa secretariat for the Commission,its finance and duties. The com-mission confirmed Manaus as theseat of the IIHA and arrangedthat, while the Director-Generalof Unesco should be asked to fi-nance the secretariat in 1948. themember nations of the InterimCommission would undertake theresponsibility of continuing thesecretariat in 1949 at their ownexpense. It recommended theappointment of E. J. H. Corner,Principal Field Science Coopera-tion Officer in charge of Unesco'sLatin-American F. S. C. O., as Exe-cutive Secretary.

"ofum t.-No S UNESCO. COURIER

COPYRIGHT'EXPERT VIEWS

CONFLICTING NATIONAL LAWS

[On June 6 a twenty-day Conference for the Revisian af the BerneCanventian opened in Brussels under the sponsorship af the BelgianGavernment and the International Berne Bureau. M, Jean Thomas,Assistant Director-General and M. François Hepp, copyright spec'ali[1i.are attending this conference as observers far UnescO'. On this occasionwe publish bellow an article by M. Hepp on the prablems af inter-national capyright and Unesro's aims in seeking an answer 10'theseFoblems. ]

of all forms of proprietarvrights, the rights of literary

and artistic property were theslowest in achieving legal reco-gnition. It is less than two cen-turies since such rights were firstadmitted by law givers. Even today.on the international level at least,these rights are the most. difficultto exercise and their protectionmost uncertain.

In point of fact it is less thelack of any copyright law than

the multiplicity of discordant sys-

tems which lies at the root ofmany difficulties still found inthe application of the principle ofcopyrigh t.

But here we come up againsttwo difficulties, the first beingthe non-recognition of foreigncopyright by certain countries.Not only do they vary fromcountry to coun-try, but gener-ally speak ; ng, Francoithey s. re appli-Head of Ule1cable only with-sacin the boun------daries of), hecountry of origin. An attempt hasbeen made to remedy the diffi-culty through international con-ventions. and partial success hasbeen obtained ; but these conv2n-tions are not in agreement on allpoints and there are frequent va-riations between them, both'asregards their provisions, and asregards the individuals for whomthey provide.

Thus, when a, work is exportedfrom one country to another, wefind that the legal protection af-forded in one is either lost in theother, or, at the least, varies pro-foundly from country to country.

The real obstacles to overcomeour, rather, the source of theseobstacles, are gaps in the law,complexity, or in short, copyrightanarchy. How are we to surmountthis ? It is no answer to riderough-shod over copyright, assome think.

An 18th century writer has saidthat if you destroy the springsyou must not grumble at havingnothing to drink.

What we really have to do isto adapt copyright to the requi-rements of the new means of dis-seminating thought. To resolvethe harmful anarchy of presentinternational legislation we muststandardize, if we do not unify,that legislation on modern basesof universal application.

This is what Unesco seeks to doin the near future, with a vividsense of thet-urgency of the task.

But there is still a third causeof disagreement which is the lo-gical result of the first two : igno-rance

In too many cases authors.do not know the precise scope of Itheir rights or obligations, norwhat steps they should take toprotect the one and comply withthe other.

A few short examples will de-monstrate this :

In many countries it is essentialto carry out copyright formalitieswhich in some cases are simpleenough, but in others highlycomplex, while in many casestheir cost is prohibitive. Unlessthese formalities are compliedwith. and within a time limit.the law authorizes the appropria-tion of an idea. This is the case,for example, in U. S. copyright ; itis the same regarding the filingwith the Argentine national re-gister of contracts for translation.

Again, the applied arts haveno artistic protection under Amer-ican law. but are so protected inmany other countries. The lawvaries even within the BerneUnion. The rules for press copy-right, photographic copyright, ci-nema copyright and radio copy-right vary from country to coun-try. Certain countries afford pro-tection to performing artists, in

By

some cases on the same footing asthe creative artist, in others byaffording their work special pro-tection as an adaptation, and inothers again under the terms ofa different but parallel law.

The same is true of the legalenactments protecting transla-tions.

Thus it may happen that anAmerican, acting in good faithbut lacking exaèt information.may find that certain of hisrights are not protected in Eu-rope, unless he takes certain con-tractual precautions, while, onthe other hand, without his know-ing it, other rights, unrecognisedby his own national law, are pro-tected.

Similarly the European inAmerica may believe himselffully protected, but have no such

protection un-

François HEPPHead of Unesco's Copyright

Sqction

: Y---less he has

; HEPP complied witho's Copyright the ncessaryion formalities.-..--------.- For this rea-

son radio trans-mitting stations have to maintainan extremely costly legal branchand in many cases have towithhold transmissions of workswhere they are not entirely clearas to the legal position, orwithhold authority for relays andre-transmissions by foreign sta-tions.

There are other examples : theproprietor of a French newspaperowns the copyright of articlespublished in his paper, while theauthor of the article owns therights for other means of publi-cation (e. g. collected volumes) andno further formalities. are ne-cessary.

But if a work is publishedwithout the explicit retention ofrights in some countries, or inothers without legal deposit-e. g.. in Turkey deposit at the end ofthe year-anyone can reproduceor translate it without seekingauthority. All the countries of theMiddle and Far East can repro-duce such works without restric-tion ; the same is true in theU. S. S. R. ; the same is true in theArgentine Republic if the legaldeposit has not been effected, orin the United States if the copy-right has not been filed atWashington.

Similarly an European painterwho sells his pictures to galleriesthroughout the world, finds thatthere are wide variations in therules concerning the rights of re-production. If he sells his worksin France he retains the right ofreproduction and the gallery mustseek his authority for this. If hesells his works in America, themere fact of selling them depriveshim of the right of reproduction.If he sells them in England he

loses or retains the rights of re-production as provided in the billof sale. But if no provision hasbeen made in this respect he maybe found, in fact. to have lost.or have retained such right ac-cording to the decision of thecourts on the particular cir-cumstances.

These few examples show thatfor most authors, technicians, orbusiness men, even the most ex-perienced, this is a labyrinthwith no Ariadne to provide thethread.

Unesco wants to be the Ariadnein this strange and perilousscene. Without seeking to require,the various sovereign states tomodify their own laws, the Or-ganization invites them to con-sider realistically, practically andin good faith, the possibility ofreaching agreement on certainmajor principles of sense, justice.honesty and practical utility, andto consider their universal adop-tion so as to secure their strictobservance thereafter on a worldscale.

LOW-PRICED BOOKS

A Neglected MediufJJ

.. ; ; ;. :'r-" l

of Mass Communication

PRESS, film and radio are gen-orally first thought of as thechief media of mass com-munication, and these three havecertainly shown their importancein influencing-for good or bad-the minds of men during the lastdecades.

But the book is often forgottenin this connection, due to the con-servatism of the book publishingtrade. Book publishing has on thewhole adapted itself less well tocontemporary needs than themodern forms of mass media.

The low-priced book is ideailysuited to meet the steadily in-creasing mass demand for accessto factual information, vie. ws andopinions. The results obtained bypioneer publishers in this fieldare proof enough. It is also cer-tain that the potentiality of thecheap book as a means for awider exchange of views and opi-nions inside and across nationalfrontiers and for the raising ofeducational standards generallyhas not often been fully realised.

Photo shows different kinds of tow-priced, good books produced bypublishers in Poland, Great Britain, Franc". Mexico, Argentina and

the United States.

Plan for Translation

of Great Books

(Continued from Page 1_)viding a medium for internatio-nal liaison among editors andpublishers and by serving as acoordinating centre.

At a later stage, Unesco willgive all possible assistance tocountries which are faced withdifficulties in the translation, pu-

Dr. Huxley Ends Tour

of MiddLe East Nations

DrDr. JULIAN HUXLEY. Direc-tor-General of Unesco retur-ne. to Paris last month after afive-weeks'tour of the MiddleEastern countries, during whichtim he conferred with leadingpé1'sonnalities and Government.officials of the Middle East. TheDirector-General's tour was aimedat encouraging fuU participationin the Third Session of Unesco'sGeneral Conference which isschduled to be held in Butthis October, and at stimulatineinterests in the work and aims ofUnesco.

During his five-weeks'tour,Dr. Huxley visited Istanbul, An-kara, Beirut, Damascus, Amman.Baghdad, Teheran, Cairo and Tu-nis.In all the oountries visited, the

Director-General was received bytop educational, scientific andcultural leaders who expressedtheir desire to cho-ordinate theirwork along the lines of Unesco'saims.

As a result of Dr. Huxley's visitit is hoped that Turkey and Le-banon will set up Unesco Na'io-nal Commissions and that Iraqwill shortly ratify the Constitu-tion.

In Tunis, Dr. Huxley was metby Professor Jean Thomas, Assis-tant-Director-General, and. byM. René Maheu of the UnescoSecretariat, who, representing theDirector-General, visited theNorth African countries whileDr. Huxley returned to Paris

On June 7, Dr. Huxley left Pa-ris for a goodwill tour of EasternEuropean countries.

blication and distribution of theclassics chosen. Several of theexperts spoke of the serious shor-tage in their countries of paperand of materials required forhook-binding.

Dr. Charles Malik, chairman ofthe United Nations Economic andSocial Council, and long an advo-cate of the measures which thecommittee set up, emphasized thepermanent and profound signifi-cance of the project of transla-tions in a message which he sentto the Director-General for theopening of the Expert Committeemeetings."Certain nations andcultural groups", he wrote."are

dangerously deficient in know-ledge of the great classical litera-ture of other peoples. This cultu-ral inequality In respect to theultimate Questions of truth, beau-ty and the value of social idealsis a profound cause of'misun-derstanding. distrust and war".He stressed the cardinal servicewhich Unesco could perform bymeans of this programme, which.he feels."will render greater ser-vice to peace and understandingthan most of the political activitygoing on at present".

