1. Welcome
Presentation on
Hypothesis

2. Hypothesis
Prepared By:- Group 1
WagariRefu
TeklewoinKassaye
ZewduHakimu
MeseretYohannes
HunbelewGebreTsadik
Michael Gezae
3. Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this program, we will be able to
Explain the meaning and significance of hypothesis in scientific research
Identify the types of hypotheses
Illustrate why we need a hypothesis
Identify and categorize research variables
Create Operational Definitions
Formulate a valid hypothesis
Identify Characteristics of a good hypothesis
Test the hypothesis
4. Presentation Content
Brief summary on the Scientific Method
Meaning of Hypothesis
Meaning and Types of variables
Characteristics of Hypothesis
Categories of Hypothesis
Forming a Hypothesis
Testing a Hypothesis
5. The scientific Method
Is an overarching perspective
On how scientific investigations should proceed
Consists of a set of research principles and methods
that help researchers obtain valid results
from their research studies
6. The scientific Method(Cont)
Researchers generally agree that the scientific method is composed of the following key elements
An empirical approach,
Observations,
Questions,
Hypotheses,
Experiments,
Analyses,
Conclusions, and
Replication
7. Research Questions & Hypothesis
Hypothesis is the fourth element of the scientific method
However, we may not use hypothesis for all types of research.
In a qualitative study, inquirers state research questions, not objectives (i.e., specific goals for the research) or hypotheses (i.e., predictions that involve variables and statistical tests).
8. In qualitative research, the research questions assume two forms:
a central question and
associated sub questions
The central question is a statement of the question being examined in the study in its most general form.
so as to not limit the inquiry
Research Questions & Hypothesis
9. Guidelines for writing broad, qualitative research questions:
Ask one or two central questions followed by no more than five to seven sub-questions
Relate the central question to the specific qualitative strategy of inquiry (like ethnography , phenomenology, etc)
Begin the research questions with the words what or how to convey an open and emerging design
Examples:
How do women in a psychology doctoral program describe their decision to return to school?
What is it like for a mother to live with a teenage child who is dying of cancer?
Focus on a single phenomenon or concept
10. Guidelines (Cont)
Use exploratory verbs that convey the language of emerging design of research. These verbs tell the reader that the study will
Discover (e.g., grounded theory)
Seek to understand (e.g., ethnography)
Explore a process (e.g., case study)
Describe the experiences (e.g., phenomenology)
Report the stories (e.g., narrative research)
Use non-directional language
Expect the research questions to evolve and to change during the study
Use open-ended questions without reference to the literature or theory
If the information is not redundant with the purpose statement, specify the participants and the research site for the study
11. Hypothesis Defined
An educated guess
A tentative point of view
A proposition not yet tested
A preliminary explanation
A preliminary Postulate
12. Various Authors
A hypothesis is a conjectural statement of the relation between two or more variables. (Kerlinger, 1956)
Hypotheses are single tentative guesses, good hunches assumed for use in devising theory or planning experiments intended to be given a direct experimental test when possible. (Eric Rogers, 1966)
Hypothesis is a formal statement that presents the expected relationship between an independent and dependent variable.(Creswell, 1994)
A hypothesis is a logical supposition, a reasonable guess, an educated conjecture. It provides a tentative explanation for a phenomenon under investigation." (Leedy and Ormrod, 2001).
13. Hypothesis vs Theory vs Fact
Atheoryis a well-established principle that has been developed to explain some aspect of the natural world. A theory arises from repeated observation and testing and incorporates facts, laws, predictions, and tested hypotheses that are widely accepted.
Ahypothesisis a specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in your study. For example, a study designed to look at the relationship between study habits and test anxiety might have a hypothesis that states, This study is designed to assess the hypothesis that students with better study habits will suffer less test anxiety. Unless your study is exploratory in nature, your hypothesis should always explain what youexpectto happen during the course of your experiment or research.
While the terms are sometimes used interchangeably in general practice, the difference between a theory and a hypothesis is important when studying experimental design. Some important distinctions to note include:
A theory predicts events in general terms, while a hypothesis makes a specific prediction about a specified set of circumstances.
A theory has been extensively tested and is generally accepted, while a hypothesis is a speculative guess that has yet to be tested.
14. One common feature for facts, theories, and hypotheses in science is that they are all treated as fallible the likelihood of error might vary greatly, but they are still regarded as something less than absolute truth.
15. Purpose
Guides/gives direction to the study/investigation
Defines Facts that are relevant and not relevant
Suggests which form of research design is likely to be the most appropriate
Provides a framework for organizing the conclusions of the findings
Limits the research to specific area
Offers explanations for the relationships between those variables that can be empirically tested
Furnishes proof that the researcher has sufficient background knowledge to enable her/him to make suggestions in order to extend existing knowledge
Structures the next phase in the investigation and therefore furnishes continuity to the examination of the problem
16. Basis
Individual experience,
Socio-Culture background,
Business Ethic,
Economic events
Etc..
17. Forms of Hypothesis
Hypotheses can take various forms, depending on the question being asked and the type of study being conducted
Some hypotheses may simply describe how two things may be related. For example, correlational research
In others the researcher might hypothesize that one variable causes a change in the other variable (causal relationship
In their simplest forms, hypotheses are typically phrased as if-then statements
18. A Hypothesis
must make a prediction
must identify at least two variables
should have an elucidating power
should strive to furnish an acceptable explanation or accounting of a fact
must be falsifiable meaninghypotheses must be capable of being refuted based on the results of the study
must be formulated in simple, understandable terms
should correspond with existing knowledge
In general,a hypothesis needs to be unambiguous, specific, quantifiable, testable and generalizable.
19. Characteristics of a Testable Hypothesis
1.A Hypothesis must be conceptually clear
- concepts should be clearly defined
- the definitions should be commonly accepted
- the definitions should be easily communicable
2. The hypothesis should have empirical reference
- Variables in the hypothesis should be empirical realities
- If they are not it would not be possible to make the observation and ultimately the test
3. The Hypothesis must be specific
- Place, situation and operation
20. Characteristics of a Testable Hypothesis
4. A hypothesis should be related to available techniques of research
- Either the techniques are already available or
- The researcher should be in a position to develop suitable
techniques
5. The hypothesis should be related to a body of theory
- Hypothesis has to be supported by theoretical argumentation
- It should depend on the existing body of knowledge
In this way

the study could benefit from the existing knowledge and

21. later on through testing the hypothesis could contribute to the reservoir of knowledge