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Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean(HICO)

andHICO / RAIDS Experiment Payload

(HREP)

Program Overview

Mike Corson, HICO Principal InvestigatorRemote Sensing Division

Naval Research Laboratory

Oregon State

MRC – 27FEB08 - 2

HICO - Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean - Overview• Program goal: build and operate the first spaceborne hyperspectral imager

designed for the coastal ocean (large Scenes and High SNR for dark targets)• HICO sponsored by ONR as an Innovative Naval Prototype

• Instrument: high signal to noise, moderate spatial resolution, large area coverage

• Mission planning and products:– support of demonstrations of

Naval utility of environmental products (ONR mission)

– repeat imaging of selected coastal sites worldwide over all seasons (extended mission)

– exploration of the wide range of solar illumination and viewing angles “provided” by the Space Station (extended mission)

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Coastal Environmental Hyperspectral Remote Sensing is a Unique Discipline

PercentReflectance

Wavelength (microns)

10

4

2

0.4 0.80.6

3

1

Wavelength (microns)

Above-AtmosphereSpectral Radiance

for 5% albedo(W/m2-sr-micron)Florida Keys

• Water scenes are dark (low albedo) scene and are behind a bright atmosphere

• Requires sensitive and high signal-to-noise sensor to preserve radiometric accuracy after atmospheric removal

• Requires large area coverage Requires algorithm to determine aerosols in scene and remove their effects

These scene characteristics lead to stringent imager requirements and specialized product algorithms

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Airborne Hyperspectral Program at NRL

DataProcessing

FlightCampaigns

RequirementsEvaluation

ProductEvaluation

ProductExtraction

Ground / WaterTruth

SensorCalibration

SpiralDevelopment

SensorDevelopment

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50

100

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350

400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Signal to Noise Ratio10 nm Spectral Bins

Sign

al to

Noi

se

Wavelength (nm)

f/4

f/2.8

f/2 GSD = 100mAlbedo = 5%GMC = 1

PatternRecognition /Classification

AtmosphericRemoval

SpectralIdentification

NonlinearManifoldAnalysis

0

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0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9Wavelength (microns)

Ref

lect

ance

X 1

04 PHILLS-1

Ground Truth ASD

Sensor Performance Modeling

Georectification

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Next Step: Spaceborne Hyperspectral• Hyperspectral imaging from space is a natural next step

– provides global repeat coverage unavailable from an aircraft– provides access to denied areas

• Aircraft experience forms a solid foundation for hyperspectral from space– validated imager performance requirements– developed atmospheric correction algorithms– developed product algorithms

NRL Imager flown on Antonov AN-2 at 10,000 ftAbove 30% of atmosphere

Above most aerosols

NASA AVIRIS flown on ER-2 at 20 kmAbove 95% of atmosphere

Usually above all significant aerosols

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HICO on the Japanese Experiment Module• In the Fall of 2006, the DoD Space Test

Program proposed the possibility of a combined payload on the ISS Japanese Experiment Module – Exposed Facility (JEM-EF)

• Planned September 2009 launch of payload to station

Science Payloads:

• HICO

• RAIDS (Remote Atmospheric and Ionospheric Detection System)– designed to perform a

comprehensive study of upper atmospheric airglow emissions

– developed at the NRL Space Science Division

• HICO and RAIDS provide valuable science data from the Station

Graphic of JEM-EF on Station

RAIDS

HICO is integrated and launched under the direction of the DoD Space Test Program.

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JEM – Exposed Facility

Space Stationvelocity direction

Location of HICO – RAIDS payloadOn Japanese Experiment Module –

Exposed Platform

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Launch On Japanese HTV

JEM Exposed Pallet and Experiment Payloads launch in the Unpressurized

Logistics Carrier

HTV = H2 Transfer Vehicle

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Launch from Tanegashima Island (Japan) Launch Site

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Manipulator Arms Transfer from HTV to JEM

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HREP is installed on the ISS

NASA photo ISS020E041979

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HREP in Orbit on JEM-EF

NASA photo ISS020E041992

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HICO Imager Components

Rotation Stage toPoint line of sight

SpectrometerCamera in

sealed enclosure

Viewing Slot

Foreoptic

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COTS Components Save Cost and Schedule

• Brandywine Optics model 3035 Spectrometer for spectral dispersion– commercially-available

• All-reflective Offner grating spectrometer• High-efficiency grating• Athermalized