The experts ittetnde : hlieR CaiR(Ch*tf**) ; leaR Sally...-el, : a. berl.banes, Taha Hussein Bey, Allen Lance,N. K. SidhaDla (Vice-Chairmaa) ; A. D.TaY"'M Basle, Fre<lerielr. C. Metthtr,Vittore Bralua. Jesus SUva Heras, V. S.PrUcheU, Bv MiD U, Suphea Lelk....

outstanding results have beenachieved in cheap book publish-ing in many countries. The Pen-guin, Home University Libraryand Everyman series in Britain.Pocket books, the Modern Libraryseries and Bantam books in theUnited States, Russian mass-produced books, only to mentiona few examples, show what canbe done. The experiences alreadymade by the leading publishersin this field serve as a startingpoint for further exploration andstudy.

The implication of the techno-logical revolution of our time, thecurrent political and social issr. es.the place of arts and letters insociety, our cultural hentage, thecontribution of different coun-tries and cultures to, world civili-sation, all these are examples oftnemes that actively interest a.large number of citizens in manycountries. Their demand for gui-dance in these matters must bemet In an intelligent and intelligi-ble way, their interest acknowledg-'"ed and further stimulated.

What subjects need to betreated in a way suitable forinclusion in. cheap book series ?What subjects can be treated inthis way ? To what extent canauthors consciously address themasses ?

Scores of questions of this typeemerge as soon as one starts to

think over the cheap book prob-lem, and some of the answerswill probably be given by ananalysis of the assembled ex-periences and opinions of experts.

Unesco does not wish to enterinto the publishing field : itwishes to co-operate in the manyexcellent efforts now being madeand through the factual infor-mation and expert opinions as-sembled in Unesco to help withadvice to get more cheap booksof cultural value out on the, worldmarket.

The subject, as mentionedabove, is the first point to con-sider. But style is as importantas subject matter. The standardbook on the principle ofinternat. ional arbitration is morelikely than not to be tho-roughly unsuited to mass circula-tion because of its academic lan-guage. But if the subjects is ofgeneral interest there is no reasonwhy the same theme should notbe treated in a popular way andbe read and discussed by thous-ands of people. It is up to thepublisher to find the right manfor the job, to assist him by giv-ing him general directives basedon the very special experienceof cheap book publishing.

The ordinary type or cheappaper-bound book, for instance,is not really cheap for the pUbEclibrary, as it. cannot in most &I3ë'Sbe rebound because of its narrowmargin. Consequently it goes outof service very quickly and hasto-be replaced. It might be po. -sible to encourage publishers toproduce cheap books in two edi-tions-one for sale to the public ;another for library use.

The popular demand for goodbooks has in most countries faroutgrown the supply-not onlybecause of technical shortagesand deficiencies, but mainlv be-cause of lack Of imagination onthe part of responsible author-ities, authors and publishers.Trevelyan's"Social history ofEngland"sells almost as well as"Gone. with the Wind."In Nor-way the Phaidon edition of VanGogh's reproductions sold morethan 50, 000 copies and in SwedenMumford's"Condition of Man"is now a good seller. Bookswritten and produced for themass of the people form part. 0 f the increasingly-acceptedhuman right of equal access toeducational opportunities, and itis among Unesco's tasks to ad-vocates and emphasise this point.

Unesco's main task in the cheapbook field, well therefore be toenlist the active support of pro-gressive publishers, writers, edu-cators, and librarians to spotlightthe need for the full utilisation ofthe book as a medium of masscommunication.

TEACHING ABOUT THE U

11= VERY boy and girl shouldlearn about the United Na-tions system as an essential

part of his or her education-thisis the main recommendations in apamphlet entitled''Teachingabout the U. N.-Some Suggestionsand Recommendations", whichhas just been published by theEducation Section of Unesco.

This 10-page booklet will bepresented for discussion at theEleventh Internat : onal Confe-rence on Public Education, calledby the International Bureau ofEducation and by Unesco, and tobe held in Geneva at the end ofJune. Later it will be consideredby the various Unesco Seminarsmeeting this summer.

The report covers a. wide field.It begins by defining briefly whyteaching about the United Nationssystem is important.

It tries to answer some of thequestions which teachers in many

parts of the world find puzzling.At what age, many of them ask,can instruction on the UnitedNations usefully begin ? It suggeststhat with young children it ismost important to develop"atti-tudes of co-operation, friendlinessand fair play and the developmentof skill in learning to live togetherand to assume responsibility". Pro-grammes of instruction must, itpoints out, be varied according toage levels. Accounts follow,showing how education can beadapted from simple lessons ofco-operation for very young chil-dren up to more direct teachingfor adolescents.

In many parts of the worldteachers are asking what specialmeans have proved most successfulin presenting the United Nationsoutside the classroom. The bookletdescribes briefly the use that canbe made of bulletin boards, ofschool assemblies, of clubs andstudy groups, of model assemblies

of the United Nations, of schoolpublications, of special contests, 0celebrations and of activities suchs1s : onal voluntary work jcamps.

Another problem is how to train'teachers who will know how topresent the work of the UnitedNations in relation to other effortsto achieve a better world society.

Since the school is not the onlyagent concerned with the educa-tion of children and young people,proposals are made for enlistingthe help of the local community.It is recommended that local orga-nizations. public libraries, mu-seums, the local press, radio sta-tions and theatres should be usedas far as possible to assist inpresenting the United Nations andits Specialized Agencies to schoolchildren.

The final sections of the pam-phlet cover the need for suitablematerials and for encouragementand assistance from Ministries ofEducation and educational autho-rities.

In a much fuller form, this do-cument will be presented to thenext Unesco General Conference.Then if approved, it may becomean official Unesco statement onthe subject.

Students Learn of UN

in Unesco Member States

N the summer of 1947, enve-lopes of varying bulk weredelivered to Unesco in Paris

from many different corners ofthe world-from the tiny Domini-can Republic to the vast terri-tories of India and China. Theircontents had a common purpose-to report on what was being donein schools to teach about theUnited Nations and its Agencies.

The reports came in response toa questionnaire which had beensent out to Member States inApril, 1947. By the end of the year,twenty-one countries had replied.

The following extracts from thisround the world survey give someidea of the extent of the teaching :

Australia : Teaching is generallyconfined to secondary schools anduniversities, but in Victoria chil-dren as young as ten years havesome lessons on the United Na-tions. Outside the classroom, clubsfor the discussion of internationalaffairs are encouraged, and speak-ers have been invited to talk inthe schools on the United Nations.The work of the U. N. has beenincluded in the Australian Broad-casting Company's programme"The World in Which We Live".

Austria : A study of the U. N. isincluded within the framework ofregular school sub. iects. At thetime of the report, educationalgroups were planning to in-crease the teaching, working inclose connection with the AustrianLeague for the United Nations. OnJune 26th. every school celebratedUnited Nations Day.

Belgium : Some studv of theU. N. is included in the regularschool courses, and in the coursestaken in the teacher training col-leges. Groups for discussion of cur-rent events have been formed inthe secondary schools, and theschool broadcasting system has in-cluded the United Nations in itsprogrammes.

United Nations Day was cele-brated in the schools, and pam-phlets are being prepared speciallyfor school children and students.

Canada : In the different pro-vinces of Canada a varyingamount of instruction is given inthe higher grades of the school."Bulletins for Teachers"includereferences to the U. N.. and theimportance of the study was stres-sed at the Teachers'Annual Con-vention in 1947. School broadcastsand"United Nations Programmes"in the schools. have been arrangedto stimulate international under-standing.

China : Special recommendationshave been made to teachers by theMinistry of Education to use the

courses in languages, history andcivics as a means of spreading in-formation about the U. N. Plansfor increasing the study have al-ready been made, in which theMinistry of Education is co-ope-rating with the Unesco NationalCommission.

Czechoslovakia : At the time ofthe report, no special texts on U. N.had been produced for schools, but.every child and young person fromthe age of twelve to eighteen hassome instruction within the fra-mework of other lessons.

Denmark : The winning papersof a competition arranged by theDanish Teachers'Organizationand the Danish United NationsAssociation have been publishedfor use as background materialfor the study of U. N. in primaryand secondary schools.

France : Plans have been madeby the Ministry of Education toinclude the United Nations in itsprogramme of lectures, and to en-courage the forming of interna-tional clubs and societies. A weeklycolumn on international problems,with special reference to theUnited Nations and its Agencies,is to be published in the magazine,"Education nationale".

India : November 29th was cele-brated widely in India as UnescoDay. Special school broadcastswere arranged On Unesco for thatday, and exhibitions and filmshows were arranged in severalprovinces.

New Zealand : Every pupil inthe post-primary schools takes acourse in social studies, which in-cludes ome work on the League

of Nations and the United Na-tions. Most of the schools have aweekly current events session,which covers news of the U. N.

Norway : Some mention of theUnited Nations is included in thenew textbooks used by Norwegianchildren from seven to fourteenyears, and considerable materialis included in the books for pupiL-from fourteen to nineteen vears.A pamphlet on the U. N. has beenissued specially for use in schools.

United Kingdom : Much of theteaching on the United Nations isincluded in current events classes.and in individual schools andyouth organizations group projectshave been carried out with greatinterest. The Council of Educationfor World Citizenship-a nationalvoluntary organization-has beenvery active in stimulating the in-terest of both students andteachers in international affairsand U. N. in particular. The Coun-cil has published study guidesand pamphlets such as the booklet"Unesco-What it Is and What itDoes", and arranged conferencesand lectures which have been at-tended by thousands of schoolchildren. School broadcasts arewidely used andencourage interestin current events.

United States : A study of theUnited Nations is finding aregular place in the curricula ofmany secondary schools, especiallyin courses in world history andcurrent history. Study courseshave been drafted and model as-semblies held, and the radio isused to advantage in discuss : ons.

Libraries and museums in somedistricts have cho-operated in plan-ning exhibitions on U. N.. and alarge number of books and pam-phlets have been published forstudents and teachers. Films andfilmstrips on the subject of UnitedNations are used in many of theschool systems, as well as chartsand photospreads.

Bibliographie on UN

and its Agencies

An extensive bibliography ofbooks and pamphlets in Englishon"Education for InternationalUnderstanding and on the UnitedNations"has just been issued bythe Exchange of Information andEducation Sections of Unesco. Itis now available for distributionfree of charge and should be use-ful to teachers, librarians, studentsof international affairs, and othersinterested in the United Nations.It may be obtained by writing toUnesco, 19 Avenue Kleber, Paris16e.

A similar bibliography in lan-guages other than English is beingprepared and will be issuedshortly.

The publication just issued notonly lists important books andpamphlets in several fields, butalso includes brief factual anno-tations.

Part I of the bibliography isdevoted to the United Nations andits Specialized Agencies. Smallsections are devoted to the Eco-

nomic and Social Council, theInternational Court of Justice, theSecurity Council, the TrusteeshipCouncil, the Atomic Energy Com-mission, while other parts aregiven over to bibliographies andgeneral publications on the UnitedNations. Each of the SpecializedAgencies is then treated sepa-rately.

Part II treats the topic of Edu-cation for International Under-standing, and is followed in PartII by # :'le more specific subject ofEducation for International Un-derstanding in the Schools.

The final Part is a bibliographyon Teaching about the United Na-tions in the schools. This list in-cludes materials for teachers andreferences to the few materialswhich exist for pupils.

Most of the titles are of fairlyrecent publications and should beavailable for purchase. A fewbooks are of older date but areincluded because of their parti-cular interest. and value. Thesource is listed for publicationswhich may not be obtained easily.

Student : in a school in Michigan, USA, re-enact a meetmt ;of the tJnited Nations.

UN TO BE SEMINAR THEME

AT DELPHI COLLEGE

INE nations will be repre- sented on the staff of

Unesco's Seminar onTeaching about the United Nationsand its Specialized Agencies,. which will be held from July 7 toAugust 18, 1948, at Adelphi College,Garden City, New York, and atLake Success. The personnfl whichwill assist the participants fromMember States of Unesco and ofthe United Nations in their pro-duction of materials for school useon the United Nations are as fol-lows :

Mr Bryant Mumford (UnitedKingdom), Director of Special Ser-vices in the Department of Public

Information of the United Nations,will be in charge of all liaisonwork with the United Nations. MrSolomon Arnaldo (Philippine Re-public), Acting Head of the Unescooffice in New York, will be incharge of relations with Unesco.The Social Director, Miss RenéeFulton, and the Librar. an, MrReuben Weltsch, are bothAmericans.

Directing all the activities ofthe Seminar will be Dr. Y. R. Chao,distinguished Chinese educatorwho is teaching at the Universityof California. Dr. Chao has hadwide experience in internationalaffairs. He was acting chief of theChinese delegation to the FirstGeneral Conference of Unesco inParis and a member of the de-legation to the Second GeneralConference in Mexico City. In1932-33, he was Director of theChinese Educational Mission tothe United States ; in 1943-44 Chiefof the Language Programme ofA. S. T. P. at Harvard University.and from 1932 until the presenttime Chief of the Section of Lin-guistics at the Academia Sinica.He was the co-founder of theScience Society of China and has

Director Dr. Y. R. Chao(China).

Programme Direc-Dr. Archie Trope1-tor.................... strup (U. S. A.).

.-\dministrative As-Ml"Ant. oni Maaue.sistant.. lides (Greece).

Chairmen of StudyGroups :Radio and Re-Mr Mayor Moore

cordinss....... (Canada).Films and Film-Mr""alter Harris

strips............ (stew Zealand).written Materials M. Georges Fom

tanet (France).Mr Leonard Ken

worthy (U. S. A.).Aims and Meth-Mr Antoni Wej-

odsofTeachinc cietti (Poland).

Some Suggestions

and Recommendation

... :

UNITED NATIO. 5

ltations Publish

, oaks, pamphlets

For School Use

I

!'N the past year tangibleevidence of the increasinginterest in the United Na-

ons has appeared on the book-shelves of Unesco in the shape oflOOks and pamphlets published inndividual 1 countries. Particularly'ncouraging is the number of pu-Ilications prcduced specially for'oung people, and for use inhools.A fifteen-page pamphlet-'nesco"... in the minds of men"; published in Australia by'themmonweallh Office of Educa-ton, describes the structure and\i-ms of Unesco in a simple andlirect style, with charts andÌiagrams to ilàuslrate it. Theoreword says that the pamphletjas been published in response to1m Australia-wide demand for. p. formation".

\FOrenede Nalioner printed in", mnish for the use of teachers isI pamphlet on the origin, back-; round and purposes of the Unitedstations. Within its thirty-onees it also includes a brief out-tne of the League of Nations,'totems on the Specialized Agencies,, d a short glossary of terms. The

pamphlet was chosen as the win-ing paper in a competition for

'. ac hers organized by the Danish

nited Nations Association.'Number one of the Modern India

ies is a pamphlet on Unescoposed of essays on differentpects of the organization con-

ibuted by well-known Indianriters and educationists. It is

ustrated by photographs of the

dian delegates to the Unesco. nferences, and reproductions of

intings by Indian artists.

'i The Education Department offew Zealand has produced theIrst two numbers of a series ofbst-'Primary School Bulletins forrnior forms written by F. H.bumer. Behind the United Nationsives the historical background,iom the Middle Ages onwards,'bowing the need today for arld society to match modern. economic' and technical develop-

ments. The United nations de-tribes the efforts made to achieveforld organization, with a briefstory of the League of Nations.hd an account of the structured work of the United Nations., e Forente Nasjoner is an illus-tated pamphlet written in Norwe-an. It is intended for youngpersonas over fifteen years of age.d is recommended as a teacher'sMLndbook on the United Nations.. was written by O. H. Jensenius

during a visit to the United Na-tions headquarters a'. Lake Suc-cess, with the express purpose ofhelping teachers to carry out theresolution of the U. N. GeneralAssembly in 1947 concerning ins-truction about the organization.

From the U. S. A. comes a num-ber of publications printed spe-cially for schools. The Universityof Nebraska, has produced Unescoand Nebraska Secondary SchoolYouth, a handbook of recommen-dations for teachers on how topresent Unesco in and outside theclassroom. In addition to the ac-count of tithe structure and pur-poses of Unesco there is a detailedlist of study outlines, suggestionsfor correlating the work y.'ith othersubjects, and original ideas forenlivening the study.

One World in the Making byWilliam G. Carr, is a textbook forschool children, emphasizing theUnited Nations Charter. Difficultphrases are explained in marginalnotes, and it is illustrated withcharts and maps, and a reproduc-lion of the signatures to theCharter.

"Senior Scholastic", a magazinefor secondary schools pupils, hasdevoted one entire issue to theUnited Nations, entitled UnitedNations in Action-A Student'sHandbook of the World Organi-cation.

Another United Nations hand-book for school students is pu-blished by the American EducationPress.-Bssides articles, photo-graphs and explanatory notes, itgives lists of questions at the endof each section, and pinpoints im-portant facts. There are also sug-gestions for forum discussions.

UNESCO SPONSORS ESSAY

AND POSTER CONTEST

cr AN Unesco be of interest to'J boys and girls of school

age ? The last General Con-ference of Unesco thought it could,and, as part of its work to encou-rage knowledge about the UnitedNations and its Specialized Agen-cies, decided to sponsor two com-petitions on Unesco for youngpeople in the schools of MemberStates to begin in September, 1948.

The full title for both competi-tions is"Together We Build a NewWorld, An Essay and Poster Com-petition on Unesco's Work". Thefirst. will be open to those between15 and 18 years of age, and thesecond to those from 12 to 15.Entries may be submitted in eitherof two forms : an essay of between1. 000 and 2, 000 words, or a posternot exceeding 48x66 cms.

To allow plenty of time for thecompetitions to be made known allover the world, and to take into

account the differences in the aca-demic year of the northern andsouthern hemispheres, Unesco hassuggested that Member States an-nounce the competitions in Sep--tembe : o'October, 1948, and askfor entries to be submitted tothem by May 1st, 1949.

The first preliminary selectionof winning essays and posterns willbe made nationally. Then eachMember State is asked to send toUnesco by airmail not later thanJuly 1st, 1949. the ten best entriesin each competition.

The'final awards will be madefor Unesco by a panel of interna-tionally-known men and womenselected by the Director-General.The results will be announcedbefore the Unesco General Confe-rence meets in 1949.