Two Brandywine model 3035Spectrometers on an

Optical table

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COTS Components Save Cost and Schedule

• QImaging Rolera-MGi camera– commercially-available

• Science grade• Back-side illuminated CCD

– high quantum efficiency• Confirmed linearity in our laboratory• Confirmed planned HICO operation

– read noise level– electron well depths– readout speed

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

0 1 2 3 4 5

Rolera-MGi

Number of Lamps On

Rolera MGi camera

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COTS Components Save Cost and Schedule

• Single-axis rotary mechanism to point HICO line of sight in cross-track direction

• Newport Research model RV120PEV6 rotation stage

– commercially-available• Vacuum compatible

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HICO Flight Imager in the Laboratory

NRL photo

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HICO Inside the HREP Structure at NRL

NRL photo

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HICO inside HREP Delivered to Tanegashima Space Center, Japan April 9, 2009

JAXA Photo

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Most Requirements Derived from Aircraft Experience

Parameter Performance Rationale

Spectral Range 350 to 1070 nm recorded

All water-penetrating wavelengths plus Near Infrared for atmospheric correction

Spectral Channel Width 5.7 nm Sufficient to resolve spectral features

Number of SpectralChannels 128 Derived from Spectral Range and

Spectral Channel WidthSignal-to-Noise Ratiofor water-penetrating

wavelengths

> 200 to 1for 5% albedo scene

(10 nm spectral binning)

Provides adequate Signal to Noise Ratio after atmospheric removal

Polarization Sensitivity < 5% Sensor response to be insensitive to polarization of light from scene

Ground Sample Distance at Nadir 100 meters Adequate for scale of selected coastal

ocean features

Scene Size 50 x 200 km Large enough to capture the scale of coastal dynamics

Cross-track pointing +45 to -30 deg To increase scene access frequency

Scenes per orbit 1 maximum Data volume and transmission constraints

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Additional / Derived Requirements

Parameter Goal Requirement Rationale

Image Quality MTF > 0.35 at Nyquist spatial frequency of 0.5 cycles/pixel

To assure that the recorded signal is coming from the sampled GSD

Saturation Will not saturate when viewing a 95% albedo cloud

To be able to image dark ocean next to bright clouds

Spectral stray light < 1% albedo error To assure that the true spectrum is recorded

Long term stability +/- 0.5% after calibration of the data

To assure a consistent data set over time for change detection

Jitter< 0.2 IFOV per integration

period (dependent on spacecraft vibrations)

To assure that the scene is undistorted during the collection

period.

Optical Vignetting No vignetting at any view angle Vignetting causes significant radiometric errors

Performance for these requirements were measured and accepted as-is

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HICO Is a Pathfinder for Future Missions

• First data from a spaceborne Maritime Hyperspectral Imager

• First intermediate-resolution global hyperspectral imagery

• Pathfinder for future Sun-synchronous systems– NRL COIS (#4/29 DoN SERB, #10/51 DoD SERB)

For Geostationary Imaging

• First ocean color data collected at all times of day– how early or late in the day can we collect data

• Pathfinder to Korean Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI)– multispectral, 500 m GSD– Cross calibrate with HICO in 2010

• Pathfinder for NASA GEOCAPE requirements– One of NASA’s Decadal Plan spacecraft currently

undergoing preliminary study– Hyperspectral or multispectral, 300 m GSD

Engineering model NRL COIS(Coastal Ocean Imaging

Spectrometer) with 30 m GSD

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HICO TEAM

• The HICO team put the system together on a tight schedule and limited resources. Special recognition is due to the mechanical team for designing and building to space-flight standards, doing whatever it took to get in-time deliveries, and reacting to problems.

• Head Honchos:– Mike Corson – PI & Test Data Analyst – Curt Davis (Oregon State U) – Project Scientist– Bob Lucke – Systems Engineer

• Mechanical Team: Norm McGlothlin & Steve Butcher

• Software Team: Dan Wood

• Optical Alignment, Calibration, Characterization: Dan Korwan

• Mission Planning, Command & Data Formatting: Bill Snyder

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Image Coastal Ocean ZonesAlong ISS Ground Track,

Swath Length 200 km

Cross-Track Field of Regard:Left + Right Total 600 km

(+45°/-30° off-nadir)

Ground Swath Width: 45 km

ISS OrbitAltitude: 375 km (nominal)

Inclination: 51.6 deg