The prizes will be awarded inthe form of grants to enable the, winners either to travel abroad. to

attend a conference on word af-fairs, to acquire further education(if possible in another country),or to purchase books and othereducational material. ;

In the first competition, the- first prize for an essay will be

$250, and the same for the win-ning poster ;, he second ror'_ze willbe $200 for the essay and $200 forthe poster. There will be 8 addi-tional prizes of $50 each. In the

second competition, the first prizefor the essay will be $150 and thesame for the poster ; the secondprize will be $100 for the essayand $100 for the poster. Againthere wíl1 be 8 additional prizesof $50 each.

It is hoped that other prizes. willbe offered by the government, orby interested organizations or in-dividuals in the Member States.Unesco suggest that where thiscan be done it may be, worthwhileto propose a third form that thecompetition might take. It isthought that in some schools awelcome alternative to the pro-duction of essays or posters mightbe a group project consisting, forexample, in writing a play onUnesco's work, in making a scrapbook of articles, or in constructinga model illustrating one of Unes-co's activities. Because of the diffi-culty of making an internationalaward for projects of this kind,Unesco is not suggesting this asthe third form in its own scheme.

Special materials to give youngpeople the necessary informationabout Unesco are obviously essen-tial and pamphlets are being pre-pared in the Education Section ofUnesco to meet this need.

It is expected that a selectionof the essays and posters. will bereproduced in connection withUnesco publicity, and it is hopedthat an exhibition of them can beshown at the Fourth Session ofthe General Conference in 1949.

General view of a recent meeting of the UN Economic and Social Council at Lake Success

! ten President of the LinguisticSlèiety of America."Dr. Archie TrOt'lstrup, Pmfessora Stephens College, Columbia,missouri, will be the ProgrammeJ1rector of the Seminar. Dr.foelstrup has had great expe-ence in Seminar-workshops foruachers and has written severalpublications for use in the schooJs.]Ie has tau. ght seven summers atteachers College, Columbia Uni-trsity, and in various summerinars. He has had a wide- triety of teaching positions rang-: ing from work in rural districts11 large metropolitan areas. He isDe author of Teaching War andIlStwar Problem, published by

Public Affairs Commitee andForeign Policy Association, a

lege textbook on Education for

Dr. y. B. CHAO.

Loving, a teaching guide for highschools on Housing in the UnitedSlates, a booklet on Paying jot theWar, and editor of the Yearbookof the National Council tor theSocial Studies on Economic Edu-cation.

The Administrative Assistant,Mr Antoni ManueEdes, is amember of the Bureau of theComptroller of Unesco.

Mr Mavor Moore, Chairman ofthe Radio and Recordings StudyGroup, has had wide experience inschool broadcasts with the Cana-dian Broadcasting Company andhas also had experience with theUnited Nations.

Mr Walter Harris was a memberof the Ministry of Education inNew Zealand, working on audio-visual methods, until he recentlyjoined the staff of the UnitedNations Department of Public In-formation.

The two Chairmen of StudyGroups on the preparation ofbooklets, study guides and otherwritten materials, were bothmembers of Unesco's Seminar atSevres. M. Fontanet is Professorat the Lycée Louis Ie Grand inParis and at the School of Ad-vanced Commercial Studies inParis, and is the author of severalpublications on education. MrKenworthy is Programme Spe-cialist at Unesco on Teachingabout the United Nations and itsAgencies.

Mr Antoni Wojcicki is a staffmember of the Cultural ActivitiesDivision of the United Nations

and has been particularly con-cerned with reports from MemberStates on Teach : ng about theUnited Nations. He was also atutor in the Unesco Sevres Se-minar.

The Social Director, Miss RenéeFulton, is Principal of the ForestHills High School in New Yorkand former President of theAmerican Association of Teachersof French. The Librarian will beMr Reuben Weltsch, Librarian ofKenyon College, Gambier, Ohio.

As general background for thediscussion groups, members of theSeminar will participate in a seriesof lectures and discussions byhighranking personnel from theUnited Nations and its Agencies.Mr Benjamin Cohen, AssistantSecretary-General for Public In-formation, will speak on the"Structure, Aims and Principles ofthe United Nations". Dr. AndrewCordier, Executive Assistant to theSecretary-General will discuss the"General Assembly", Dr. C. K. Chu,Assistant Director of the WorldHealth Organization, will describethe work of that Agency. my JohnJ. McCloy will. speak on the Inter-national Bank, and several otheroutstanding persons will discussother aspects of the United Na-tions'system. AL'3C participatingin this series of lectures and dis-cussions will be a group of internesfrcm mary nations who areworking at the United NationsHeadquarters, and graduate stu-dents from colleges and univer-sities in New York and vicinity.

Columbia

University Gives

Unesco Course

Probably the only specialcourse on Unesco in any insti-tution in the world is beinggiven at Teachers College, Co-lumbia University. The courseis entitled"International Edu-cation and Unesco"and isbeing given by ProfessorDonald Tewksbury. The classmeets once a week for a two-hour period for lectures anddiscussions on recent develop-ments in international educa-tion. Outside lecturrs are in-vited to speak at the course.Partieular emphasis is given tothe"purposes, organization,and progress of Unesco".

W. F. U. N. A.

Conference on U. N.A two-weeks conference will be

held in Geneva by the StudentCommission of th. World Fede-ration of United Nations Associa-tion on the best methods of im-plementing the United Nationsresolution on Teaching about theU. N. and its Agencies. Partieularattention will. be given to methodsof presentation in universitiesaround the world. The con-ference will be held from July15 to 29.

you' - :-'.'

and Unesco

..., IL ET'S VISIT UNESCOHOUSE"is the titleof a pamphlet which

Unesco will publish soon for boysand girls between 12 and 15 yearsof age. It has been prepared byMr Leonard Kenworthy, of theEducation Section, to provide in-formation for school pupi ; s en-tering for an Essav and PosterCompetition on Unesco. It has anattractive red and white cover,and its 30 pages are illustratedwith nearly 60 photographs, chartsand maps.

It describes how an imaginaryparty of children from many na-tions meet at Unesco House inParis. Some of them have arrivedon bicycles, by bus, or by train ;others by boat, and a few by air.They have come to visit one ofthe few international houses inthe world.

As soon as they arrive, they arewelcomed by a guide who takesthem around the building, andexplains what the people workingthere are trying to do. The partyattends a meeting of the ExecutiveBoard, is welcomed by Dr. Huxleyin his office, and visits the headsof different departments to askthem questions about Unesco'sprogramme..

For older boys and girls anotherpamphlet haS"been written by MissMonica Luffman of the EducationSection, entitled"You and Unes-co". As being of particular inte-rest to young people, Unesco's re-construction work, its educationalactivities, its scientific programme,and its efforts to help people allover the world to exchange ideas,have been stressed. Each chapterof this 40 page pamphlet is fol-lowed by five or six questions toencourage the readers to think forthemselves. It is being printed inblack and white, with a cover intwo colours, and illustrated withsome 40 photographs, diagrams,and maps.

Specimen copies of both pam-phlets will be sent to MemberStates of Unesco at the beginjþngof July. It is hoped that they willthen be translated where necessaryand re-published for wide distri-bution.".,.,

On the middle pa. e of the May issue. t the'rnMco Courier"our readerswill find additional information cen-cerning the Adelphi Seminar onTeaching about the UN. Details or theIBE-Unesee Confet'eDee are reportedon Pare one r this issue.

. UNESCO COURIER Volume I.-No S

Experts who attended recent meeting on Art in General Education : From left to right : A. H. Cor-rea de Azevedo and Dr. Kuo Yu-Shu of Unesco ; M. ZoItan Kodaly (Hungary) ; Herbert Read (UK !,Chairman ; Dr. Thomas Munro (US) ; M. Georges Fare (France) ; Mr. E. M. Dicky (UK) of th*

Ministry of Education.

SOME BLUNT WORLDS

FROM-CRITIC READ

[The following interview expresses certain opinions with whichthe editors of the"Unesco Courier"caIUlot agree. We feel, however,that Mr Read's observations rpresent an attitude which is fairlyfrequent among the world's intellectual, particularly among belte-lettrists. As such, we present them in the hope that they will stimulatediseussion. ]

MAR. HERBERT READ, noted British philosopher of art, and authorsof several books on art and aesthetics, granted a special inters ; sewon May 15 to the"Unesco Courier", during which he criticized Unescoand its Constitution, though affirming his belief in the importance ofits role in the world today. Dr. Read came to Paris last month topreside over the meeting of ex-_.,,,...... _...,perts on Art in General Educa-tion which met at Unesco Housefrom May 11 to 15.

"Any criticisms I make ofUnesco", Mr Read began,"arebased own a desire to co-operate.They are not inspired by anyfundamental animosity 10 theaims of Unesco."

"At the same time", Mr Readcontinued,"I do feel that a cer-tain presupposition about thenature of culture and the meansof promoting it have been madewhich are fallacious. The falseassumption to which I refer, andwhich seems to be present in theConstitution of Unesco, is thatculture is something ready-made,already formulated and develop-ed, and has merely got to beshared by the largest part of thepeople in order to bring about apeaceful state of the world."

"Root Simulation"

"But culture and civilizationare a growth, a creative process,an activity. Our aim should be tostimulate that activity at theroots. This'root stimulation',ho. wever, involves an activity notcontelllplated in the Constitutionof Unesco. The energies ofUnesco are being dissipate inintellectual and organizationalactivities which are seldom con-crete in their results."

"The most effective way ofchanging the minds of men ISthrough education. Yet educe ; joinmust be understood in a sensenot evident in the Constitutionof Unesco since it interprets edu-cation in a spirit of intellec-tualism and scientific humanism.I feel that education, to be ef-fective, must be much more'ac-tivist', relying more on practicaland creative activities and esson book knowledge and literacy."

Anasthesia

"Unesco ignores this problem",he went on."But in my opinion,more serious than illiteracy 15the problem of anesthesia'-thatis lack of taste ant sensitivitywhich affects not 10 to 15% but90% of the population of theworld."

"Unesco's work", Mr Read con-tinued,"should be aimed more at Ipeople than at ideas. It should'establish practical institutionsrather than communities of good-will and this should be done ona I>ig scale."

"I suggest for example", hesaid.''the creation of an Instituteof Experimental Education, wherenew methods of education wouldbe demonstrated and whereteachers could come to leam ofprogressive methods of educa-tion."

Criticizing the distinction madein the title of Unesco betweenEducation, Science and Culture,Mr Read cited T. S. Eliot's phrase'Science and education are inthemselves a part of culture.'

"If you separate science andeducation from. culture", Mr

Read declared,"why not dis-tinguish art and religion ? Thevery fact that science and edu-cation were picked out by Unescoreveals a bias-perhaps an un-conscious bias-in the minds ofthose who established it. Thatscience is distinct from culture isa modern development which tothe Greek philosopher wouldhave seemed quite monstrous. Itrepresents a materialistic point ofview of civilization which is sus-picious of the world culture andseeks to correct it or counter-balance it with the term scten-tific."

Turning to three of the culturalprojects in which isplaying an important rove, MrRead cited the InternationalTheatre Institute, the programmefor the translation of the classicsand copyright.

"I believe", he said,"that thecirculation of theatrical produc-tions on an international scalemay gradually stimulate Thedramatic activity. But even here.I think the effective form ofstimulation is due not to the cir-culation of mastenpieces by them-selves, but rather to the encou-ragement of creative effort onthe amateur levels."

In conclusion, Mr Read re-affirmed his belief in the work ofUnesco.

"I believe an organizat : on onthe lines of Unesco to be es-sential", he said."If we do notagree with the Constitution andUnesco's procedure, we must notstand aside and merely condemn,but at any rate make an effortto transform it. If one has anybelief in peace and the future ofworld culture, an organization ofthis kind is essential and mustbe criticized until it does its jobmore and more effectively."

Chinese Edllcator Named

Unesco Representative ?

Professor Chen Yuan, promi.nent Chinese educator and since1940 a member of the People'sPolitical Council, has been ap-pointed Chinese Representative toUnesco.

Professor Ohen has been for thepast two years a member of theUnesco Executive Board and inthis capacity has been closelyassociated with the activities ofthe Organization. His appoint-ment as Chinese Representativeat Unesco House in Paris was an-nounced by the Chinese Ministryof Education.Born in 1896, Professor Ohen

was educated in China and inGreat Britain. He was successive-ly Professor at the NationalPeking University in Peiping, andat Wuhan University i « Wuchang.Before the war be was Dean ofthe College of Arts at Wuhan. Hehas public. shed several volumes ofessays and translations intoChinese.

Call for Better

Art Education

THE development of the placeof the arts in general edu-cation programmes throughoutthe world and the better utiliza-tion of art for strengthening in-ternational and inter-cultural un-derstanding was urged during ameeting of experts at UnescoHouse in Paris last month.

Called by Unesco for a five-dayconference (May 11-15) to studythe role of art in general educa-tion, the expocts recommendedthe creation of National Commit-tees in each Member State. Suchcommittees would stimulate the, improvement and expansion ofart instruction in school andadult education.

The recommendations of theexpert panel are at present understudy by Unesco and will be con-sidered when the Organizationsubmits a draft programme inthis. 3 field to its forty-one MemberStates. Proposals included theestablishment by Unesco of anInternational Council for theArts in General Education to hesupported by the National Com-mittees in each country.

Such an International Council,the experts declared, would serveas a focal clearing-house lor ten.fermation regarding improvedmethods for teaching the artsthe circulation of exhibitions.translation and publication ofimportant books and articles inth ? field. It would also promoteinternational federations of tea-chers and students on a scho-larship basis.

Dr. Herbert Read (United King-dom) presided over the meetingsand Dr. Thomas Munro (UnitedStates) was Rapporteur. Otherexperts present included M. George3 Favre (France) and M. Zol-tan Kodaly (Hungary). Mr. E. M.Dicky, representing the BritishMini : fry of Education, was alsopresent.

The Role of France

In the I. T. 1..-

T AST summer, twenty-four- *-'theatre experts from fourteendifferent countries came togetherat Unesco's suggestion to plan anInternational Theatre Institute.The decisions they took and theobjectives they set themselves lastyear have been carried out. In afew weeks'time their. goal willhave been reached.

The experts had recommendedthe establishment of an Interna-tional Theatre Institute, indepen-dent of Unesco and supported byNational Centres which reflectedas faithfully as possible thetheatre life of each nation.

ByArmand SALACROUNoted French Playwright,Member of the ExecutiveCommittee of the ITI andPresident of French Na-

tional Theatre Centre.

A truly international instituterepresenting the world's theatre-that was the idea on which theITI was based. To make it so, allmembers of Unesco as well as theUnited Nations were invited toattend the Constituent Congressof 1948. The setting up of trulyrepresentative National TheatreCentres was also recommended.Eight such National Centres arenow functioning.

It may be of interest to indi-cate how we, in France, proceed-ed.

First of all we set up a TheatreCommittee made up of 30 mem-bers, on the model of the FrenchNational Commission for Unesco.The Theatre Committee consistsof four high officials and seven-teen distinguished personalitieselected by the French theatre as-sociations (the National TheatreFederation, the Society of Authorsand the various trade unions re-presenting writers, directors, act-ors, producers and so on). In turn,these twenty-one members of the'Theatre Committee named nineprominent theatre men to formpart of the Committee.

In this way, it was felt, theFrench Theatre Committee wouldtruly represent all of the Theatri-cal activities of France and thusbe able to study all theatre ques-tions arising in France. At thesame time such a Committeewould be able to offer practicalsolutions to the international pro-blems which twill be discussed atthe Prague Congress.

Naturally there are many pro-blems and some, at the moment,cannot be solved. The first pro-

blem, that of the legal constitu-*tion of the International TheatreInstitute, wille be eliminated oncethe draft Charter, drawn up bythe experts in 1947, has beenexamined and finally adopted.

But then a host of other pro-blems win come up.

Painters and musicians aremore fortunate than we of thetheatre : their language is inter-national. We, however, must con-

tend, not only with translationproblems but with customs diffi-culties, passport complications,and the financial risks in sendingtheatrical troupes abroad. Makingtheatre news available on an in-ternational scale also poses aserious, highly complicated pro-blem.

French Roleat Prague Congress

At Prague, the French Delega-tion will pursue a policy ofobstinate moderation. It is con-vinced that the more modest buteffective the work of the Congressthe greater the chances will be fora living Institute. The FrenchDelegation will try, therefore, tokeep to concrete facts and willurge the adoption of only thoseprojects that can actually becarried out under present worldconditions.

At the end of May, the followingcountries had made known their in-tention to be represented at theFirst Congress of the. t. T t, to beheld in Prague from June 28 toJuly 3 :

Austria. Australia, Brazi !, Bet-gium, Chits, China, Egrypt, Finland,France, Haiti. Hungary, Italy.Luxembourg. Switzerland, UnitedKingdom. United States, Union ofSouth Africa.

This is not to say that we donot doubt that the InternationalInstitute has a great future. Wethink, indeed, that the birth ofthe Institute, of itself, is concreteproof of a great enterprise : InPrague, the centre of poor, ruinedEurope, men of the theatre fromall countries, from Finland, and"South America, from the Soviet-Russia and the United States willmeet to study common problems,exchange information, formfriendships and embark upon aconstructive task in the interestsof human culture. Is not this, inthe year 19<18, a great achieve-ment ?

And the congresses which willpermit theatre representativesfrom all over the word to meetin a different capital each year- do not these of themselves jus-tify the Institute IWhich is to becreated in Prague in the next fewweeks ?

Unesco Friendship Train

(Continued from Page 1.)

Among the noted speakers whoaddressed the plenary sessionswere George V. Allen, U. S. Assis-tant Secretary of State for Pub-lic Affairs, William G. Carr ofthe U. S. National Education As-sociation, George V. Stoddard,President of the University ofIllinois, Vera Micheles Dean ifthe Foreign Policy Associationand Margaret Mead, anthropolo-gist of the American Museums-'fNatural History.

"What Unesco needs, if it is toaccomplish anything, is co-opera-tion of organizations and collegesand schools and local groups andindividuals all over the world,"Mr Allen said at the opening. ses-sion of the Conference."We havecharted a course of internationalco-operation,"he continued."Thepursuit of that course is fraughtwith difficulties... The faithin which Unesco was created isthe faith which animates us to-day. The Governement of theUnited States reaffirms that thiscountry will continue to workwith all other countries whichshare this faith to achieve theobjectiVe5 set forth in the consti-tution of Unesco."

"William Carr told the 3, 000 dele-gates that the task before them wasto overcome the sense of futility.the sense of benumbed resignationwith which all too many of our

people look upon the current in-ternational scene... The taskis to call the American people towage the peace. We must getdown to such practical questionsas educational reconstruction, stu-dent and teacher exchange, revi-sion of textbooks, co-operativescientific investigations, interna-tional systems of library refer-ences, international use of ra-dio..."Addressing the final plenarysession on May 15 ; Dr. Stoddarddeclared that"the unique, per-Imanent and exciting business ofUnesco is to contribute to a justpeace-to a world-wide, self-im-posed security resting on culturalUnderstanding and exchange."

"It seems to m2,"he said,"that Unesco must choose andchoose fast whether to stay inquiet waters far from danger orsignificance or to consider itself ia militant organized force forpeace."

Unesco Exhibit on UNI

A five-panel pictorial exhibit onteaching about the United Na-tions is to be presented at theIBE-Unesco Conference in Ge-neva and at the Economic andSocial Council meeting in Genevanext month.

Brazilian Educator

Calls for Increased

Interest in Unesco

Dr. Fernando Tude de Souza,of the Brazilian Ministry of Edu-cation, in an important addressdelivered at the Casa Rooseveltin Sao Paulo on May 25, describ-ed Unesco as"a new and perhapsunique opportunity for libertyand democracy loving peoples tolive in peace".

Speaking on"Unesco and theStruggle for Peace", Dr. de Souzacalted for an untiring campaignto wipe out illiteracy in Braziland stressed the need for greaterparticipation of his countrymenin the. work of Unesco."Unescoand its ideas", he said,"shouldbe explained in sohools, in thepublic squares, in parliamentarybodies, so that... in serving Brazilwe can at the same time servethe cause of all humanity andcontribute to the diffusion ofknowledge,.. Education, accordingto Unesco, aims at giving themasses of the people a true ideaof its verita. ble mission".

"Brazilians should take a great-er interest in the work of Unes-co", Dr. de Souza stated,"Wespeak of peace, though our hopesmay wane. But time has not yetrun out. It is vital that we con-vince both governments andthose governed of the need tostrengthen the bulwarks of peacethrough Unesco".

Volume 1.-No 5 UNESCO COURtER

Two Vital Studies on Unesco Policy

(NE of the most difficultproblems facing the UnitedNations and the Specialized

Agencies tike Unesco is how to co-ordinate their separate effortstowards the achievement of peaceand security.

The United Nations system forinternational co-operation wascreated on the basis of having acentral United Nations Organiza-tion and a series of SpecializedUnited Nations Agencies. As aresult the United Nations and theseveral Specialized Agencies haveindividual charters, differentmemberships, different bases offinancial contribution and dif-ferent methods of operation.Their common objective, to findworld solutions for world prob-lems, requires however that theAgencies work in the closest pos-sible co-operation. Only thus canthey hope to contribute to thepeace and security of the'world.

The co-operation requiretouches two principal fields : pro-gramme and administration. Itcan be achieved by three prin-cipal means ; The Economic andSocial Council, the administrativeofficers, and by Member Govern-ments.

Under the United NationsCharter, Articles 63 and 64, theprincipal responsibility for co-ordinating policies and program-mes of the Specialized Agenciesrests with the Economic andSocial Council. Of necessity, suchco-ordination, based upon discus-sions, reports and recommenda-tions, must be on a general highpolicy level. The Council, a deli-berative body, meeting a fewtimes each year, cannot deal ef-fectively with the details of or-ganizational relationships andprocedures for the execution ofindividual Agency programmes.

The Economic and SocialCouncil must, however, keepunder continual review the rangeof activities of the various Agen-.cies, for the purpose both ofwatching for possible overlappingand of recommending concertedpolicies for the attaining of com-mon ends. It may also recom-mend particular programmes andactivities to the various Agenciesor to the United Nations Secre-tari at.

The heaviest responsibility forco-ordination in the execution ofprogrammes equally rests uponthe chief administrative officersof the United Nations and Spe-cialized Agencies. They are en-gaged in the day-to-day executionof programmes. They know ingreatest detail the principal prob-lems and issues that arise incarrying out the diverse program-mes of the various Agencies. Inaddition, however, the chief ad-ministrative officers must provide

leadership for the legislative bo-dies of their Agencies in the for-mulation and development ofboth programme and administra-tion.

The Third nd Fourth Meetingsof the Co-ordination Committee,held last February 24 and 25 andMay 27 and 28, provide evidenceof determination on the part ofthe administrative officers tomeet their responsibilities in thisregard. Those meetings have es-tablished beyond doubt that ex-tremely little, if any, overlappingexists in the work of the Agen-

In addition a high degree ofagreement has now been reachedabout the desirability and posse.bility of co-ordination in budgetpresentation (to assist govern-ments in evaluating and votingupon budgets) and in personnelpolicies (with a view to esta-blishing a United Nations CivilService). Significant steps havebeen taken towards the more ef-fective use of common adminis-trative services, such as travel,transport and documentationservices.

The most recent of thesemeetings, held at Lake Success,led to the clarification of thefunctions of the Committee andthe establishment of simple con-sultative procedures whereby thevarious Agencies can take upsystematically, as they arise,problems of administrative co-ordination as well as of program-me execution, and such technicaland politically complicated prob-lems as income-tax reimburse-

co-ORDIN TING

THE U. N. FIIL Y

By Walter H. C. LA V E'SDeputy Director-General of Unesco

ment and internal staff as-sessment systems.

Formal procedures have thusbeen developed, both under theCharter, through the Economicand Social Council, and by directaction on the part of the prin-cipal administrative officers. Fur-thermore, problems of co-ordina-tion will tend to disappear asMember States recognize moreclearly the importance of de-veloping and pursuing consistentpolicies on their part in theirdealings with the various Spe-cialized Agencies to which theybelong.

The lack of such consistencyhas been a serious problem inthe past. If, in addition, thoseStates represented in the Eco-nomic and Social Council will. inthe Council, follow policies con-sistent with those which theirrepresentatives follow in the Spe-cialized Agencies. few real prob-lems should remain.

Unesco has recognized from thestart the importance of deve-loping its programme in full re-cognition of the responsibilitiesof the other members of theUnited Nations family. The NewYork Office exists largely tomaintain continual liaison withthe United Nations at Lake Suc-cess. On this basis it keeps Parisheadquarters posted and advisedon Unesco's role in United Na-

tions and other Specialized Agen-cy matters. It frequently repre-sents Unesco in importantmeetings of United Nations.

The task of the New York Of-fice has not been an easy one,because it is so far from Paris.The Office, however, has madeimportant, contributions towardsthe clarification of Unesco's pro-gramme in the minds of partici-pants in meetings at Lake Suc-cess. At the same time the NewYork Office has kept head-quarters in Paris informed re-garding developments whichmust be taken into account in thegrowth of Unesco's own pro-gramme.

In the development of Unesco'sprogramme in medical sciencethere has been close co-operationwith the Interim Committee ofthe \world Health Organization.Similary the agricultural scienceprogramme is being developed inconsultation with the Food andAgricultural Organization. Plansfor the Fundamental EducationPilot Project of the Governmentof Haiti have been developed clo-sely with the World Health Or-ganization and the Food andAgricultural Organization, uscertain phases of the HyleanAmazon Project.

At the request of the HumanRights Commission of the Eco-nomic and Social Council, Unesco

has brought together a sym-posium of papers deallllg withthe philosophical and intellectualbasis of Human Rights. In thedevelopment of plans for statis-tical services. Unesco has con-sulted regularìy with corres-ponding bodies of the United Na-tions and other Specialized Agen-cies. Unesco co-operated with theUnited Nations in the work ofthe Freedom of Information Con-ference, held at Geneva early thisyear. In Unesco's fellowship pro-gramme, the requirements ofother United Nations SpecializedAgencies have been taken intoaccount and the beginnings of asystem of regular consultationhave been established.

Special efforts are being madeto ensure the application ofUnesco's broad programme in thefields of education, science andculture to non-self-governing ter-ritories in close collaborationwith the United Nations Secreta-riat.

In respect to its salary andallawance system, personnel poli-cies and manv administrativeprocedures. Unesco has followedclosely the practices of UnitedNations and the recommendationsof the Consultat : ve Committee onAdministrative and PersonnelPractices, which includes. repre-sentatives of all the SpecializedAgencies and the United Nations.

In recent months, importantsteps have been taken in Paris toprovide, through Unesco, centraladministrative services and assis-tance to Specialized Agencies re-quiring such services as traveland transport in the Paris area.So long as there was availablespace, Unesco provided rooms forUNRRA, ECITO and UNICEF.

Perhaps the biggest step re-maining to be taken towardsachieving co-ordination is thatof advance programme co-ordi-nation. Thus far, of necessity,each agency has developed itsprogramme in the light of resolu-tions voted by its own legislativebody. There has been little op-portunity to consider in advancewhat kinds of programme shouldbe undertaken by the SpecializedAgencies jointly or in collabora-tion with United Nations. Theneed for such advance co-ordi-nation has been regularly recogn-ized by the Co-ordination Com-mittee which has recently beentaking positive steps towards thisend.

This is admittedly the mostdifficutl task because the mem-bership of the various Agencies isnot identical and because the an-nual legislative meetings of theAgencies reflect the immediateinterests of their Member States.However, the increasing strainsin thy international scene, com-bind with requirements of eco-nomy, and a real desire on thepart of the Principal administra-tive officers for greater effec-tivenes in furthering the com-mon ohjective of United Nationsand the Specialized Agencies, willcompel more continuous andmore positive steps in this direc-tion in the immediate future. Inthis respect. Unesco will not onlyshow its willingness to co-operatebut may be expected to continueto provide leadership.

(Editor's Note : M. René Maheu,head of the Organization's Freedomof Information programme of theMass Communication Section, wentto Geneva last month as chief of theUnesco delegation to the U. N. Con-ference on Freedom of Information.woe publish below some observationsespecially written for the TJnescoCourier by M. Maheu on this con-ference, the first political meeting atwhich Unesco was represented. M.Maheu has not shrunk from rais-ing the fundamental question ofUneseo's role in a world torn byideological strife and political con-flick. His articie. we beiieve. shouldtotlch off an interesting discussionon this role.)

HE part played by Unesco inthe United Nations Confe-rence on Freedom of Infor-

mation, held at Geneva from23 March to 21 April has alreadybeen described'n previous issuesof the Ur. esco Courier, It mightbe well however to consider cer-tain aspects of the situation inwhich the Organization's repre-sentatives found themselves pla-ced. Important questions are in-volved regarding Unesco's pur-pose and its relations with otherinternational bodies.

In the first place. the Confe-rence consisted of official govern-mental delegations : Unesco wasrepresented by members of theSecretariat. There was a funda-mental difference between thestatus of the national delegatesand the international officials.Only the former had the rightto vote and the decisions there-fore rested entirely with them.

In such circumstances, shouldthe Unesco representatives havetaken no part in the debates ?Should thev merely have helpedtheir colleagues of the UnitedNations Secretariat with prep-rations for the Conference andits technical organization ?Should they have been contentto act as interested, but passive.spectators ? There could be noQuestion of that. Our Constitu-tion itself lays down that one ofthe primary purposes of the Or-ganization is the promotion of"the free flow of ideas bv wordand image".. It is a subject onwhich we cannot remain neu-tral.

The distinguishing feature ofthe Specialized 1-'-gencies is thatthey were set up within the Uni-ted Nations to carry out spe-cific tasks. It follows, therefore,

An Opinion onUnesco sRo ! e

In Political Meetings

that when one of those funda-mental tasks is concerned-and,for Unesco, freedom of informa-tion is undoubtedly one of them-the Secretariats of the Specia-lized Agencies are obliged to takean active part in the discussionof the problems themselves,unlike the Secretariat of the Uni-ted Nations which is merely res-possible for arranging for con-tact and negotiations betweengovernments.

The members of the Secrets-riat who represented Unesco atGeneva were therefore entitled,and indeed obliged, to take partin the discussions of the govern-ment delegates, in order to statethe Organization's point of view.They were likewise committed tothis course by the governmentsof their Member States in the

René MAHEUHead of Press Divisionof Mass Communications

terms of Resolution 2. 2. 2. 1. 3.adopted by the General Confe-rence at Mexico City.

Unesco's point of view must, bvdefinition, be international. WhatUnesco had to do-and did-atGeneva was to bring to the dis-cussions between the national de-legation', a truly internationaland objective outlook. That wasthe essence and originality ofthe part played by the Organiza-tion.

The fact Unesco's representati-ves could exercise an influenceonly by persuasion, certainly res-tricted considerably what theywere able to do ; but it did notlessen their obligations. Ratherthe reverse. Similarly, the factthat not aU the States attendingthe Conference were members ofthe Organization (1) undoubtedlylessened our influence but made

H) Out of 45 States Members iòl theUnited Nations, wah the right tovote. and 9 Non-Member States, notentitled to vote, 28 and 2 respeetivelywere not members of Unesco.

it all the more incumbent uponus to promote the ideas whichUnesco exists.

We therefore had to speak onthe subjects under discussion.The nature and conditions of thedebate must also be borne illmind.

This debate was essentially po-litical. It could not be otherwise,as the subject concerns not onlythe practices of governments butthe very structure of States.Unesco, however, like all theSpecialized Agencies. is concer-ned with purely technical ques-tions, and the Organization'sconstructive intervention at theConference was limited to thetechnical s'due of the discussions.As a result, not only was theinfluence of Unesco's representa-tives restricted in scope but therewas a fundamental difference inoutlook between them and thegovernment delegations.

Each delegation proceeded ac-cording to its own particular his-torial tradition, political ideo-logy, social needs, economic strut-ture and technical equipment ;and the idea of freedom of in-formation which it supported wasfounded on those individual fac-tors. In short, each delegationcame to the Conference with anopinion determined in advance.The only problem was to discoverhow that opinion could be recon-ciled with those of others.Unesco, as a non-political, inter-governmental organization, was

not in a position to form sucha decided opinion-an opinionchallenging the constitution andadministration of States. TheOrganization was obliged to admitall the factors, not only asobvious facts but also as indis-putable principles.

Faced with the alternative ofnational prejudice (in the ori-ginal meaning of the term) whichthe Organization has to riseabove, and the impossibility ofgiving a supra-national judg-ment, from which it is prohi-bited. Unesco. as an instrumentof international co-operation,could only try to discover a basisfor mutual understanding andpractical co-operation, since asolution combining the variousfactors was impossible.

That was the aim of thespeech in which the Director-General described Unesco's posi-tion. By emphasizing the idea ofneed as the basis of the idea ofcal definition of freedom of in-formation, Dr. Julian Huxley wastrying to define an area ofcommon agreement, leading thediscussion away from conflicts ofinterest and political tenets tokeep it concentrated on the twosubjects-broadly speaking, com-plementary and interdependent-'of the technical requirements ofthe profession and the intellec-tual aspirations of the public.

It was not for lack of c1arityor energy that Unesco'sappeal was not better under-stood by the government delega-tes and did not meet with abetter response. The speech, atleast explains-and, we think,justifies-the line followed bythe Organization's representati-ves at the Conference,'who re-frained entirely from taking partin the political discussions andconcentrated on the technicalfacts and intellectual principleson which, in practice, freedom ofinformation depends..

The turn taken by the politicaldebate is now well known. Therewere two rival camps. Both sides,rejected compromises. Decisionswere taken by the vote of themajority.

These unbending tactics andthis rigid division constituted anadditional complication for thereprensentatives of Unesco. Werethey to take sides and support,

(continued on Pac 8)

T

Bv

8 UNESCO COURIER Volume I.-No 5

International

W orkCa ; ; ps

I....-.

THE Conference of Organizers of International- Work Camps, held on 22 and 23 April, markedthe end of the first stage of Unesco's work in thisfield, and the progress so far made can be surveyedwith some satisfaction.

The first post-war international Work Campswere organized in 1946. Unesco began to take aninterest in this question in the spring of 1947 anddecided to sponsor four camps-at Boussu-Bois(Belgium), Cauterets (France), Lidice (Czechoslo-vakia) and Lucimia (Poland), Observers from theSecretariat paid visits to the camps.

It was clear from the outset that internationalwork Camps had a double value. Firstly, thevolunteers were making a considerable voluntarycontribution to the restoration of the educationallife of war-devastated countries (by the rebuildingor equiping of schools, playing fields, youth hostels,etc) ; and secondly, the camps had the great advan-tage of bringing together young people of goodwill of different nationalities to work at a com-mon task. Valuable opportuni-ties were thus provided fortruly international education (de-velopment of mutual understand-ing through team-work, establish-ment of useful contacts betweenthe volunteers and the local popu-lation, organization of talks, lec-tures and discussions on interna-tional problems).

A report was therefore sub-mitted to the Mexico Conference,which resolved that Unesco shouldgive increased assistance to WorkCamps. The Temporary Interna-tional Council for Educational Re-construction (TICER) subsequent-ly appointed a Committee of Ex-perts on International WorkCamps. At the Committee's firstmeeting, at the beginning of 1948,the principle of cD-oròingirg theactivities of the associations re-presented on it was agreed upon,and the members of the Com-mittee were very soon able toembark on joint undertakings,particularly as regards the ne-cessary propaganda for WorkCamps. The Committee also advis-ed the Unesco Secretariat on thepreparation of the agenda for theConference of Organizers of In-ternational Work Camps and onother matters included in itS'pro-gramme.

The Conference has been held.Eighteen international organiza-tions sent expert delegates ; andit provided an instance-seldomseen-of a Conference at whichthe average age of the delegateswas under thirty, the atmosphere.from the beginning, cordial andnon-academic.

And now, what has come out ofthose two days'work ?

Firstly, the Conference un-animously agreed on the need forco-ordinating the work of thevarious associations to promoteWork Camps and elected a stand-ing Committee to establ1sh thenecessary working contacts and tobe responsible for co-operationwith Unesco.

Secondly, at the meetmgs, thedelegates pooled their experienceof the countless technical pro-blems involved in the setting upof Work Camps and the despatchof volunteers. A most interestingdocument has thus been prepar-ed-the preliminary outline of athorough treatment of the ques-tion : this document will be par-ticularly valuable to organizationswhich are trying to interest theirmembers in Work Camps for thefirst tine. :

Lastly, the delegates submittedto Unesco and TICER specific re-Quests for assistance in solvingthe difficult problems facing theirassociations (how to obtain mate-rials, equipment, visas, travelvouchers, support from publicauthorities, etc.).

Unesco's activities in connexionwith Work Camps are primarilyintended to stimulate the workof the associations. For example,the Secretariat has supplied arti-cles to various publications, has

ByIngertha Sviggum

Programme Specialist, on Interna-tional Voluntary Work Camps.

organized broadcasts and is atpresent arranging for the publica-tion of a popular leaflet. Thispublicizing of Work Camps is in-tended to make their existenceknown to all young people IWhomay be prepared to work asvolunteers and to official bodieswhich may be able to help.

Unesco also aims at co-ordinat-ing as far as possible the activi-ties of the various associationswhich organize work Camps orsend volunteers. This was one of

Thanks to this action, the vari-ous associations which had pre-viously been working in isolationhave now embarked on morefruitful combined operations.

Lastly, Unesco is trying tomake the Work Camps as effi-cient as possible by supportingorganizers in their approaches togovernments to discover whichcamps should have priority and toobtain materials, equipment, visas,etc.

These efforts have produced re-sults. Work Camps have beenopened in countries, such as Po-land or Greece, which had neverhad them before.

As regards co-ordination, therehave been interesting results thisyear in connexion with the camporganized by the Women's WorldFellowship at Burdignin (Haute-Savoie) for the purpose of settingup a children's village. In March19<18, the Fellowship, which hadnever before organized interna-tional Work Camps and had verylittle informat : on on the matter,had neither volunteers nor equip-ment, nor a camp leader. Therewas a risk that the materialscollected would have to remainunused owing to the lack of work-ers.

Through the Secretariat, volun-

SUBSCRIPTION RATESThe UNESCO COURIER is published monthly in English,

French and Spanish by the Public Information Sectionof Unesco.

6-month subscription : 2 s. 6 d. or $0. 50 or Fr. frs. 100.Please write to the Unesco agent indicated below for

your country, or directly to Unesco Hou$e, 19 AvenueKléber, Paris-16e, France.

Argentina : Editorial Sudamericana S. A.. Alslna 500, Buenos-Aire*.Australia : H. A. Goddard Ltd. 255a. George St.. Sydney.Canada : The Ryerson Press, 299 Queen St. West. Toronto.Cuba : La Casa Belga, R. de Smedt O'Rel11y, Habana.Czechoslovakia : Librairie F. Topic. 11 Narodni, Prague.Denmark : Einar AhlPksgaard, 6 Norresade. Copenhagen.Great Britain : H. M. Stationery Office : London : York House, Kings-

way (Retail Counter Service) ; P. O. Box 569, London. S. E. I. (Postorders).-IUancbe. ter 2 : 39/41 King Street.-Edinburgh * : 13aCastle Street.-Cardiff : 1 St. Andrew's Crescent.-Bristol 1 :Tower Lanc.-Belfast : SO Chic : tester Street.

France : Editions A. Pedone, 13 Rue Soufflot. Paris. 5e.Greece : Eteftheroudakis. Librairie internationale. Athens.India : Oxford Book and Stationery Co.. Scindla House. New Delhi.Iraq : Mackenzle and Mackenzie. Booksellers. The Bookshop. Baghdad.Lebanon and Syria : Librairle universelle. Av. Fouad Ier, Beirut.Low Countries : N. V. Martinus NUh') ff. Afd.. Fondsaministratie

9 Lange Voorhout. The HagueSweden : Ab. C. E Fritzes. Fredsgatan 2. Stockholm.Switzerland : Librairie Payot, Lausanne.

Youths from different countries are shown in ac-tion at two International Voluntary Work Camps.Above, clearing a field in Finland. Right, helping

to build the Yugoslav Railway.

teers have been found fromamong various international or-ganizations. Workers are now pro-mised (for more than threemonths, some 50 volunteers of atleast three nationalities iWill workin turn) ; furthermore, the Wo-men's World Fellowship has beenput into touch, by the Secretariat,with the French Ministry of Re-construction which, it is hoped,may be able to help in finding'tools and a camp leader.

On the educational side, libra-ries have been supplied for thefour camps sponsored in 1947.Others are being assembled forthe 30 camps to be sponsored in1948,

Unesco is making every effortalso to induce the authorities inthe countries in which the WorkCamps are to be held to giveextensive help with the organiza-tion of cultural activities (by send-ing lecturers, supplying films, re-cords and books, arranging visitsto schools and factories and con-tacts with youth organizations.

NEWS IN BRIEF

Netherlands National

Commission

The third meeting of theNetherlands National Commissionfor Unesco met at the Hague onMay 12. The members, represent-ing leaders in the fields ofscience, education, theatre, mu-seums, were welcomed by thechairman, Dr. H. R. Kruyt. Amongthose present were Dr. J. H. Rei-nink and Dr. F. Bender, of theMinistry of Education, Art andSciences, Dr. F. L. R. Sassen, Vice-president of the Dutch NationalCommission and Miss LunsinghMeyer, head of the section forUN affairs in the Ministry ofForeign Affairs.

The Commission discussedmeans of spreading informationin the Netherlands concerningUnesco, teaching about the UNand its Specialized Agencies,items of the 1948 Unesco pro-gramme and details regarding theUnesco conference for universeties, scheduled to be held inUtrecht (Netherlands) this Au-gust. Dr. Kruyt, Dr. Bender andDr. Sassen were appointed Na-tional Commission delegates tothis conference.

First World Congress

Of Art Critics

Leading art critics, comingfrom 24 countries, will meet thismonth at Unesco House in Parisfor the First World Congress ofArt Critics. The Congress, meet-ing for one week from June 21 to28, will discuss the establishmentof an International Associationof Art Critics and will be devot-ed to a discussion of some of themajor artistic and aesthetic pro-blems of our time.

The distinguished Belgian cri-tic and historian M. Paul Fierens. will preside over the Congress,. which will include such famousworld figures as Jean Cassou ofFrance, Lionello Venturi of Italy,James Johnson Sweeney of theUnited States, Herbert Read ofEngland and M. Van Eck ofCzechoslovakia.

Universities

Conference to Meetin Utrecht

On August 2-13, Unesco willconvene at Utrecht, Holland, thefirst general conference of uni-versities held since the war. In-vitations to the Preparatory Con-ference of Representatives ofUniversities have been extendedto all the nations of the. world tosend a specified number of par-ticipants and observers. A num-ber of international organiza-tions interested in higher educa-tion, including student groups,have also been invited to send arepresentative.

Five public meetings will beheld with addresses on suchissues as :"New Horizons in Uni-verity Development" ;"Relationsof Higher Education and theState" ;"The University as aForce in World Co-operation" ;and"Unesco and Higher Educa-tion"..--..

During the regular sessions ofthe Conference and in sectionalmeetings, current university pro-blems will be discussed. Specialattention will be paid to ways inwhich higher education can con-tribute to world understandingand permanent peace.

Addresses of welcome will begiven by representatives of theNetherlands Government. Thespeakers will include Dr. JulianHuxley, Director-General otUnesco and other. world leadersin higher education. Representa-tives from various countries willdescribe the growth and problemsof higher education in differentparts of the world. Problems tobe considerered by the partici-pants will include : the changingfunctions of the university ; impro-vement of academic standards ;financing and facilitating highereducation ; university educationin international understanding ;and the development of ways tocontinue international co-opera-tion among universities.

An opinion on Unesco's Role

in Political Meetings

(Continued from Page 7)with the weight of the organiza-tion, one camp against the other :' ?Apart from the fact that the cue-vision into camps was based onreasons which Unesco is notcompetent to judge, there wereMember States of the Organ, za-tion in both camps, and it is nota Secretariat's role to decidewhich of its Members are right,which wrong.

The role of a Secretariat is totranslate into action, so far asit can, agreement (when theyexist) reached by the MemberStates which it represents. Inthis case there was no previousagreement of principle that thSecretariat could call upon Mem-bocs to observe. It is true thatresolution 2. 2, 2. 1. 1 of the Mexico

Conference instructed the Direc-tor-General to"promote at theConference on F'reedom of Infor-mation the... policies adopted flYthe General Conference". But nfact the question of these policieswas never settled in Mexico, and,insofar as it was discussed, theexchanges of views both in theplenary meetings and in the MassCommunication Working Party.brought out obvious and profounddifferences of opinion (1),

In these conditions the Secre-tariat did not consider it shouldtake sides in the"political"de-bate at Geneva. I do not doubtthat some people have criticizedthis intentional discretion, whichthey wrongly attribute to excessi-ve timidity or to culpable legit-gence. I believe that on reflexionit will be clear to them. not onlythat the representatives of theSecretariat could not do other-wise. but also that in the interestsof the Organization theirs wasthe only course compatible withth universal nature of a techni-cal organization which cannotmake political pronouncements ofits own without hopelessly com-promising itself.

I came back from Genevaconvinced of the immense poten-tial moral authority possessed byUnesco ; in order to become anactive force, this authority hasonly to prove its effectiveness bypractical achievements.

In order to achieve its aims.Unesco must use this potentialinfluence to further a construe-tive policy. There must be a"Unesco point of view"which, byits originality, will gradually winthe sympathy of peoples and therespect of governments. In otherwords, Unesco must adopt a reso-lutely militant attitude.

But this militant attitude andthis constructive policy cannotspring from the arbitrary inven-tion of a Secretariat of officialsnor from passive conformity,however well-intentioned, to thewill of a political group. Unescomust, above all. voice the agreedopinion of its different Membersmet together to carry out specifictechnical tasks. And the moreits univC ('salitv and its ir depen-dence are recognized, the moreweight will be attached to itswords.

fU ef. Unesco Courier, vol. II n. 2.May 1946. pa : e 6.

Unesco Pamphlet Published

in German

"The Teacher and the Post-War Child", a pamphlet writtenby Mr. Leonard Kenworthy ofthe Unesco Secretariat, and firstpublished in English in 1946, hasnow been translated and printedprivately in Germany. The print-ing was made by arrangementwith Unesco and the U. S. mi.litary authorities in Germany.

Editorial Offices : Unesco, 19, AvenueKIebcr, Paris (iso).

Editor : S. M. KOFFLER.Director : H. KAPLAN

Reprodetion o/ai1 arliclec authorized.IMPRIMERIE

DU NEW YORK HERALD TRIBUNE21. RutdeBerrt-P*rit8e